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• VCEBR022

  Explain the links between economic performance and living standards, including the variations that exist within and between economies, and give reasons for the possible causes of variations

  Elaborations

  • comparing Australia’s resource base with another economy and exploring how this may influence trading relationships, for example, why does a particular economy manufacture electronic goods, while another focuses on mining?
  • locating a range of products in the local shopping centre that were produced overseas, and proposing reasons why they were not produced in Australia
  • mapping the global supply chain for a product to identify the participants in the chain
  • defining ‘living standards’, discussing why it is considered the ultimate goal for economic activity and explaining its relationship to economic performance
  • investigating economic performance and living standards and discussing how they can mean different things to different people and countries
  • investigating the ways living standards can be measured, for example, gross domestic product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI) or total quality of life index
  • identifying policy options designed to improve living standards, such as education, training and workforce development, taxation, migration, government spending on health and infrastructure, environmental policies

  VCEBR022 | The Humanities | Economics and Business | Levels 9 and 10 | Resource Allocation and Making Choices

• VCEBW026

  Examine the roles and responsibilities of participants in the changing Australian or global workplace

  Elaborations

  • exploring emerging global needs and related opportunities in the workplace
  • identifying the responsibilities of various participants in a particular workplace, for example, employers, employees, industrial organisations or state, territory and the Commonwealth government
  • examining changes to the roles of employees in the workplace, for example, the increasing encouragement for workers to show initiative or act as intrapreneurs
  • identifying employer responsibilities to workers and the government, for example, superannuation, paid parental leave, income tax, company tax or the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
  • discussing the responsibilities of government in improving the conditions of workers, for example, occupational health and safety, and anti-discrimination laws

  VCEBW026 | The Humanities | Economics and Business | Levels 9 and 10 | Work and Work Futures

• VCEBW025

  Research the way the work environment is changing in contemporary Australia and analyse the implications for current and future work

  Elaborations

  • researching current trends in the types of work available, the changes occurring, and the implications for future employment
  • analysing how technology, globalisation and sustainability have affected the way we work
  • investigating a range of occupations and the skills and dispositions required in different fields

  VCEBW025 | The Humanities | Economics and Business | Levels 9 and 10 | Work and Work Futures

• VCECU019

  Investigate the connections and distinctions between and the relative value of concepts including fairness and equality, and respect and tolerance

  Elaborations

  • discussing whether fairness and equality are the same thing, and if not, which is more important, using examples such as affirmative action, concessions for those with special needs, or differences in tax rates
  • discussing whether there are distinctions in attitudes of respect and tolerance, in relation to, for example, different views on child vaccination
  • discussing why punishments may be unequal and whether this is fair, for example, if applied to the same case in court or in a sporting tribunal

  VCECU019 | Capabilities | Ethical Capability | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding Concepts

• VCECU021

  Distinguish between the ethical and non-ethical dimensions of complex issues, including the distinction between ethical and legal issues

  Elaborations

  • assessing a complex ethical issue that is, one, such as euthanasia, that involves more than one question and area of contestability, a range of diverse people, and/or is part of a wider problem or historical context, to discriminate and explain those features that are of ethical significance, using these questions: who is involved, what are their intentions and what gave rise to the intention (including relevant dispositions)?, Is there something inherently right or wrong in the act itself or interpretation of the issue?, Is there a duty at stake (for example arising out of a perceived right or a particular relationship such as friend to friend, parent to child or doctor to patient)?, What are the possible consequences?, Who is likely to be affected?
  • examining and comparing the ethical significance of codes of conduct, protocols, and legal responsibilities as preparation for undertaking research or working collaboratively
  • exploring a response to an issue such as the use of someone else’s ideas, conditions of factory workers overseas, or the rescuing of adventurers, to identify if there is no legal, but arguably an ethical, obligation

  VCECU021 | Capabilities | Ethical Capability | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding Concepts

• VCELA473

  Analyse how higher order concepts are developed in complex texts through language features including nominalisation, clause combinations, technicality and abstraction

  Elaborations

  • considering how nominalisation affects the way in which events are constructed and explained, making some information more explicit and other information less so
  • analysing how logical relations between ideas are built up by combining main with subordinate clauses indicating cause, result, manner, concession, condition, and so on (for example, ‘Although his poems were not generally well received by critics during his life (concession), Keats’ reputation grew substantially after his death’)
  • noting how technicality allows for efficient reference to shared knowledge, indicating growing expertise in the field (for example, ‘The Romantic poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes.’)
  • observing how abstraction allows for greater generalisation at a higher level (for example, ‘the political, religious, social and economic features of the society’ – which is an abstract noun group/phrase)

  VCELA473 | Curriculum content | English | Level 10 | Writing | Language

• VCELC018

  Initiate and sustain interactions by sharing personal opinions and experiences, face-to-face or online, with peers, and comparing aspects of young people’s lives, such as relationships, events and aspirations

  Elaborations

  • initiating conversations, for example, with peers and sister-school friends, using expressions appropriate to context and audience, such as Tί έκανες χτες; Πάμε στο γλέντι;
  • sustaining face-to-face or online conversations on topics of mutual interest, for example, το πάρτυ, η μουσική, η φιλία, η μόδα, parties, music, friendship, fashion, through active listening strategies, turn-taking and verbal and non-verbal responses, for example, shrugging shoulders, head shaking
  • extending and elaborating on modelled language to elicit others’ and express own experiences and opinions, for example,Τι νομίζεις; Πιστεύω ότι, Μ’ αρέσει καλύτερα η θάλασσα, Συμφωνείς;
  • using formulaic language to share and compare aspects of teenage life, for example, Το κινητό μου είναι μαύρο, Το δικό μου είναι μεγαλύτερο, and aspirations, for example, Θέλω να γίνω ...

  VCELC018 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCELC024

  Experiment with different techniques to create and present imaginative texts designed to engage different audiences

  Elaborations

  • accessing texts, such as songs, films and digital/online texts, and creating a new version or modifying key aspects, for example, introducing a new character or changing the ending
  • illustrating and captioning imaginative stories in different formats, such as cartoons, photo stories, using descriptive and expressive language, for example, Η παρέα μου, or using other devices such as alliteration or similes and metaphors
  • composing and presenting texts, using verbal and non-verbal expressions, for example, creating and presenting an imaginary character living during the period of the Greek Revolution
  • creating a range of texts to entertain particular audiences, for example, children’s digital books, songs, cartoons and video clips suitable for younger learners of Greek

  VCELC024 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCELU183

  Understand and apply grammatical structures, such as passive and active voice, negation, word order and time clauses, recognising that they serve particular functions and that grammatical choices shape meaning

  Elaborations

  • choosing appropriate terms to describe events across time (present, past and future) and choosing appropriate tense, for example, Φέτος θα πάω διακοπές στην Κύπρο, Πέρσι γύρισα όλη την Έλλαδα
  • recognising the order of pronouns to emphasise who is carrying out an action or to refer to a person or thing, and applying agreement in gender and number to identify subject and object, for example, Κανείς δεν είναι τέλειος, Μου αρέσουν αυτοί που λένε την αλήθεια
  • using a range of adverbs and adjectives to modify and intensify meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, ακριβώς, αρκετά, πολύ, λίγο, πολλή
  • using cohesive devices such as conjunctions to link, clarify and sequence ideas and modify meaning in written and spoken texts, for example, Αφού δεν είχα αρκετά λεφτά, γύρισα σπίτι μου, γιατί, επειδή, αλλά, και, τότε
  • responding to and using imperative mood, for example, ελάτε, γράψε
  • using a range of nouns and adjectives and possessive forms, for example, μου/μας/σου/του/της/τους, δικό τους, δικά μας
  • seeking information using a range of questions, for example, Tι; Mήπως ξέρεις; Πώς; Πού; Γιατί; Πότε;
  • continuing to build a metalanguage to describe grammatical concepts and develop learning resources, for example, verb charts, vocabulary lists, groups of pronouns, adverbs or adjectives

  VCELU183 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU185

  Analyse culturally specific ways of interacting in Greek and how and why language use varies according to cultural contexts, considering why these differ from interactions in English or in other languages

  Elaborations

  • comparing texts created for different audiences, such as advertisements, brochures and signs, noticing how language use reflects ideas and messages that are relevant to a particular audience
  • investigating the nature and use of Greek language in different contexts of interaction, for example, asking Greek-speaking students in Australia with whom they communicate in Greek and for what purposes, reflecting on similarities and differences to interactions in English or other languages
  • analysing a range of correspondence and dialogue to identify features of language that affect levels of formality, such as the use of the subjunctive, imperative mood and plural polite register, for example, Αγαπημένε μου φίλε Γιάννη, γεια σου, Αξιότιμη κυρία Λασκαρίδη, Πες μου, Πείτε μου, Ας μιλήσουμε, Για να σε ακούσω
  • identifying English words in the Greek language, for example, πάρκινγκ, ζάπινγκ, and discussing their emergence and use

  VCELU185 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELY466

  Analyse and evaluate how people, cultures, places, events, objects and concepts are represented in texts, including media texts, through language, structural and/or visual choices

  Elaborations

  • considering ethical positions across more than one culture as represented in text and consider the similarities and differences
  • questioning the representation of stereotypes of people, cultures, places, events and concepts, and expressing views on the appropriateness of these representations
  • identifying and explaining satirical events, including events in other cultures, for example depictions in political cartoons
  • identifying and evaluating poetic, lyrical language in the depiction of people, culture, places, events, things and concepts in texts
  • analysing the ways socio-cultural values, attitudes and beliefs are presented in texts by comparing the ways news is reported in commercial media and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander media

  VCELY466 | Curriculum content | English | Level 10 | Reading and Viewing | Literacy

• VCESC185

  Convey information on a range of issues using different modes of presentation to suit different audiences

  Elaborations

  • researching and reporting on contemporary social, environmental or ethical issues as presented in a range of resources using different presentation techniques, for example, Venn diagrams, flow charts, digital displays
  • composing different types of social media texts such as blogs, advertisements, web pages, magazine articles or live or printed interviews to present views on particular issues, using appropriate protocols to acknowledge sources of reference and commentary, for example, by using reported speech (Dijo el doctor Sanabria que hay que usar autos eléctricos)

  VCESC185 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCESC023

  Organise and present critical perspectives on information obtained from different sources to a variety of audiences

  Elaborations

  • researching, presenting and taking a position on questions relating to contemporary topics such as Los efectos de las redes sociales en la vida de los jóvenes
  • producing a brochure to identify aspects of their city/town/region likely to be of interest to Spanish-speaking visitors of the same age
  • presenting a personal or shared perspective on topics such as fashion, music, cinema or social media, using formats such as displays, online posts or oral presentations to provide critical or explanatory commentary
  • researching and presenting information about social and environmental issues affecting Spanish-speaking regions of the world, for example, consecuencias de la deforestación en el Amazonas

  VCESC023 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCESC019

  Socialise, exchange and compare ideas and opinions in relation to issues relevant to their own lives and interests, such as relationships, events and aspirations

  Elaborations

  • expressing, comparing and explaining likes, dislikes and preferences, for example, Me gusta más el baloncesto que el fútbol, Me encanta la historia porque me parece interesante, Nuestro colegio es grandísimo, es el más grande de la ciudad. Lo que más me gusta hacer los fines de semana es chatear con mis amigos
  • corresponding with peers by using telephone/video calls, SMS or social media to build relationships and share views on aspects of young people’s lives such as friends, responsibilities, interests and aspirations
  • expressing hopes, opinions and ambitions, giving reasons for plans, for example, Espero aprobar los exámenes, Creo que ..., Pienso (+ infinitive), prefiero ...¿y tú?, Y vosotros ¿Qué opináis?, Estoy de acuerdo contigo, ¿Estáis de acuerdo?, En el futuro, me gustaría ser ...
  • sharing past experiences and significant events, such as holidays, special events or travel, for example, En mis vacaciones, primero fuimos a..., después ... Durante la segunda semana ... y entonces ... Fue fenomenal ... Al final ... Y ¿Qué tal tus vacaciones?
  • discussing personal views on topics such as acoso escolar, ideal de belleza and música, using expressions such as de ninguna manera...claro que sí... to link and elaborate ideas

  VCESC019 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCESU034

  Examine ongoing changes in Spanish as a language of local and international communication, considering the power of language to both influence and reflect culture

  Elaborations

  • identifying Spanish words borrowed from different languages across time and through political, historical and social changes, for example, words of Arabic origin that start with the prefix al-, such as almanaque, alcachofa, algodón, álgebra and alcohol, and some common interjections also derived from Arabic, such as ¡hola!, ¡ojalá!, ¡olé!
  • identifying the movement of language elements across and between times and contexts, such as words from indigenous languages adopted into Spanish and then exported to other languages, for example, words of Náhuatl origin such as aguacate, chocolate, cacao, chile, chicle and guacamole
  • noticing components of Spanish language that reflect particular cultural histories and influences, such as technological and scientific terms derived from classical Latin and Greek, for example, continente, vegetación, bacteria, biología, protocolo and mecánico
  • reflecting on the power of language in terms of their own experience, for example, by identifying comments from friends, teachers or public figures that have influenced or affected them
  • understanding the power of language to influence people’s actions and beliefs, such as the language of persuasion in political speeches or community appeals, for example, puede hacer su donación a la..., ofrezca tu tiempo voluntariamente despué del terremoto en Chile

  VCESU034 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU193

  Apply complex grammatical rules such as those relating to reflexive verbs and subjunctive and conditional moods, and use cohesive devices to link and extend ideas in own spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • extending the use of negative forms (no voy nunca, en ningún momento, no tengo nada, tú tampoco, no hay nadie) and understanding the difference between a reflexive verb and its corresponding non –reflexive verb, for example, Gerardo se lava la cara (reflexive) and Gerardo lava su carro (non-reflexive)
  • using subjunctive mood to express doubt, uncertainty or emotion, for example, dudo que vengas, siento que estés enferma, me alegra que hayas terminado tus estudios
  • expressing hypothetical events using conditional voice, for example, Sería interesante estudiar chino or Yo viajaría, pero no tengo dinero
  • using cohesive devices to sequence ideas, for example, aunque, a pesar de, sin embargo
  • describing events across time (past, present and future), choosing appropriate tenses
  • developing metalanguage to extend discussion of grammatical features such as word order, tenses and subjunctive mood, and using terms such as ‘verbs’, ‘nouns’, ‘conditional’, ‘subjunctive’ and ‘simple past’
  • describing people and things using:
    • comparatives and superlatives, for example, Ella es la más inteligente de la clase, Este jardín es lindísimo, Este jugo es el peor de todos
    • acronyms, for example, MERCOSUR, EEUU, UE, ONU
    • diminutives, for example, gatito, mesita, negrito
  • persuading, encouraging and advising others by using imperative verb forms, for example, vaya a la cancha, vamos al descanso, piénsalo bien, piénselo bien
  • exploring how word choices (such as selection of particular nouns and adjectives) can indicate values and attitudes, for example, Ese joven no sirve para nada/Es un joven valiente. Ellos son ilegales/Ellos son los refugiados
  • using the pasiva refleja or impersonal form with se for example, Se venden casas, ¿Cómo se dice...?
  • using idiomatic language such as proverbs (Lo cortés no quita lo valiente, El hábito no hace al monje) and idioms (me puse las botas, no pedir peras al olmo)

  VCESU193 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU031

  Extend knowledge of and use more complex features and patterns of the Spanish grammatical system, including possessive, demonstrative, object and relative pronouns; comparative and superlative adjectives; irregular verbs in the present tense, compound and simple past tenses, future and conditional...

  Elaborations

  • understanding and using definite and indefinite articles, including omission and gender-change cases, for example, me gusta mucho el cuadro del salón, me gusta mucho un cuadro del salón, ¿tienen cuadros de paisajes?, el agua está fría
  • understanding and using indefinite adjectives and pronouns such as alguno/a/os/as, ninguno/a/os/as, otros/as, todos/as, alguien, nadie, nada, algo, todo, noticing the constructions with a double negative, for example, No hay nadie en clase, no tenemos nada
  • using collective nouns such as gente and familia, and noticing the use of singular verbs, for example, la gente en Australia pasa mucho tiempo al aire libre, mi familia tiene una casa en la playa
  • noticing the differences in meaning when the adjective precedes the noun, for example, un pobre hombre/un hombre pobre
  • expressing comparisons using comparatives and superlatives, including some irregular forms, for example, mejor que ..., peor que ..., el mayor, el menor, más ... que, menos ... que, el más ..., ...ísimo/a, tan ... como
  • understanding and using possessive and demonstrative pronouns (aquel es el tuyo, este es el mío) and the use of neutral demonstratives (¿qué es esto?, me gustó aquello que dijo)
  • understanding the form and function of personal object pronouns, and differentiating between direct and indirect objects in the third person, for example, me, te, lo, la/le, nos, os, los, las/les
  • understanding the function and use of relative pronouns, for example, que, el/la/los/las que, quien/es, el/la cual, los/las cuales, donde
  • understanding and using the different past tense forms for regular and irregular verbs (pretérito perfecto, pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto), and comparing the uses with English past tense forms, for example, hemos estudiado los tiempos pasados, Marcos nació en Filipinas, ayer mi amigo estaba contento
  • using appropriate temporal markers, for example, hace ..., desde hace ..., durante ..., en 2011 ..., esta mañana ..., cuando era pequeño ..., desde ... hasta..., ayer ...
  • understanding and using the future and conditional tenses of regular and irregular verbs, for example, mañana iremos de excursión al zoo, me gustaría visitar México, saldría con vosotros pero tengo tarea
  • using some set expressions that require the use of the present subjunctive, for example, ¡que aproveche! ¡que te mejores! espero que estés bien
  • expressing agreement, disagreement and opinions using adverbs and expressions such as Yo también ...., yo tampoco ..., a mí sí ..., a mí no ...
  • indicating rules and giving instructions using expressions such as hay que ..., se puede/no se puede ..., and tener que + infinitive, and regular imperative affirmative forms, for example, cantad conmigo, pase el dado, toma mi bolígrafo, abran las ventanas, repita más despacio
  • understanding the function of impersonal expressions such as se necesita ..., se habla ..., se dice ..., se puede ...
  • using cohesive devices to link elements of complex sentences, for example, por lo tanto, además, sin embargo, al contrario de, de la misma manera
  • expanding the use of prepositions such as por, para, con, sin, contra, hacia to provide more detail or information
  • understanding how to form adverbs from adjectives, for example, normalmente, seguramente, probablemente
  • understanding and using an increasing range of prefixes and suffixes (anónimo, antibiótico, despeinado, supermercado, claustrofobia, lavadora, navideño, hermanito) and building lexical families (árbol, arbolito, arboleda, arbusto, arborícola, arbóreo, arboricultura, enarbolar)
  • developing awareness of the presence of ‘false friends’ in Spanish and English, for example, actualmente / currently, realizar / carry out, embarazada / pregnant, constipado / a cold
  • developing metalanguage to talk in Spanish about elements such as sentence structure (sujeto, verbo, objeto), verb tenses (pretérito, futuro, tiempo compuesto, participio pasado) and other linguistic features (sinónimo, concordancia, párrafo)

  VCESU031 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRC077

  Convey information on selected topics, using different modes of presentation to suit different audiences or to achieve different purposes

  Elaborations

  • creating different elements for a general information evening for peers and parents on topics such as les échanges culturelles, le tabagisme or les jeunes et la lecture/les médias sociaux, combining formats such as displays, posters, performances and printed material
  • creating a web page to provide information for young job seekers in different regional and cultural contexts (for example, les stations de ski, au pair à la ferme, le travail saisonnier), using formats such as databases, charts, maps and video clips
  • designing texts pitched to specific age or interest groups, making and explaining choices in relation to vocabulary, structure, and visual and cultural elements, (for example, fashion advice for teens, tips for healthier living, local information for new migrants)
  • summarising and presenting information relating to topics or themes studied in other curriculum areas, using different modes of presentation to cater for different learning styles, for example, charts, diagrams, recorded spoken commentary or demonstration to explain eco-systems or recycling
  • referencing cultural trends in contemporary France and other francophone communities, for example by presenting and commenting on community texts associated with cultural activities related to les fêtes religieuses or les fêtes civiles (Hanoucca, la Messe de Minuit, les Fêtes du Mawlid, le 1er mai)

  VCFRC077 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCFRC076

  Research and evaluate information from different perspectives on local and global issues, identifying how culture and context affect how information is presented

  Elaborations

  • selecting samples of spoken, written and digital texts that convey cultural as well as factual information (for example, regional news headlines, local community announcements, advertisements, notices in public spaces), and providing explanations and commentary on particular cultural aspects
  • researching a topic of global significance (for example, l’immigration, la jeunesse, l’action humanitaire, les langues mondiales), and identifying and explaining how texts reflect different perspectives and priorities
  • analysing and summarising interviews with high-profile speakers, such as political leaders or sports personalities, and listing words or expressions that provide cultural or contextual information
  • presenting commentaries collected from print, digital and personal sources of information on issues of relevance to young people (for example, la publicité, la santé des jeunes, les liens familiaux), and classifying according to viewpoints and perspectives
  • engaging in critical reading of texts such as product advice, news reports or travel brochures, considering questions such as intention and perspective, and rewriting key elements from a different perspective

  VCFRC076 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCFRC118

  Interact with French speakers and resources, recognising that intercultural communication involves shared responsibility for meaning making

  Elaborations

  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings or behaviours, for example, attitudes to interruptions, personal space and physical contact, and degree of formality or directness
  • using personal journals and discussions to reflect on critical incidents in the course of learning and using French, such as breakdowns or breakthroughs in communication, and discussing repair and recovery strategies and insights gained
  • discussing ways in which the experience of learning and using French challenges preconceptions, stereotypes or attitudes
  • exploring the process of ‘decentring’ from own linguistic and cultural standpoint and considering how ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds

  VCFRC118 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting