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• VCGGC101

  Identify, analyse and explain interconnections within places and between places and identify and explain changes resulting from these interconnections

  Elaborations

  • describing how water is an available resource when it is groundwater, soil moisture (green water), and surface water in dams, rivers and lakes (blue water), and a potential resource when it exists as salt water, ice, water vapour or waste water, and using the concept of the water cycle to show the connections between the different forms
  • explaining how the movement of water through the environment connects places. For example, the melting of snow in spring feeding rivers and dams downstream
  • comparing student access to and use of places and spaces in their local area and evaluating how this affects perceptions of liveability
  • analysing the role of landforms and landscapes in tourism. For example, Uluru in Australia or the Grand Canyon in the USA
  • examining how urbanisation can affect environmental quality and analysing the effects of erosion and sedimentation produced by human activities on landscape quality

  VCGGC101 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Place, space and interconnection

• VCGGC099

  Explain processes that influence the characteristics of places

  Elaborations

  • explaining the physical causes and the temporal and spatial patterns of an atmospheric or hydrological hazard through a study of either droughts, storms, tropical cyclones or floods
  • exploring the geomorphology of the land and how this affects the liveability of a place
  • contrasting the effects of geomorphic processes that lower the land surface (weathering and erosion) and those that raise the land surface (transportation and deposition)
  • discussing urbanisation as a shift in where, how and why people live where they do

  VCGGC099 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Place, space and interconnection

• VCGGK117

  Geomorphic processes that produce landforms, including a case study of at least one landform

  Elaborations

  • describing the influence of folding, faulting or volcanism on a chosen landform
  • contrasting the effects of geomorphic processes that lower the land surface (weathering and erosion) and those that raise the land surface (transportation and deposition)

  VCGGK117 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Landforms and landscapes

• VCGGC104

  Analyse maps and other geographical data and information using digital and spatial technologies as appropriate, to develop identifications, descriptions, explanations and conclusions that use geographical terminology

  Elaborations

  • using aerial images of contrasting places to identify differences in housing density
  • using graphs, weather maps and satellite images to examine the temporal and spatial patterns of a selected hydrological hazard in Australia and another region of the world, such as countries of the Asia region, or from the Pacific region
  • using digital maps and overlays of an area to observe, describe and contrast the spatial associations of geographical phenomena. For example, the relationship between economic activities and river systems and the availability of surface water
  • interpreting topographic maps and digital terrain models, cross-sections or block diagrams to investigate landforms and their features
  • reviewing the results of an analysis to propose and defend answers to a question, emphasising at least one of the geographical concepts of place, space, environment, interconnection, sustainability, scale or change

  VCGGC104 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Data and information

• VCGGK106

  Ways that flows of water connect places as they move through the environment and the ways this affects places

  Elaborations

  • explaining how the movement of water through the environment connects places. For example, the melting of snow in spring feeding rivers and dams downstream
  • investigating the environmental, economic and social effects of water as it connects people and places. For example, the effects of water in the Snowy Mountains, or of upstream irrigation on downstream water quality

  VCGGK106 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Water in the world

• VCGGK114

  Influence of social connectedness and community identity on the liveability of places

  Elaborations

  • discussing the different types of places where people and groups can feel included or excluded, safe or threatened, and evaluating how this affects perceptions about liveability of places
  • investigating the extent to which people in their place are socially connected or socially isolated and its effect on liveability

  VCGGK114 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Place and liveability

• VCGGK122

  The causes and consequences of urbanisation, drawing on a study from Indonesia

  Elaborations

  • discussing urbanisation as a shift in where, how and why people live where they do
  • exploring the connections between urbanisation and economic and social opportunities
  • examining how urbanisation can affect environmental quality. For example, carbon emissions and water consumption

  VCGGK122 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Changing nations

• VCGGK107

  The quantity and variability of Australia’s water resources compared with those in other continents and how water balance can be used to explain these differences

  Elaborations

  • investigating the main causes of rainfall and applying their geographical knowledge to explain the seasonal rainfall patterns in their own place and in a place with either significantly higher or lower rainfall
  • interpreting the spatial distribution of rainfall in Australia and comparing it with that of other continents
  • using the concept of the water balance (the relationship between rainfall, evaporation and runoff) to explain the differences between Australia and other continents in water resources

  VCGGK107 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Water in the world

• VCGGK108

  Nature of water scarcity and the role of humans in creating and overcoming it, including studies drawn from Australia and West Asia and/or North Africa

  Elaborations

  • investigating the causes of water scarcity. For example, an absolute shortage of water (physical), inadequate development of water resources (economics), or the way water is used
  • comparing the effectiveness in reducing water scarcity of methods that increase the supply of water (such as recycling waste water, stormwater harvesting and re-use, desalination and inter-regional transfer of water) with methods that reduce the demand for water (such as pricing, changing the use of water and water restrictions)
  • examining why water is a difficult resource to manage. For example, difficulties in accounting for its economic value, its competing uses and variability of supply over time and space
  • explaining why some land use management practices such as land cleaning and some farming practices have adversely affected water supply

  VCGGK108 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Water in the world

• VCGGK118

  The differences in at least one landform in Australia compared to other places and the geomorphic processes involved

  Elaborations

  • undertaking fieldwork at a site such as the 12 Apostles and using secondary sources to compare wave action and weathering with a similar landform, such as Raukar - Limestone Sea Stacks of Gotland in Sweden
  • comparing weathering processes acting on rock masses in one location with another in Australia or elsewhere, considering differences in climate, rock type, rock structure and erosion

  VCGGK118 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Landforms and landscapes

• VCGGK105

  Classification of environmental resources and the forms that water takes as a resource

  Elaborations

  • classifying resources into renewable/non-renewable and finite/infinite resources, and investigating examples of each type
  • describing how water is an available resource when it is groundwater, soil moisture (green water), and surface water in dams, rivers and lakes (blue water), and a potential resource when it exists as salt water, ice, water vapour or waste water, and using the concept of the water cycle to show the connections between the different forms

  VCGGK105 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Water in the world

• VCGGK113

  Environmental, economic and social measures used to evaluate places for their liveability, comparing two different places

  Elaborations

  • comparing objective measures of liveability such as transportation infrastructure, with subjective measures such as people’s perceptions
  • comparing two liveability surveys and how this affects ranking places
  • evaluating surveys of liveability and the measures they use

  VCGGK113 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Place and liveability

• VCGGK119

  Human causes of landscape degradation, the effects on landscape quality and the implications for places

  Elaborations

  • analysing the effects of erosion and sedimentation produced by human activities on landscape quality, including farming and recreation
  • examining the effects of mining and quarrying, and urban development, on landscape quality and how this affects places
  • describing the effects of river regulation, including dams, locks, channel straightening and drains, on riverine and wetland landscape quality
  • investigating the effects on coastal landscape quality of the built elements of places. For example, urban development, marinas and sea walls
  • investigating the ways introduced plants or animals or activities such as mining affect landscape quality and examining the effects on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities

  VCGGK119 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Landforms and landscapes

• VCGGC103

  Select and represent data and information in different forms, including by constructing appropriate maps at different scales that conform to cartographic conventions, using digital and spatial technologies as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • creating an annotated diagram to demonstrate how water flows through the environment and connects places, or the influence of environmental quality on the liveability of places
  • constructing tables and graphs of demographic or economic data for Australia or China
  • creating annotated diagrams to show a landscape and its landforms
  • creating a map to show the spatial distribution and patterns of liveability, using computer mapping software
  • using a satellite image to construct a map to show the areas affected by a hydrological hazard, in Australia and another region of the world

  VCGGC103 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Data and information

• VCGGK111

  Factors that influence the decisions people make about where to live and their perceptions of the liveability of places

  Elaborations

  • investigating their and others’ interpretations of the concept of liveability and why what makes a place liveable may vary from person to person according to age, education, income, cultural background and other variables
  • comparing student access to and use of places and spaces in their local area and evaluating how this affects perceptions of liveability
  • discussing why many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples live on their Country/Place or might prefer to if they had the choice

  VCGGK111 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Place and liveability

• VCGGK112

  Influence of accessibility to services and facilities; and environmental quality, on the liveability of places

  Elaborations

  • comparing accessibility to and availability of a range of services and facilities between different types of settlements (urban, rural and remote) in Australia and other countries. For example, shops, access to clean water, sanitation, education and health services
  • examining the role transport plays in people’s ability to access services and participate in activities in the local area
  • explaining the importance of water quality to the liveability of places
  • investigating the concept of environmental quality and surveying the environmental quality of their local area and its effect on liveability
  • exploring the geomorphology of the land and how this affects the liveability of a place

  VCGGK112 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Place and liveability

• VCGGC102

  Collect and record relevant geographical data and information from useful primary and secondary sources, using ethical protocols

  Elaborations

  • gathering from a range of primary and digital sources, for example, from GIS layers, observation, annotated field sketches, surveys and interviews, or photographs, relevant data about the impacts of and responses to a hydrological hazard, or the factors influencing decisions people make about where to live
  • collecting geographical information from secondary sources, such as digital sources, thematic maps, weather maps, climate graphs, compound column graphs and population pyramids, reports, census data and the media
  • applying ethical research methods, including the use of protocols for consultation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
  • considering the usefulness of primary and secondary data by finding out when it was collected and for what purpose, and comparing this to the purpose of research
  • gathering relevant data about the ways to protect significant landscapes from a range of primary and digital sources, such as from observation, annotated field sketches, surveys and interviews, or photographs

  VCGGC102 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Data and information

• VCGGK125

  The reasons for and effects of internal migration in Australia and China

  Elaborations

  • identifying and explaining the main types, patterns and trends of internal migration in Australia. For example, employment, lifestyle and retirement migration
  • examining the effects of resource development in Australia on employment growth in both the resource regions and the cities, and on internal migration
  • explaining why changes in the spatial distribution of population are a good indicator of economic and social change in a country
  • examining the role of labour migration in the urban development of China. For example, the growth of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province
  • exploring the issues relating to China’s ‘floating population’

  VCGGK125 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Changing nations

• VCGGK124

  The reasons for and effects of international migration to Australia

  Elaborations

  • identifying and explaining the main types and patterns of international migration. For example, permanent migration, temporary labour migration, student migration, forced migration (including refugees) and family reunion
  • investigating where and why international migrants settle in Australia and how this may reinforce urban concentration
  • exploring the changing cultural diversity of the Australian population

  VCGGK124 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Changing nations

• VCGGK126

  The challenges of managing and planning Australia’s urban future

  Elaborations

  • examining the forecasts for the size of Australia’s major cities and regional urban centres, and discussing the implications for their environmental sustainability and liveability
  • investigating ways of managing the projected growth of Australia’s cities and regional urban centres
  • exploring the arguments for and against a more balanced distribution of the urban population
  • examining how Canberra can be used as an example of urban decentralisation
  • proposing action to respond to geographical issues related to urbanisation

  VCGGK126 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Changing nations