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• VCARC020

  Contribute to structured discussions and tasks by asking and responding to questions, clarifying understanding, elaborating on opinions and expressing agreement or disagreement

  Elaborations

  • initiating and sustaining discussions by inviting peers to make suggestions, clarifying meaning and giving examples, expressing agreement or disagreement, and praising, complimenting and encouraging others and their ideas, for example,

    ماذا تقترح؟ ما رأيك؛ سامي أعطنا رأيك؛ كيف يمكن أن ننظم الأدوار بيننا؟ ما رأيكم؟

    أقصد أن كل واحد منا يكتب صفحة؛ قصدي؛ أنا وهناء نبحث عن الصور؛ وعادل ووفاء وسمر يكتبون المقاطع

    مثلا؛ مثل؛ على سبيل المثال

    أتفق معك جدا؛ اتفق على ما تقول؛ أنا أحترم رأيك كثيراً

    لا أتفق معك إطلاقاً؛ لا أتفق معك في رأيك. أنا لا أوافقك الرأي

    ممتاز! رائع! فكرة رائعة! واصل مجهودك. أنت ذكي جداً!

  • expressing own opinions, and eliciting and reflecting on the opinions of others, for example,

    لو كان لدينا وقتاً أطول؛ لوضعنا موسيقى في البحث؛ كان الإمتحان صعباً وطويلاً؛ أصبحت القراءة سهلة

    ما رأايك في هذه الجملة؟ هل تتفق معي؟ هل توافقني على كلامي؟ وأنت يا سعيد؛ ماذا تعتقد؟ سميرة؛ ما رأيك في الموضوع؟

    كلامك صحيح مئة بالمئة؛ أنت على حق؛ كلامك ليس صحيحاً؛ آسفة لا أتفق معك

  • explaining actions and responses, for example,

    وضعت الصورة هنا لأنها صغيرة ومناسبة؛ تأخرت في الصباح كثيراً؛ أنا متعب اليوم لأنني نمت الساعة العاشرة ليلاً. إن ساعدتني في البحث، سنحصل على درجة عالية

  • giving reasons and making connections between ideas and consequences, for example,

    وصلت إلى المدرسة متأخراً لأنّ سيارة أمّي تعطّلت في الطريق؛ لم أكمل الدرس بالأمس لأنّ بيتنا كان مليئاً بالزوار؛ لم أكمل واجب العلوم لأنّني لم أفهم السؤال

    عاقبني الأستاذ في الفرصة لأنّني تأخرت عن الصف؛ اتّصلت المعلمة بأمي لأنّني أتكلم كثيراً في الصف

  VCARC020 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCARU182

  Understand how rules of Arabic pronunciation, including patterns of stress and rules of pause, and writing conventions enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • understanding that certain sounds in Arabic words can be dropped from pronunciation, such as the t sound in السماء صافية and tashkeel in البنت مريضة؛ الشمس مشرقة
  • understanding that sentences can contain one or more verbs and can be joined with و or other cohesive devices
  • recognising the need for a pause or change of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses, for example, كنت مع صديقي عماد؛ صديقي من المدرسة؛ عندما شاهدنا الحادث الأليم
  • applying understanding of how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! معقولة؟ تعال إلى هنا حالًا
  • reflecting on the role of pronunciation, rhythm, word stress and intonation in effective communication, and applying this knowledge to own interactions
  • using knowledge of Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when engaging with authentic spoken and written texts
  • evaluating own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU182 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU034

  Understand the symbolic nature and influence of language in local and global contexts and how the use of language determines the nature of intercultural communication

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing how values or attitudes are differently reflected in Arabic and English, for example, attitudes to being on time reflected in language such as لا تستعجل؛ لن تهرب الحفلة؛ لا تهتم يوجد وقت كثير , and social interactions such as expressing thanks or appreciation more or less directly, or attitudes to making an apology
  • recognising that language and cultural practices are interconnected, for example, by identifying religious origins or connotations associated with places such as كربلاء؛ مكة الكرمة؛ أورشليم المقدسة؛ ديرالزور , or by identifying ways in which the residual influences of traditional lifestyles are preserved in language reflecting the sustainable use of resources
  • identifying similarities and differences between own ways of communicating and interactions between young Arabic speakers in different contexts and situations, for example, the expression of politeness or turn-taking in conversations
  • reflecting on personal encounters with cultural practices that have helped shape their attitudes towards and views of the world around them
  • discussing and reflecting on how language use such as persuasive, motivational and emotive language, can effect changes in social attitudes and mobilise actions and reactions
  • exploring a range of Arabic and English idioms and proverbs and analysing the cultural values and perspectives they reflect, for example,

    الجار قبل الدار؛ من جدّ وجد ومن زرع حصد؛ الوقت من ذهب؛ في التأني السلامة وفي العجلة الندامة

  VCARU034 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCARU029

  Understand rules of pronunciation and intonation and writing conventions, and apply these to own constructions to enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • distinguishing the pronunciation of (الشدة) and (التنوين )
  • using the rhythms of the Arabic language, including intonation, tone and stress, to increase fluency and enhance expression
  • recognising that certain letters in Arabic appear in different variations, for example, ت؛ ة
  • applying spacing rules between words and using their knowledge of writing conventions to expand on ideas in written texts
  • making choices in relation to the use of punctuation such as ( ؛) and adjusting the flow of ideas, increasing text cohesion and enhancing expression
  • recognising the need for pauses or changes of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses
  • understanding that there are variations in both spoken and written Arabic across different countries and regions, and analysing the reasons for such variations, for example, سوريا/سورية؛ ناديا/نادية؛ فاديا/فادية
  • noticing how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! تعال إلى هنا حالاً!
  • using Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when listening to and reading authentic texts, and evaluating their own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU029 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC180

  Reflect on how meanings vary according to cultural assumptions that Arabic and English speakers bring to interactions, and take responsibility for contributing to mutual understanding

  Elaborations

  • considering how being bilingual offers additional ways of interpreting the world and representing experience
  • challenging cultural assumptions and offering different perspectives to new cultural contexts or situations, for example, the idea that all Arabic-speaking people dress the same or eat the same food, many Arabic speakers speak more than two languages, every Middle Eastern country has its cultural uniqueness
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments that could be made to enhance mutual understanding, for example, explaining to a non-Arabic speaker that exposing the sole of your foot/shoe to a person’s face would be considered extremely bad manners and interpreted as a grievous insult
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, attentive listening and objectivity when discussing social issues, and understanding that mediating and negotiating differences in perspective can prevent and resolve interpersonal problems and conflicts

  VCARC180 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARU184

  Understand the relationship between purpose, audience, context, linguistic features, and the textual and cultural elements associated with different types of texts, such as persuasive, argumentative and expository texts

  Elaborations

  • analysing how language choices help achieve particular purposes and effects in particular types of texts, such as descriptive language in documentaries; reflective language in personal blogs, diary or journal entries, including digital diaries; and persuasive language in advertisements and speeches
  • analysing a range of expository texts such as news reports and feature articles, identifying language features and any elements of bias or objectivity
  • discussing and evaluating how language is used to express ideas and justify opinions in texts such as debates or segments of a talk show on topical issues of interest to teenagers
  • identifying and discussing the use of diacritics in texts for decorative purposes such as book titles, letter heads and nameplates
  • examining a range of spoken and written texts, discussing similarities and differences in and connections between context, purpose and audience, and what the texts reveal about social relationships and processes, for example, reflections of status, authority, or concepts of respect and politeness

  VCARU184 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU187

  Explore how language both shapes and reflects thoughts and world views and encourages action and reaction, and is shaped by community and individual cultural experiences

  Elaborations

  • recognising the importance of learning and maintaining Arabic and other languages in order to access the cultural understanding, values, beliefs and mindsets of others
  • reflecting on personal encounters with cultural practices that have impacted on own ways of thinking and reacting and have helped to shape their attitudes to and views of the world around them, and discussing ways to increase intercultural understanding
  • discussing and reflecting on how language use, such as persuasive, motivational or emotive language in texts, and in different forms of media, such as the internet, impacts on social behaviour, actions and reactions

  VCARU187 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCARC027

  Reflect on how conventions of speech and Arabic cultural concepts can influence own communication style when using both English and Arabic

  Elaborations

  • comparing the ways in which they communicate in Arabic and non-Arabic contexts, for example, using different forms of address or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these choices are appropriate and how they enhance intercultural communication
  • reflecting on own language choices and communicative gestures in different cultural contexts, considering how own ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds, and making necessary adjustments to establish, maintain and improve relationships with immediate contacts such as family, teacher and peers
  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings and behaviours, for example, degrees of formality, politeness and directness, use of personal space, and attitudes towards physical contact
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments that could be made to enhance mutual understanding
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, flexibility and awareness of differences in cultural and religious practices such as respect for elderly people and attitudes towards privacy or directness

  VCARC027 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARU183

  Analyse how the use of grammatical elements such as indirect object, passive voice, dual form, verb tense and word order impact on tone, speech level and formality, and on meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Arabic uses the dual form of nouns, verbs and adjectives, in both masculine and feminine forms, for example,أنتما تلعبان؛ هذان كتابان؛ الوردتان جميلتان
  • understanding the importance of vocalisation on the subject word and the object word and analysing how this affects the meaning of the sentence, for example,

    كلّمت الأمُّ البنتَ؛ كلّمت الأمَّ البنتُ

  • manipulating interrogative verb forms to ask a range of questions, for example,

    قل لي لمَ لم تتّصل بي؟ أتصلت بك عدة مرات ولم ترد عليّ. أخبرني ماذا تريد أن تصبح في المستقبل؟ إشرح لي أسباب عدم قبولك دعوتي لحفل عيد ميلادي. ألسنا أصدقاء؟

  • understanding and applying indirect object pronouns and passive voice to express ideas objectively in texts such as articles and speeches, for example,

    مُنعَ الكتاب بسبب أفكاره الجريئة؛ خُصّصَ وقت بعد المدرسة لتعليم اللّغة العربية

  • using cohesive devices to sequence ideas, for example,

    في البداية أود أن أحدثكم عن يوم النّظافة العالمي؛ وبعد ذلك سأشرح لكم طرق المشاركة في هذا اليوم؛ ثمّ سأريكم بعض الصور وختاماً سآخذكم في جولة قصيرة حول الحديقة العامة

  • extending use of negative forms, for example,

    لم أحب أبداً مشاهدة الأفلام القديمة التي تشاهدها أمّي لأنّها لا تناقش أموراً عصريّة؛ ليس كل ما تقرأونه في الكتب صحيحاً ولا ما تشاهدونه على التلفاز حقيقيّاً

  • using إلاّ to express exceptions, for example, جميع أصدقائي يلعبون رياضة ما خلال الأسبوع إلّا أنا
  • using comparative and superlative forms of adjectives to describe people and objects, for example,

    صديقتي هناء هي أجمل فتاة رأيتها في حياتي؛ فهي أحنّ صديقة؛ واكثرواحدة تحب مساعدة الآخرين؛ إنّها أيضاً أمهر طبّاخة والأفضل في كل شيء

  • understanding how to use exaggeration and emphasis for effect, for example,

    ألف مبروك على رخصة القيادة؛ أنا أفكر بك دائماً؛ قلت للمرة المليون بأنني لم اسمع جرس المحمول لأردّ عليك

  • developing metalanguage to discuss grammatical features and to explain how word order, tenses and moods, adjectives and adverbs can be used to enhance meaning and expand expression
  • using imperative verb tenses to persuade, encourage and advise others, for example,

    شاركوا في الردّ على الموقع الإلكتروني؛ لا تنسوا شاهدوا الفيلم الأسطوري؛ سيعجبكم جداً؛ هيّا تشددوا وحاولوا أن تكملوا البحث بجدارة ؛ إتّصلوا على الرقم المذكور في الإعلان

  • using subjunctive mood to express doubt, uncertainty or emotion, for example,

    قد يكون كلامك صحيحاً ولكني لست متأكّداً منه؛ ربما تقبل أمي أن أذهب معك إلى الحفل لست متأكدة

  • creating compound and complex sentences by using embedded clauses, for example,

    أحب القراءة كثيراً بالرّغم من أن الكثير من الناس لا يحبون أن يقرأوا بل يفضلون مشاهدة التلفاز ؛ لا أعرف لماذا أصدقائي والّذين أصولهم عربية؛ لا يحبون الأغاني العربيّة!

  VCARU183 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU032

  Explore how spoken and written forms of Arabic can be used for different purposes and audiences, in different contexts and situations, and with specific meanings and intentions

  Elaborations

  • understanding the importance of using appropriate forms of address when interacting with different people, for example, the use of

    سيد ماجد؛ أستاذ هاني؛ سيّدة عبير؛ خالتي رانيا؛ عمي حبيب حضرتك؛ عم كريم؛ خالة سامية

    with both close adult relatives and unknown adults
  • noticing that variation in language use often reflects the mood, feelings, attitudes or relationships of the people involved
  • identifying how emotions and attitudes, such as embarrassment or respect, and personal views are reflected in the choice of language in various social settings, such as public forums and school contexts
  • investigating the nature and use of the Arabic language in different contexts of interaction, for example, asking Arabic-speaking students in Australia when they use English or Arabic, with whom and why
  • exploring how various individual speakers’ views on roles and relationships are reflected in Arabic texts such as traditional sayings, idioms, proverbs, poetry and song lyrics
  • comparing a variety of texts from different Arabic-speaking regions and analysing how aspects of the language used reflect particular values and world views

  VCARU032 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU030

  Expand spoken and written expression by extending grammatical knowledge of Arabic, including features such as conditional and subjunctive moods, embedded clauses, imperative, future tense and vocative case, and acquisition of vocabulary and expressions that are culturally embedded

  Elaborations

  • using سوف in addition to the present tense to express future plans, for example, سوف أذهب إلى الجامعة؛ سوف أسافر مع أهلي؛ سوف أشتري سيارة؛ سوف أعمل في مطعم
  • using the conditional mood as a formulaic expression, for example,

    لو: لو نجحت، سوف يشتري لي أبي محمولاً جديداً

  • understanding and using the conjunctions لكن to compare people and actions, expanding on their expression, for example, خالي غني لكن عمّي فقير؛

    أخي يلعب كثيرا لكن أختي تدرس دائم

  • using interrogative pronouns and expressions such as لماذا؛ لمَ؟ هل؟ to ask questions and make requests, for example,

    لماذا أحضرت الكرة معك إلى الصف؟ هل تقدر أن تعطيني القلم؟ لمَ تحب الموسيقى؟

  • expanding their knowledge of noun–adjective agreement through understanding and applying the irregular plural form, for example,

    بيت/بيوت كبيرة؛ كرسي/كراسي جديدة؛ كتاب/كتب قيمة؛ يوم/أيام جميلة؛ تلميذ/تلاميذ مجتهدون؛ معلمون ملتزمون

  • using expressions to indicate preference and compare, for example,

    هذا أقل من هذا؛ الكتاب أخف من الكرسي؛ العلوم أفضل من الرياضة

  • creating compound and complex sentences by using embedded clauses such asالكتاب المفضل لدي (والذي أحبه كثيرا) هو ...
  • understanding that Arabic uses the dual form of nouns, verbs and adjectives, in both masculine and feminine forms, for example,

    هذان كتابان جديدان؛ هاتان صديقتان وفيتان

  • understanding and applying indirect object pronouns and passive voice to express ideas objectively in texts such as articles and speeches, for example, أُنهيت المباراة سريعاً ؛ دُق الجرس متأخراً
  • using cohesive devices to sequence ideas, for example, في البداية؛ بعد ذلك؛ أخيراً
  • extending use of negative forms, for example, لن أتصل بك؛ لم أتأخر عن الدرس؛ ليس عندي وقت
  • using إلا to express exceptions, for example, أحب كل المواد إلا الرياضيات
  • describing people and objects using comparatives and superlatives, for example, رسمك جميل؛ رسم سامي أجمل من رسمي؛ رسم عدنان الأجمل
  • using elements of exaggeration and emphasis, for example,

    للمرة المليون أكرر هذه العبارة

  • using a range of irregular adjectives to describe number, shape and colour, for example, قميص أحمر؛ حقيبة حمراء؛ قلم أخضر؛ ممحاة خضراء؛ شكل مدور؛ مثلث؛ مربع؛ مستطيل
  • using singular and plural third person possessive pronouns to indicate relationships, for example, أصدقاؤهم كتابه؛ قلمها؛
  • using adverbial phrases to expand on ideas and provide further information related to feelings, attitudes and abilities, for example, متأخراً؛ باكراً؛ دائماً؛ مسرعاً
  • developing metalanguage to discuss grammatical features and to explain how word order, tenses and moods, adjectives and adverbs can be used to enhance meaning and expand expression
  • using imperative verb forms to persuade, encourage, and give advice, for example,

    لنذهب إلى المعلم ونسأله؛ هيا حاول مرة ثانية؛ ممتاز! أحسنت؛ تكلم مع سامر

  • using subjunctive mood to express doubt, uncertainty or emotion, for example,

    ربما نذهب إلى السينما يوم السبت ؛ قد أسافر في العطلة

  VCARU030 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC174

  Locate, analyse, interpret and evaluate information from online and digital sources on issues of interest to young people, making connections with own experiences and considering various perspectives

  Elaborations

  • understanding main ideas and evaluating information from texts such as articles, reports, charts, diagrams and news items, on topics such as environmental sustainability, world sports, and youth culture, for example,

    السخرية من وضع معين؛ التنديد بفعل معين؛ تزكية فكرة ما من خلال العبارات اللغوية والصور والتنسيق العام للتقرير

  • distinguishing between fact and opinion in texts such as articles and reports in print and digital form, using critical literacy skills to recognise bias by evaluating textual purpose used, for example,

    التحيّز لفكر ما؛ المبالغة: إن جميع الشباب متهوّر؛ هذا جيل غير مسؤول

    الحياديّة تجاه الأفكار المؤيدة والمعارضة: هناك بعض الشباب المتهور؛ إن غالبية الشّباب غير مسؤول

  • analysing and interpreting information collected from various sources, including digital or online sources, such as concept maps, charts and tables, by summarising, sequencing and prioritising, considering audience, purpose and context and drawing personal conclusions, for example,

    من الواضح أن...؛ في الخاتمة...؛ هذا يؤدي إلى ...؛ خلاصة الكلام...؛ في النهاية ...

  • using information obtained from a range of sources in order to debate issues of interest, such as the generation gap, teenage issues, immigration or parents’ expectations, using persuasive and evaluative language, making connections with own experiences and considering different perspectives, for example,

    الهوّة بين الأهل والأبناء كبيرة وعميقة دون شك؛ يجب على الأهل مساعدة أبنائهم في مرحلة المراهقة؛ أليس كذلك؟ نحن بحاجة إلى تغيير الفكر؛ علينا أن ننظر إلى المسألة بحكمة؛ يجب علينا جميعاً أن ندعم الشباب في إختياراتهم

  VCARC174 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing