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• VCARU033

  Explore and reflect on how the Arabic language influences and is influenced by cultural, political and social change

  Elaborations

  • investigating and explaining the influence of globalisation and new technologies such as the internet on Arabic as a dynamic language, and the power and function of regional dialects in both digital and social media
  • researching and reporting on the influence of Arabic language and culture in the local and broader Australian community, for example, the food industry (Lebanese restaurants and bakeries), the entertainment industry and the media (the Arab Film Festival, SBS Arabic radio and television, Arabic films) and education (Arabic bilingual schools)
  • reflecting on changes in their own use of the Arabic language, identifying new terms and behaviours that they have adopted into their everyday language in response to changes in technology and social media
  • discussing how language changes over time, for example, by viewing classical Arabic and contemporary films and comparing how certain messages and concepts are represented through language
  • examining how English is influencing and modifying Arabic language use in particular settings, for example, language used in the entertainment industry, such as in films and television programs, or language used to express global concepts, such as الليبرالية

  VCARU033 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU134

  Understand that Arabic as a spoken language varies according to region and country and that meaning can be influenced by gestures, tone and purpose

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on how they communicate with their family and friends and with people less close to them, noticing differences in word choice, language use and communicative behaviour
  • understanding that Arabic as a language has a standard form called اللغة العربية الفصحى , which is mainly used in writing, and a range of spoken dialects that differ greatly from region to region, for example, Lebanese, Egyptian, Sudanese and the Iraqi and Gulf regional dialects
  • understanding how differences in gestures and tone are used to change the meaning of spoken text, and how the purpose of interaction, such as to instruct or invite, changes the emphasis on words and expressions being used

  VCARU134 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU034

  Understand the symbolic nature and influence of language in local and global contexts and how the use of language determines the nature of intercultural communication

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing how values or attitudes are differently reflected in Arabic and English, for example, attitudes to being on time reflected in language such as لا تستعجل؛ لن تهرب الحفلة؛ لا تهتم يوجد وقت كثير , and social interactions such as expressing thanks or appreciation more or less directly, or attitudes to making an apology
  • recognising that language and cultural practices are interconnected, for example, by identifying religious origins or connotations associated with places such as كربلاء؛ مكة الكرمة؛ أورشليم المقدسة؛ ديرالزور , or by identifying ways in which the residual influences of traditional lifestyles are preserved in language reflecting the sustainable use of resources
  • identifying similarities and differences between own ways of communicating and interactions between young Arabic speakers in different contexts and situations, for example, the expression of politeness or turn-taking in conversations
  • reflecting on personal encounters with cultural practices that have helped shape their attitudes towards and views of the world around them
  • discussing and reflecting on how language use such as persuasive, motivational and emotive language, can effect changes in social attitudes and mobilise actions and reactions
  • exploring a range of Arabic and English idioms and proverbs and analysing the cultural values and perspectives they reflect, for example,

    الجار قبل الدار؛ من جدّ وجد ومن زرع حصد؛ الوقت من ذهب؛ في التأني السلامة وفي العجلة الندامة

  VCARU034 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCARC027

  Reflect on how conventions of speech and Arabic cultural concepts can influence own communication style when using both English and Arabic

  Elaborations

  • comparing the ways in which they communicate in Arabic and non-Arabic contexts, for example, using different forms of address or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these choices are appropriate and how they enhance intercultural communication
  • reflecting on own language choices and communicative gestures in different cultural contexts, considering how own ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds, and making necessary adjustments to establish, maintain and improve relationships with immediate contacts such as family, teacher and peers
  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings and behaviours, for example, degrees of formality, politeness and directness, use of personal space, and attitudes towards physical contact
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments that could be made to enhance mutual understanding
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, flexibility and awareness of differences in cultural and religious practices such as respect for elderly people and attitudes towards privacy or directness

  VCARC027 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARC028

  Reflect on own sense of identity as an Arabic and English speaker, recognising how own cultural assumptions, practices and values influence ways of communicating, and considering reactions and how they adjust behaviours and language in own interactions

  Elaborations

  • discussing how being bilingual allows them to present ‘self’ to others in particular ways, for example, as being Lebanese, Jordanian, Iraqi, Arab Australian, or Australian from a Syrian background
  • reflecting on the role of language in expressing identity, considering when, with whom and why different languages are used, and reflecting on whether their own identity changes when they use different languages
  • noticing how they communicate with one another, their teachers and families, noticing how they see themselves differently in different contexts, for example, as Arabic-speaking person, less traditional than parents
  • reflecting on choices made to present self to others in particular ways or to conceal aspects of identity when interacting across cultures, noticing differences in the way they communicate, think and behave in different contexts

  VCARC028 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARC177

  Create and present imaginative texts to express ideas, attitudes and values through characters, events and settings for a range of audiences, contexts and purposes

  Elaborations

  • creating various types of imaginative texts, such as songs, stories or video clips for video-sharing websites, to convey messages that reflect own perspectives on Arabic values and practices such as traditional filial piety or the value of education in modern society
  • creating imaginative texts in print, digital or online formats, such as short stories, video clips or plays, and building characters, themes and settings to entertain a specific audience, such as younger learners of Arabic
  • composing and presenting imaginative poems and songs that relate to significant celebrations or events in both Australia and the Arabic-speaking world, for example,

    الأعياد الوطنية؛ عيد المعلم؛ العيد الوطني الأسترالي ؛ عيد شهداء الأنزاك

  • creating reflective and critical texts such as diaries, blogs and articles to express own opinions on imaginative texts such as films, stories or poems, using expressions such as

    يا إلهي كم كان الفيلم مملّاً؛ دور الأم في الفيلم كان قاسياً جداً؛ لم أستمتع بقراءة القصة أبداً؛ لقد كانت أحداثها غير منطقية؛ قافية القصيدة جيدة لكنّ تعابيرها متكررة

  VCARC177 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCARU153

  Explore how language use reflects particular value systems, attitudes and patterns of behaviour by comparing ways of communicating across cultures

  Elaborations

  • describing own and others’ ways of communicating, and identifying aspects that reflect traditions, values and practices in Arabic-speaking communities
  • exploring words or expressions commonly used in informal interactions in the Australian context, and interpreting or explaining them for young Arabic speakers, for example, ‘mate’ or ‘fair dinkum’
  • noticing similarities and differences between own ways of communicating and interactions between young Arabic and English speakers in different contexts and situations, for example, expressions of politeness or turn-taking in conversations, and reflecting on the influence of culture on language use

  VCARU153 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCARC023

  Respond to imaginative texts such as poems and films, explaining messages and key ideas, stating views on themes, events and values, and making connections with own experiences

  Elaborations

  • responding to ideas presented in various texts, such as poems, films, songs or video clips, by expressing personal opinions, for example,

    الشعر جميل ؛ القصيدة مؤثرة؛ الفيلم غير واقعي؛ يعرض الفيلم مشاكل الشباب مع الأهل؛ الأغنية تعبّر عن الصداقة

  • stating and explaining personal preferences about characters, attitudes and events in texts, using expressions such as

    أفضل شخصية في الفيلم هي سميرة لأنها تعرف ما تريد؛ يحاول الفيلم تشجيع الشباب على الدراسة وهذا ممتاز

  • analysing how people, places and experiences are described in imaginative texts, and comparing how key messages and beliefs are communicated in a variety of texts, such as fables
  • exchanging opinions about typical features and expressive elements of contemporary songs, films or video clips from the Arabic-speaking world and comparing them equivalent texts in English-speaking contexts
  • identifying emotional aspects of texts and analysing elements of language that convey emotions and values
  • reading texts such as biographies and critically reflecting on others’ experiences and relating them to their own
  • analysing and evaluating lyrics of contemporary Arabic songs, identifying themes, messages and cultural aspects
  • discussing how social issues, for example, relationships, wealth and poverty and change, and values, such as honesty, are portrayed in imaginative texts such as films, songs and poems

  VCARC023 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCARC176

  Explore a range of imaginative texts, analysing themes, values and techniques, and discussing how aspects of language and culture help create particular effects

  Elaborations

  • listening to, reading and viewing a range of imaginative texts, including digital, online or multimodal texts, such as short stories, films and poetry, identifying technical aspects and analysing elements of language that convey emotions and values
  • reading texts such as poems and short stories, analysing the main messages the author wishes to convey and discussing the values presented in the texts and connecting them to their own experiences
  • analysing and evaluating the lyrics of contemporary Arabic songs, identifying themes, messages and cultural aspects expressed through language
  • discussing how texts such as short films or video clips portray social issues such as relationships, wealth and poverty and cultural change, and values such as honesty and equality

  VCARC176 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCARU032

  Explore how spoken and written forms of Arabic can be used for different purposes and audiences, in different contexts and situations, and with specific meanings and intentions

  Elaborations

  • understanding the importance of using appropriate forms of address when interacting with different people, for example, the use of

    سيد ماجد؛ أستاذ هاني؛ سيّدة عبير؛ خالتي رانيا؛ عمي حبيب حضرتك؛ عم كريم؛ خالة سامية

    with both close adult relatives and unknown adults
  • noticing that variation in language use often reflects the mood, feelings, attitudes or relationships of the people involved
  • identifying how emotions and attitudes, such as embarrassment or respect, and personal views are reflected in the choice of language in various social settings, such as public forums and school contexts
  • investigating the nature and use of the Arabic language in different contexts of interaction, for example, asking Arabic-speaking students in Australia when they use English or Arabic, with whom and why
  • exploring how various individual speakers’ views on roles and relationships are reflected in Arabic texts such as traditional sayings, idioms, proverbs, poetry and song lyrics
  • comparing a variety of texts from different Arabic-speaking regions and analysing how aspects of the language used reflect particular values and world views

  VCARU032 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU152

  Explore the origins of Arabic and how it has been influenced by and influences other languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that the Arabic alphabet has similarities with the Aramaic alphabet system (alpha being the first letter, and beta the second), and that the Arabic ordering system أ؛ب؛ج؛د is based on the Aramaic alphabet
  • understanding that many words in Arabic are borrowed from indigenous languages of the Arabic-speaking world, such as Assyrian, Aramaic and Syriac, Phoenician and Berber, for example, أب؛ رأس؛ دم؛ أخ؛ أخت؛ شمس؛ لسان؛ أنا؛ أنت؛ هو؛ نحن؛ كلب؛ بيت؛ سمع؛ كتاب , and regional languages such as Persian, Turkish and Kurdish, for example, بوظة؛ دولاب؛ دولمة؛ بسطرمة؛
  • exploring the meaning of famous names of people and places and reflecting on their origin and on naming systems, such as

    بابل؛ بحرين؛ سوريا؛ بيت لحم؛ موصل؛ لبنان؛ أور؛ بيروت ؛

  • investigating the influence of Arabic on other languages such as Berber, Kurdish, Amharic, Tigrinya, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Punjabi, Portuguese, Sindhi, Tagalog, Turkish, Spanish, Hindi, Swahili, Somali, Malay and Indonesian, for example, the Arabic word for ‘book’كتاب is used in most of the languages listed
  • identifying languages that were derived from Arabic, for example, Maltese and Nubi

  VCARU152 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU135

  Recognise that languages change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • identifying how Arabic has influenced other languages, for example, Indonesian (Kitab = كتاب, Kursi =كرسي) and Spanish (aceite = زيت), and the number system in English
  • understanding that Arabic, like all languages, is constantly expanding in response to intercultural experiences to include new words and expressions, for example,

    دردشة على الإنترنت

  • recognising that some Arabic words are derived from other languages, such as الفستق , which is borrowed from Greek to mean ‘pistachio’; or قز , which is borrowed from Persian to mean ‘raw silk’
  • understanding that some languages are continuously evolving while others are endangered or being revived, for example, indigenous languages throughout the world, including Aboriginal languages and Torres Strait Islander languages in Australia

  VCARU135 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU169

  Explore and reflect on the impact of social, cultural and intercultural changes such as globalisation and new technologies on the use of Arabic in different contexts

  Elaborations

  • investigating and describing the influence of globalisation and new technologies such as the internet on Arabic as a dynamic language
  • exploring the power and function of Arabic regional dialects in digital and social media
  • researching and reporting on the influence of Arabic language and culture in the local and broader Australian community, for example, the food industry (Lebanese restaurants and bakeries), the entertainment industry and the media (the Arab Film Festival, SBS Arabic radio and television, Arabic films) and education (Arabic bilingual schools)
  • reflecting on changes in their own use of the Arabic language, identifying new terms and behaviours that they have adopted into their everyday language in response to changes in technology and social media

  VCARU169 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARC181

  Reflect on own cultural identity and how it is both shaped by and influences ways of communicating, thinking and behaving

  Elaborations

  • composing a cultural identity profile to exchange with non-Arabic speakers, making decisions about what points of information will be of most interest to others
  • reflecting on choices made to present self to others in particular ways or to conceal aspects of identity when interacting across cultures, noticing differences in the way they communicate, think and behave in different contexts
  • exploring how individual ways of communicating, thinking and behaving reflect and help to shape their own cultural identity, for example, why an Arabic-Australian teenager who speaks English better than they do Arabic and is more familiar with the Australian cultural context may view themselves as more Australian than Arabic
  • comparing and contrasting an Arabic and an Australian experience, such as الإحتفالات العائلية
  • considering how their own and others’ identity may shift according to the place and time

  VCARC181 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARC178

  Translate and interpret texts from Arabic into English and vice versa for different audiences and contexts, and reflect on how cultural values, attitudes and perspectives are represented in each language

  Elaborations

  • translating texts such as advertisements and letters from Arabic into English and vice versa, with the assistance of print, electronic and online translators, identifying cultural elements and reflecting on how they are encoded in common words and expressions, for example,

    هيّا أسرعوا؛ لا تدعوا الفرصة تفوتكم؛ إنها رحلة العمر؛ صديقتي الغالية على قلبي؛ سلام حار أرسل لك من أستراليا؛ أشواقي وقبلاتي لك ولجميع أفراد العائلة؛ ودمت لصديقتك ...

  • reflecting on the difficulty of achieving equivalence in translations of creative texts such as poems, songs and video clips, identifying and explaining words and phrases that require particular elaboration or explanation, for example,

    والله ولي التوفيق؛ رافقتك السلامة؛ على ما يرام؛

  • experimenting with interpreting and translating popular Arabic expressions, proverbs or idioms, and reflecting on the social and cultural values that may be embedded in them, for example,

    الجار قبل الدار؛ من جدّ وجد ومن زرع حصد؛ في التّأنّي السلامة وفي العجلة الندامة؛ الوقاية خير من العلاج

  • analysing existing translations of texts, such as subtitled short films, making comparisons with own translations and reflecting on why versions may vary

  VCARC178 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCARU114

  Recognise the letters and sounds of the Arabic alphabet and identify how letters are modified so they can be joined to form words

  Elaborations

  • recognising and reproducing the 28 letters of the alphabet and the three short and long vowels
  • recognising that Arabic words are written from right to left, numbers from left to right
  • recognising and producing distinctive Arabic sounds such as guttural sounds ع؛غ؛ق and other sounds such as

    ص؛ ض؛ ط؛ ظ؛ ح؛ خ

  • recognising that making Arabic words requires most letters to be joined, for example

    طار؛ طير؛ ذهب؛ أكل؛ شرب؛ ولد؛ أب؛ ام

  • developing pronunciation, phrasing and intonation skills by singing, reciting and repeating frequently used words and phrases, noticing that statements and questions have different intonation, for example,

    أكلت الطعام كله؟

  VCARU114 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU186

  Reflect on the dynamic nature of language, relating it to constantly changing environments and cultural conditions such as contact with other languages and cultures and changing circumstances in local and global contexts

  Elaborations

  • recognising that language changes over time, for example, by viewing classical and contemporary Arabic films and comparing how certain ideas and concepts are differently represented through the language used
  • examining how English is influencing and modifying Arabic language use in particular settings, for example, in the entertainment industry, such as in films and television programs; in online contexts; and in language used to express global concepts such as الدّيمقراطيّة؛ الّليبراليّة
  • considering how moving between Modern Standard Arabic and regional dialects reflects personal, social and political histories and changing contexts

  VCARU186 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU182

  Understand how rules of Arabic pronunciation, including patterns of stress and rules of pause, and writing conventions enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • understanding that certain sounds in Arabic words can be dropped from pronunciation, such as the t sound in السماء صافية and tashkeel in البنت مريضة؛ الشمس مشرقة
  • understanding that sentences can contain one or more verbs and can be joined with و or other cohesive devices
  • recognising the need for a pause or change of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses, for example, كنت مع صديقي عماد؛ صديقي من المدرسة؛ عندما شاهدنا الحادث الأليم
  • applying understanding of how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! معقولة؟ تعال إلى هنا حالًا
  • reflecting on the role of pronunciation, rhythm, word stress and intonation in effective communication, and applying this knowledge to own interactions
  • using knowledge of Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when engaging with authentic spoken and written texts
  • evaluating own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU182 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU165

  Understand and apply rules of intonation and pronunciation in spoken texts, and apply writing conventions with increased accuracy in written texts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Arabic sentences can be separated by commas and that a paragraph may only have one full stop at the end
  • understanding that the marks used in the Arabic script such as التنوين؛ الشدة ؛المدة influence pronunciation and meaning in words and sentences, for example, أمل /آمال؛ دعوة/دعوى
  • using the rhythms of the Arabic language, including intonation, tone and stress, to increase fluency and enhance expression
  • applying spacing rules between words and using their knowledge of writing conventions to expand on ideas when writing short texts
  • making choices in relation to the use of punctuation such as (؛) and adjusting the flow of ideas by enhancing text cohesion and expression

  VCARU165 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU170

  Understand and reflect on language choices made in everyday communication in order to express ideas and perspectives that relate to cultural elements

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing how values or attitudes are differently reflected in Arabic and English, for example, attitudes to being on time reflected in language such as لا تستعجل؛ لن تهرب الحفلة؛ لا تهتم يوجد وقت كثير , and social interactions such as expressing thanks or appreciation more or less directly, or attitudes to making an apology
  • considering how differences between ways of using language reflect cultural influences, for example,

    العبارات التي تقال في المناسبات: ألف مبروك؛ عقبى للمئة عام؛ بالأفراح والمسرّات؛ زواج مبارك

  • examining how and why language and cultural practices are interconnected, for example, by identifying religious origins or connotations associated with places such as

    كربلاء؛ مكة الكرمة؛ أورشليم المقدسة؛ ديرالزور

  VCARU170 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture