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• VCLAU011

  Understand that Latin spread with the expansion of the Roman empire, developed over time into the Romance languages, and influenced English vocabulary

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Latin is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, related to other ancient languages, such as Classical Greek, Sanskrit and Old Persian
  • recognising that Latin was influenced by languages of other ancient peoples, such as Greek
  • locating on a map the places where Latin was spoken across the area of Roman influence, from Britain to West Asia
  • researching how Latin evolved into its modern descendants, the Romance languages, and comparing words, such as numbers, duo (Latin) – deux (French) – due (Italian) – dos (Spanish) – doi (Romanian) – dois (Portuguese), or words such as ‘hand’ or ‘friend’ across languages
  • applying knowledge of Latin to understand words and expressions in Romance languages, for example, tempo; liberté, égalité, fraternité; amigo; la dolce vita
  • identifying and using Latin derivatives to expand own English vocabulary, for example, maternal/paternal, nominate, puerile
  • recognising connections between spelling of Latin and English words and applying understanding to improve own spelling in English, for example, first conjugation verb such as portat – English ‘portable’, compared with fourth conjugation verb audit – audible
  • identifying expressions and abbreviations in Latin that are commonly used in English, for example, post mortem, in loco parentis; e.g., i.e., am, pm, etc.
  • identifying words of Latin origin that are used in subjects across the school curriculum, for example, data, agriculture, commerce, equilateral, formula, mesa, tablet
  • identifying and collecting word families in which the same Latin root is used with different prefixes or suffixes, for example, reduce, introduce, deduce, conduct, produce
  • exploring and discussing the meaning of simple Latin mottoes used by modern institutions, such as the Olympic motto citius, altius, fortius

  VCLAU011 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCLAU007

  Understand the phonological and orthographic systems of Latin, including the restored pronunciation and the written alphabet

  Elaborations

  • recognising that the written alphabet used by the Romans is the basis for the modern English alphabet, although some letters are pronounced differently, for example, u/v; i, c and g
  • mimicking or copying the restored pronunciation of Latin words, individually or with peers
  • matching script to sound, using the restored pronunciation, for example, single consonants, long and short vowels, vowels before final m, diphthongs, h and aspirated h, consonant combinations/clusters as in ingens, magnus, urbs
  • distinguishing i as a vowel and as a consonant, for example, intrat; ianua
  • using the spoken stress of Latin, and dramatic expression appropriate to the tone and purpose of a text
  • acknowledging the absence of punctuation in Latin in comparison with English, for example, by working with a sentence spelt out with no pauses between words
  • recognising conventions of punctuation used by editors of Latin texts to assist comprehension

  VCLAU007 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex Latin sentences, including subordinate clauses, non-finite verb forms, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • identifying the endings of fourth and fifth declension nouns, for example, exercitus, cornua; dies, fides
  • acknowledging that nouns may have unexpected genders, for example, first declension agricola (m), second declension pirus (f)
  • recognising relative, emphatic and indefinite pronouns, for example, qui, quae, quod; ipse; quisquis; quidam
  • recognising reflexive pronouns and adjectives, for example, se; suus
  • analysing case usage of nouns in all five declensions, for example, partitive genitive quid novi?
  • identifying and understanding the use of the locative case, for example, Romae, Pompeiis
  • identifying and understanding words used in apposition in all cases, for example, Venus, dea, est pulchra
  • explaining case usage of pronouns, for example, personal ego, tu, nos, vos; demonstrative hic, ille; interrogative quis, quis, quid; relative qui, quae, quod; emphatic ipse, ipsa, ipsum; reflexive me, te, nos, vos, se
  • distinguishing the use of different moods
  • extending identification of indicative endings of regular and irregular verbs to different tenses
  • understanding the concept of the principal parts for verbs in all conjugations, for example, voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum; sum, esse, fui
  • identifying and understanding the use of infinitives for all four conjugations and irregular verbs, for example, a prolative infinitive with amat, such as natare amat
  • recognising impersonal expressions, for example, mihi difficile est dormire
  • understanding the use of present, future and perfect participles, for example, clamans, moriturus, vocatus
  • recognising passive voice forms and the forms of deponent verbs and distinguishing their meanings, for example, laudata est – she has been praised; collapsa est – she collapsed
  • distinguishing in complex sentences between principal and subordinate clauses, for example, relative, causal, temporal, concessive, conditional, such as si/nisi with the indicative
  • recognising comparison of adjectives and adverbs, regular and irregular, for example, stulta, stultior, stultissima; malus, peior, pessimus
  • recognising quam + superlative, for example, quam celerrime
  • understanding conventions of the use of numbers to express distance, capacity, time and price, for example, duo milia passuum, quinquaginta denariis
  • understanding the conventions of the Roman calendar, for example, a.d. XIV Kal Jul
  • recognising creative variations in Latin word order, for example, delay of a key word or clause to create suspense, ordering of clauses to increase impact, bracketing/nesting, juxtaposition

  VCLAU023 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU015

  Reflect on self as a language learner, considering how learning Latin influences ways of learning and enhances understanding of own heritage, values and culture

  Elaborations

  • exploring own sense of identity, considering own and others’ assumptions about family, language(s) spoken, traditions, values and attitudes
  • considering how learning about the ancient world offers different ways of interpreting the modern world and representing experience
  • keeping a journal of experiences (humorous, satisfying or challenging) associated with learning and using Latin, noting personal reactions and reflections over time
  • considering how the strategies adopted while learning Latin have impacted on own approaches to learning across subjects, such as setting realistic timeframes, computational thinking
  • reflecting on the experience of learning Latin, considering how it might add a further dimension to own sense of identity
  • reflecting and reporting on how learning Latin gives insights into the relationship between language and culture in general, and how own way of thinking about language, culture and identity may change through the experience

  VCLAU015 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Reflecting

• VCLAU008

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in simple and compound Latin sentences, including parts of speech, case, gender, number, person, declension and conjugation, agreement and tense, and conventions of sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • identifying parts of speech and their functions in texts, such as in statements, direct speech, commands and questions
  • exploring the concepts of number, gender, case and the metalanguage used to describe nouns
  • understanding noun inflections and their usage in first, second and third declensions:
    • case: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, for example, amicus, amice, amicum, amici, amico, amico
    • number: villa, villae
    • gender: masculine dominus, feminine domina, neuter atrium, common canis, parens
  • recognising personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives, and identifying number, gender and case, for example, ego, tu, nos, vos; meus, tuus
  • recognising interrogative pronouns, for example, quis, quis, quid
  • recognising demonstrative pronouns, for example, hic, haec, hoc; ille, iste
  • identifying cardinal numbers unus to viginti and ordinal numbers primus to decimus
  • recognising prepositional phrases and the different forms of prepositions, for example, e villa, ex urbe
  • distinguishing between the meanings of prepositions when governing different cases, for example, in villam, in villa
  • exploring the concepts of verb number, person and tense, the metalanguage used to describe verbs
  • identifying endings of verbs in the four conjugations, and regular and irregular verbs in the present tense, active voice
  • identifying the use of the imperative, for example, tacete vos omnes
  • identifying first/second and third declension adjectives, for example, laeta/laetus; tristis
  • recognising agreement of adjectives and nouns in number, gender and case, for example, puella tristis, frater magnus, and how word order may differ from English
  • interpreting compound sentences using conjunctions, for example, canis intrat sed non latrat
  • recognising adverbs, for example, servus diligenter laborat
  • understanding conventions of word order in Latin sentences, such as subject + direct object + indirect object + verb, for example, puella librum fratri legit, and how those conventions can be used to anticipate the development of a sentence
  • developing strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCLAU008 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU026

  Understand that Latin became the official language of the Roman empire and facilitated the spread of Roman civilisation and culture, and that Latin continues to enrich English through specialist vocabulary and abstract concepts embodied in the language

  Elaborations

  • recognising that, as the Roman world expanded, Latin became the language of communication, trade, administration, education and law throughout its sphere of influence
  • exploring the role of Latin in the process of Romanisation, and its influence on local languages
  • discussing the impact on people and their lives in Roman provinces, with Latin as the common language, and Roman infrastructure such as aqueducts, sewers, roads and shipping, safe trade routes, standardised currency and weights and measures
  • recognising the spread of ancient Greek ideas through Latin, such as the use of Greek vocabulary and concepts in literature and philosophy, for example, stadium, rhetor, theatrum, poeta, stoica, philosophia
  • exploring abstract concepts derived from Latin, such as justice, liberty, republic, fraternity, charity, genius, piety
  • recognising terms in English that are hybrids of Classical Greek and Latin, for example, metalanguage, quantum physics, teleconference
  • discussing Latin words and expressions that are used in fields such as law, business and education, for example, de facto, non sequitur, agenda, forum, curriculum
  • examining the Latin roots of English words in subjects across the school curriculum, for example, technical vocabulary related to reporting research, such as ibid and stet
  • identifying Latin roots in English scientific, technical and medical terminology, for example, genus, species; computer, data, accumulator, super conductor, cellular differentiation, quantum teleportation; cancer, cannula, defibrillator, incision, amputation
  • exploring how Latin is used to coin terms for new technology and new discoveries in science and medicine in the modern world, such as internet, Trojan (horse), forum, virus
  • applying knowledge of Latin to form and explain plurals of English words borrowed from Latin, for example, indices, media, vertebrae, curricula, alumni
  • exploring mottoes and inscriptions, such as per ardua ad astra or mens sana in corpore sano, and discussing their relevance in the modern world
  • investigating the enduring nature and use of Latin in academic and religious ceremonies, for example, summa cum laude, honoris causa, gaudeamus igitur or pater noster

  VCLAU026 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCLAU022

  Understand and apply the principles of pronunciation for the reading of Latin texts

  Elaborations

  • isolating syllables and learning the rules for correctly marking the stress, for example, spec-tá-tor, compared with péc-tor-a
  • distinguishing the change of stress required with an enclitic, for example, éstis compared with estísne; cíbus compared with cibúsque
  • distinguishing between the primary and secondary stress in polysyllabic words, for example, spèctatóribus
  • understanding the significance of elision when reading verse aloud, for example, od(i) et amo

  VCLAU022 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU024

  Expand vocabulary by using a range of strategies, including knowledge of roots, cognates and derivatives, and use dictionaries to determine the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary in specific contexts

  Elaborations

  • developing vocabulary lists pertinent to particular reading, for example, military words, philosophical words, poetic words
  • using a dictionary to investigate how vocabulary choices in Latin and English can express shades of meaning
  • extrapolating knowledge of word origins and roots to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary, for example, aedificium: aedifico; rex, regis: regulus
  • extending vocabulary through word-building from Latin roots, for example, caelum + colo: caelicolae, and from derivatives, for example, celestial
  • building vocabulary by recognising English words derived from supines, for example, ‘mission’ from missum
  • identifying and interpreting compound words, for example, ‘prefect’ from prae + factum
  • recognising common patterns of vowel change to identify words from the same root, for example, capere: -cip (recipere)
  • expanding vocabulary by using connections between conceptually related words, for example, pius, impius, pietas

  VCLAU024 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU027

  Discuss how the Roman world has influenced modern society, culture and political structures, such as literature, art, medical and scientific practices, government and infrastructure

  Elaborations

  • exploring the ancient origins of modern political and legal structures and concepts, such as republic, balance of power, jurisprudence and judicial precedent, census and elections
  • investigating modern social issues, such as class, the role of women and civil rights, and making comparisons with the Classical period
  • discussing influences of Latin literature on modern novels, poetry, drama and film, such as Book IV of the Aeneid on Miss Saigon, Ovid on David Malouf’s An Imaginary Life, Virgil on Ursula Le Guin’s Lavinia
  • recognising the transmission of literary genres, such as epic, satire, love poetry, epigram, ode
  • investigating famous artists’ incorporation of classical themes and subjects in postclassical sculpture, painting, music, opera, theatre
  • investigating ancient practices in medicine and science still relevant in the modern world, such as Galen’s surgical procedures and Pliny the Elder’s classification of animals and plants

  VCLAU027 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCLAE020

  Translate a range of texts that incorporate complex sentence structures and extensive vocabulary from Latin into Standard English, representing the style and purpose of the texts

  Elaborations

  • reading holistically to deduce the context and content of Latin texts, by identifying key words and phrases
  • applying expanded knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and problem-solving skills to translate compound sentences and complex sentences with nested clauses
  • conveying shades of meaning of a range of subtle vocabulary, for example, inferring the different connotations of a word in a particular context, such as virtus; causa; gero; ago
  • inferring the meaning of words and expressions, using knowledge of the text type and the author’s purpose and style, for example, res publica; rem gerere; se gerere
  • deducing the meaning of new words by drawing on prior knowledge, derivatives and connections with familiar words, for example, actores in scaena fabulam Graecam hilare agebant; dormire, obdormire; ferre, inferre, offerre
  • expanding the variety of English translations for verb tenses, for example, to express indignation, clamavit as ‘she did shout’, compared to ‘she shouted’ or ‘she has shouted’
  • recreating mood, tone and dramatic impact in English translations by selecting appropriate vocabulary, comparing and contrasting potential choices, for example, o tempora! o mores!
  • refining translations by exploring print and online Latin and English dictionaries and thesauruses to consider a variety of meanings, for example, manus, and synonyms, for example, contentus, felix, laetus
  • conveying emphasis and tone, such as indignation, anger, suspense, embedded in Latin word order, for example, effugere conati sunt, sed frustra
  • rendering the precise meaning of tenses in Latin into idiomatic English, for example, cotidie ibat; si veneris
  • expressing the meaning of idiomatic expressions and culturally specific terms by choosing appropriate English expressions and terms, for example, flocci non facio (I could care less); orationem habere (deliver a speech)
  • constructing and editing translations collaboratively with peers, using a range of ICT
  • improving own translations to increase accuracy and better reflect register, tone and characterisation
  • translating, independently or in collaboration with peers, unseen texts with compound or complex sentences, drawing on familiarity with the style and language of texts already studied

  VCLAE020 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Translating

• VCLAU014

  Reflect on own and others’ reactions to and assumptions about the language and culture of Roman society, considering similarities and differences to own language and culture

  Elaborations

  • considering own and others’ cultural assumptions about home and leisure and how these were different or similar in the Roman context
  • reviewing and responding to aspects of cultural practices in Latin texts and Roman artefacts, and discussing the reactions of peers to these
  • describing own life at home and school and making comparisons with that of young people in the Roman world
  • developing an understanding of life in multicultural Rome, and reflecting on similarities and differences to own lifestyle in multicultural Australia
  • discussing how young people in ancient Rome may have viewed the lives of young people in the modern world

  VCLAU014 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Reflecting

• VCLAU025

  Analyse the structure and features of different text types in Latin, exploring how they relate to context, purpose and audience

  Elaborations

  • examining textual features used to influence an audience, such as the contrast of short and periodic sentences to persuade, or the use of repetition and humour to entertain
  • making connections and comparisons between a new text and familiar texts of the same type
  • analysing different texts, such as a story, historical account or speech, to understand how a version of an event can be expressed in different ways
  • recognising different ways of presenting the same story, for example, from the viewpoint of different characters or in the form of a flashback
  • analysing language features used to influence the intended audience, such as imagery or rhetorical devices

  VCLAU025 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU029

  Question and explain own and others’ reactions to and assumptions about the language, culture and values of Roman society, discussing how these relate to own language and culture

  Elaborations

  • investigating the extent to which values, attitudes and practices of people of cosmopolitan Rome are similar to or different from their own
  • exploring how cultural identity was manifested in the ancient world, and making comparisons with own cultural identity in modern Australia
  • exploring the identity of people living in the Roman world and relating this to their own identity as a member of a local community, a state/territory/nation and as a global citizen
  • describing own public and private lives and making comparisons with those of people in ancient Rome
  • considering how cultural diversity has continued to be an integral feature of society since ancient times
  • exploring the process of decentring from own linguistic and cultural standpoint and considering how own ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people of the past

  VCLAU029 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Reflecting

• VCLAU028

  Identify how cultural values, attitudes and beliefs of the Romans are embedded in their language

  Elaborations

  • discussing Roman values that are embedded in language, such as pietas, virtus, hospitium, fides
  • understanding how language and cultural practices are interconnected, for example, by explaining religious origins or connotations associated with words and expressions such as the polite command in the English RIP (‘rest in peace’) and the use of the more prayerful subjunctive in the Latin requiescat in pace
  • investigating the importance of Latin to personal status in the Roman world, as a means to social, economic and political advancement
  • examining language that reveals information about Roman government and administration, such as res publica, senatus, comitia, consul, dictator, princeps, census, and references in texts to public service, justice and the court system
  • discussing language that reveals the importance of public spaces and buildings in ancient Rome, for example, forum, temples, theatres
  • explaining references in texts to amphitheatres, gladiatorial combat, Circus Maximus, ‘bread and circuses’ and understanding the important place of entertainment in the Roman world
  • explaining the importance of religion to the Romans, with reference to concepts such as Lares et Penates, household genius, the worship of local gods at shrines, vestal virgins, cult of the Emperor
  • researching and discussing political and cultural influences in and on the works of leading writers, such as Cicero, Horace, Virgil, Livy, for example, mos maiorum; pax Romana
  • exploring the formal language that Romans used for greetings, or responding to the challenges of public life, such as ave, plurimas gratias, di immortales, and making comparisons with own language use in formal contexts
  • reflecting on how language, texts and artefacts provide a means of understanding the social and cultural practices of the Romans and how they conceptualised their world

  VCLAU028 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCLAU030

  Reflect on self as a language learner, explaining how the study of Latin influences own style of communicating, ways of thinking and viewing the world

  Elaborations

  • exploring own sense of identity, challenging own and others’ assumptions about family and civic responsibilities, traditions, values and attitudes
  • drawing on knowledge of ancient society to examine and interpret own world, including aspects such as ancestry, values, traditions, social status, family and national pride
  • reflecting, such as in discussions, blogs and journals, on experiences in the course of learning Latin and their impact on perceptions of own cultural experience and ways of communicating
  • identifying challenges and achievements associated with learning Latin, for example, learning to ‘read between the lines’ to identify thought implicit in the use of language
  • reinterpreting own experience of learning Latin, listening to others’ perspectives and comparing these with own experience
  • discussing how learning Latin impacts on own ways of thinking and viewing the world

  VCLAU030 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Reflecting

• VCLAE017

  Convey interpretations of information and ideas about Roman society and culture, in oral, written and digital forms, using Latin as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • examining how cultural attitudes are conveyed in Latin texts, such as attitudes to slaves or women, cleanliness, food, Romanisation, for example, by conducting a role-play, a forum on salient issues, a ‘Q & A’ session regarding the appropriateness of giving farming advice in verse
  • investigating legal rights and obligations, such as citizenship, social classes, property rights, divorce, for example, building a digital representation of social strata through a pyramid
  • researching Roman urban planning and architecture through the study of an archaeological site, and presenting findings, for example, by creating a virtual tour of the Colosseum, with written or oral text in English or incorporating Latin terms as appropriate, such as harena, vomitoria
  • examining Roman architectural remains by electronic means, such as places of entertainment and worship, and exploring what they reveal about the values and attitudes of Romans
  • gathering and collating information about Roman art, including sculpture, jewellery and painting, for example, producing an online exhibition catalogue
  • researching references in Latin texts to foreign religions, for example, Mithraism, Isis worship and Christianity, and the extent of their influence in Rome
  • examining Latin inscriptions, curses or graffiti to elicit information about Roman society, for example, defixiones from Bath, graffiti at the Colosseum or in Pompeii, and creating own examples in English or Latin

  VCLAE017 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the Roman world through Latin texts

• VCLAE018

  Respond to Latin texts by analysing themes, values and literary features, such as plot development and characterisation, and sharing and justifying opinions

  Elaborations

  • reading Latin texts and responding to questions in English to demonstrate understanding of content, context, purpose and technique
  • exploring how language is used to reveal character, values and key messages in texts such as narratives, dialogues, plays, poems and letters, for example, Cena Trimalchionis; odi et amo
  • discussing epic plots and characters, such as the Aeneid, for example, debating significant events and the author’s purpose
  • analysing plot development in texts such as plays and stories, discussing literary features, for example, use of comic episode, plot twist, climax, resolution
  • interpreting how particular stylistic effects are created, such as emphasis, doubt, irony or supposition, for example, sine dubio, satis constat, ut mihi videtur
  • analysing how writers use language features to achieve particular aesthetic, humorous or persuasive purposes and effects, for example, diminutives such as puellula or homuncule
  • evaluating the effectiveness of texts, by considering the use of stylistic features, for example, simile, metaphor, personification or pathos, for particular purposes, such as to entertain or persuade

  VCLAE018 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Responding to texts

• VCLAU009

  Acquire and build vocabulary by using roots, derivatives and word lists, and use dictionaries to select appropriate meanings of Latin words

  Elaborations

  • developing own and class lists of vocabulary related to texts and topics, such as daily life in ancient Rome, for example, thermae, caldarium; magister, ludus
  • creating a class bank of words that are frequently used, for example, tamen; alii … alii …; eheu!, and common expressions used in everyday activities, for example, salvete; ludere volo
  • practising vocabulary knowledge, for example, by using online tools such as drills
  • using print and electronic dictionaries to locate the appropriate meanings of words
  • understanding that one Latin word may correspond to several different English words and selecting the most appropriate meaning of a word in its context
  • developing strategies for vocabulary building by applying knowledge of roots, for example, ager/agricola and derivatives, for example, agriculture
  • building vocabulary by recognising Latin words commonly used in English, for example, exit, video, arena

  VCLAU009 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU013

  Recognise that the language of the Romans provides insights into their daily lives, ideas, feelings and attitudes

  Elaborations

  • investigating connections between language and significant cultural attitudes, for example, discussing how the terms civis, libertus, servus relate to rights of citizens
  • exploring and discussing language use that reflects social structure in ancient Rome, for example, pater familias, patronus/cliens relationships, matrona; Julia = daughter of Julius
  • exploring references in texts to life at home, daily bathing, dining and entertainment, such as public spectacles, and discussing the importance of family and social life to the Romans
  • recognising language that reflects the nature and use of private spaces, such as domus, villa, atrium, hortus, insula
  • understanding the importance of religion and festivals in Roman society, for example, by examining references in texts to worship of the Olympian gods, or festivals such as Saturnalia
  • considering the impact of stories about major early Roman heroes on the formation and transmission of Roman values, for example, Cloelia helping the kidnapped girls to escape, Horatius guarding the bridge
  • discussing the influence on Romans of myths and legends, as represented in their literature and visual arts such as sculpture and mosaics, for example, Romulus and Remus, Aeneas, Hercules
  • exploring the colloquial language that Romans used, such as salvete; gratum; licet

  VCLAU013 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture