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• VCMNA273

  Carry out the four operations with rational numbers and integers, using efficient mental and written strategies and appropriate digital technologies and make estimates for these computations

  Elaborations

  • using patterns to assist in finding rules for the multiplication and division of integers
  • using the number line to develop strategies for adding and subtracting rational numbers
  • making an estimate for the total of a family weekly grocery bill with consideration of accuracy of the estimate, or for problems involving the circumference and area of a circle

  VCMNA273 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Number and place value

• VCMNA284

  Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques. Verify solutions by substitution

  Elaborations

  • solving real life problems by using variables to represent unknowns

  VCMNA284 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Linear and non-linear relationships

• VCMNA283

  Plot linear relationships on the Cartesian plane with and without the use of digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • completing a table of values, plotting the resulting points and determining whether the relationship is linear
  • finding the rule for a linear relationship

  VCMNA283 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Linear and non-linear relationships

• VCMNA281

  Simplify algebraic expressions involving the four operations

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the laws used with numbers can also be used with algebra

  VCMNA281 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Patterns and algebra

• VCMNA275

  Investigate the concept of irrational numbers, including π

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the real number system includes irrational numbers

  VCMNA275 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCMNA277

  Solve a range of problems involving rates and ratios, including distance-time problems for travel at a constant speed, with and without digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • understanding that rate and ratio problems can be solved using fractions or percentages and choosing the most efficient form to solve a particular problem
  • calculating population growth rates in Australia and Asia and explaining their difference
  • finding one of distance travelled, time taken or average speed given the other two quantities

  VCMNA277 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCMNA280

  Factorise algebraic expressions by identifying numerical factors

  Elaborations

  • recognising the relationship between factorising and expanding
  • identifying the greatest common divisor (highest common factor) of numeric and algebraic expressions and using a range of strategies to factorise algebraic expressions

  VCMNA280 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Patterns and algebra

• VCMNA278

  Solve problems involving profit and loss, with and without digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • expressing profit and loss as a percentage of cost or selling price, comparing the difference
  • investigating the methods used in retail stores to express discounts

  VCMNA278 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Money and financial mathematics

• VCMNA274

  Investigate terminating and recurring decimals

  Elaborations

  • recognising terminating, recurring and non-terminating decimals and choosing their appropriate representations

  VCMNA274 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCMNA276

  Solve problems involving the use of percentages, including percentage increases and decreases and percentage error, with and without digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • using percentages to solve problems, including those involving mark-ups, discounts, and GST
  • using percentages to calculate population increases and decreases
  • using percentage error to compare relative size of error in calculations involving a given or actual value, and an estimated or measured value

  VCMNA276 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCMNA279

  Extend and apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions

  Elaborations

  • applying the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions using strategies such as the area model

  VCMNA279 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Patterns and algebra

• VCMNA285

  Plot graphs of non-linear real life data with and without the use of digital technologies, and interpret and analyse these graphs

  Elaborations

  • investigating different combinations of length and width of a rectangle for a fixed area, and drawing the corresponding graph
  • using graphs to analysing change in the value of a currency against another currency over a specified period

  VCMNA285 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Linear and non-linear relationships

• VCMNA282

  Use algorithms and related testing procedures to identify and correct errors

  Elaborations

  • debugging search and sort programs
  • testing a number for divisibility

  VCMNA282 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Number and Algebra | Patterns and algebra

• VC2M8P03

  conduct repeated chance experiments and simulations, using digital tools to determine probabilities for compound events, and describe results

  Elaborations

  • using digital tools to conduct probability simulations involving compound events
  • using a random number generator and digital tools to simulate rolling 2 dice and calculating the difference between them, investigating what difference is likely to occur more often
  • using online simulation software to conduct probability simulations to determine in the long run if events are complementary

  VC2M8P03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Probability

• VC2M8P02

  determine all possible outcome combinations for 2 events, using two-way tables, tree diagrams and Venn diagrams, and use these to determine probabilities of specific events in practical situations

  Elaborations

  • describing events using language of ‘at least’, exclusive ‘or’ (A or B but not both), inclusive ‘or’ (A or B or both) and ‘and’
  • using the relation Pr(A and B) + Pr(A and not B) + Pr(not A and B) + Pr(not A and not B) = 1 to calculate probabilities, including the special case of mutually exclusive events where Pr(A and B) = 0
  • using Venn diagrams or two-way tables to demonstrate the difference between events that are mutually exclusive, such as whether a coin toss will land on a head or a tail, and those that are not mutually exclusive, such as people who have blonde hair and people who have blue eyes
  • exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children’s instructive games, for example, Battendi from the Ngarrindjeri Peoples of Lake Murray and Lake Albert in southern Australia, applying possible combinations and relationships and calculating probabilities using two-way tables and Venn diagrams

  VC2M8P02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Probability

• VC2M8P01

  recognise that complementary events have a combined probability of one; use this relationship to calculate probabilities in applied contexts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that knowing the probability of an event allows the probability of its complement to be found, including for those events that are not equally likely, such as getting a specific novelty toy in a supermarket promotion
  • using the relationship that for a single event A, Pr(A) + Pr(not A) = 1; for example, if the probability that it rains on a particular day is 80%, the probability that it does not rain on that day is 20%, or the probability of not getting a 6 on a single roll of a fair dice is 1-16=56
  • using the sum of probabilities to solve problems, such as the probability of starting a game by throwing a 5 or 6 on a dice is 13 and probability of not throwing a 5 or 6 is 23

  VC2M8P01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Probability

• VC2M8SP02

  establish properties of quadrilaterals using congruent triangles and angle properties, and solve related problems explaining reasoning

  Elaborations

  • establishing the properties of squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses, trapeziums and kites using geometric properties and proof, such as the sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is equal to a complete turn or 360°
  • identifying properties of quadrilaterals related to side lengths, parallel sides, angles, diagonals and symmetry
  • applying the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals to construction designs such as car jacks, scissor lifts, folding umbrellas, toolboxes and cherry pickers

  VC2M8SP02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Space

• VC2M8SP01

  identify the conditions for congruence and similarity of triangles and explain the conditions for other sets of common shapes to be congruent or similar, including those formed by transformations

  Elaborations

  • developing an understanding of what it means for shapes to be congruent or similar
  • using the enlargement transformation and digital tools to develop sets of similar shapes
  • investigating sufficient conditions to establish that 2 triangles are congruent
  • applying logical reasoning and tests for congruence and similarity, to problems and proofs involving plane shapes
  • comparing angle and side measurements of shapes under transformation to answer questions such as ‘What changes?’ and ‘What stays the same?’
  • establishing that 2 shapes are congruent if one lies exactly on top of the other after one or more transformations, including translations, reflections and rotations, and recognising that the matching sides and the matching angles are equal

  VC2M8SP01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Space

• VC2M8SP03

  describe in different ways the position and location of three-dimensional objects in 3 dimensions, including using a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system with the use of dynamic geometry software or other digital tools

  Elaborations

  • locating aircraft or drones using latitude, longitude and altitude as a three-dimensional coordinate system
  • constructing three-dimensional objects using 3D printers or designing software that uses a three-dimensional coordinate system
  • comparing and contrasting two-dimensional and three-dimensional coordinate systems by highlighting what is the same and what is different, including virtual maps versus street views
  • using dynamic geometry software to construct shapes and objects within the first quadrant of a three-dimensional coordinate system
  • interpreting three-dimensional coordinate locations for objects in multistorey car parks, or playing games based on three-dimensional coordinate systems such as three-dimensional noughts-and-crosses
  • exploring position and transformation through geospatial technologies used by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities

  VC2M8SP03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Space

• VCMSP297

  Distinguish between a population and a sample and investigate techniques for collecting data, including census, sampling and observation

  Elaborations

  • identifying situations where data can be collected by census and those where a sample is appropriate
  • investigating the differences between convenience, judgemental and simple random sampling from a population

  VCMSP297 | Mathematics | Level 8 | Statistics and Probability | Data representation and interpretation