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• VCCCTR050

  Investigate use of additional or refined criteria when application of original criteria does not produce a clear conclusion

  Elaborations

  • discussing characteristics of criteria such as specific, measurable, agreed, time-bound and how refining original criteria based on these characteristics can make them more precise
  • using a range of examples to test the strength of given criteria, such as what counts as sustainable and justifying refinements or additions to criteria
  • evaluating the clarity of a proposed conclusion, discussing what role criteria played in reaching that clarity

  VCCCTR050 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Reasoning

• VCCCTM018

  Consider concrete and pictorial models to facilitate thinking, including a range of visualisation strategies

  Elaborations

  • drawing a picture to represent a descriptive text, such as a written description of a place, person or object, comparing pictures with others and discussing similarities and differences in interpretations
  • suggesting and using pictorial modelling as a strategy to assist in drawing a conclusion, for example suggesting using a bar graph to show ranking of preferences in response to a survey

  VCCCTM018 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTQ044

  Suspend judgements to allow new possibilities to emerge and investigate how this can broaden ideas and solutions

  Elaborations

  • comparing a creative process that quickly follows initial judgements to one that intentionally suspends judgements over a period of time and reflecting on the quality of the ideas produced
  • exploring optimum conditions for an ‘incubation period’ when problem-solving, for example ‘sleeping on it’, or undertaking a distracting menial task and then returning to the problem
  • using technology for experimenting with the relationships between compositions of functions, such as resultant shapes and behaviours, which may then be used in modelling and understanding a range of real-world phenomena

  VCCCTQ044 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTR024

  Investigate common reasoning errors including contradiction and inconsistency, and the influence of context

  Elaborations

  • using an example such as the statement: "I love chocolate and I hate chocolate" to discuss whether different contexts can explain apparent inconsistencies
  • identifying an apparent contradiction in a point of view and discussing whether clarifying what is meant would resolve it; for example, clarifying that apparently having time to pay attention to the teacher but not to read the textbook is not a contradiction about wanting to learn but rather an indication of difficulty in understanding the textbook

  VCCCTR024 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTQ045

  Challenge previously held assumptions and create new links, proposals and artefacts by investigating ideas that provoke shifts in perspectives and cross boundaries to generate ideas and solutions

  Elaborations

  • investigating changes to scientific understanding over time, including how new discoveries helped to shift understandings and considering how existing understandings might be shifted in the future
  • discussing how challenging assumptions and being open-minded can assist in developing enterprising behaviours, supported by research on specific entrepreneurs
  • investigating how food myths and fads have been challenged and community perspectives shifted, when planning a community health initiative
  • exploring change in scale as a way to shift perspective, for example beginning with asking ‘what if we could only buy and eat food grown locally’ and then asking ‘what if we could only buy and eat food grown regionally/nationally’ as part of a process for generating suggested responses to improve food security or mitigate an environmental challenge

  VCCCTQ045 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTM053

  Investigate the kind of criteria that can be used to rationally evaluate the quality of ideas and proposals, including the qualities of viability and workability

  Elaborations

  • developing and applying criteria to assess a range of examples of proposals and justifying whether refinements are necessary
  • developing and applying ethical considerations that should be taken into account for a research proposal or a performance
  • assessing the workability of a response to an issue by examining practical implementation considerations
  • assessing the viability of a solution by considering the risks associated with it

  VCCCTM053 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM030

  Examine learning strategies, including constructing analogies, visualising ideas, summarising and paraphrasing information and reflect on the application of these strategies in different situations

  Elaborations

  • constructing an analogy to assist in learning, for example, the analogy of a park to represent some Australian landscapes at the time of First Contact, and reflecting on the strengths and weaknesses of the analogy
  • discussing when to summarise or paraphrase as a learning strategy and constructing questions to help guide the decision

  VCCCTM030 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM020

  Investigate a range of problem-solving strategies, including brainstorming, identifying, comparing and selecting options, and developing and testing hypotheses

  Elaborations

  • identifying and applying techniques to improve brainstorming such as setting time limits or swapping notes part way through to then build on another’s ideas
  • undertaking trials to develop an hypothesis about the relationship between two variables, for example between the angle of a boomerang and distance, and reflecting on how hypotheses can be used to make predictions for different purposes

  VCCCTM020 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM019

  Examine an increased range of learning strategies, including visualisation, note-taking, peer instruction and incubation, and reflect on how these can be applied to different tasks to reach a goal

  Elaborations

  • discussing different uses of visualisation as a learning strategy, for example to improve learning of a process or technique, to clarify a goal or to improve concentration
  • experimenting with allowing different times between practising spelling lists and reflecting on what was more effective

  VCCCTM019 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM029

  Investigate thinking processes using visual models and language strategies

  Elaborations

  • drawing mind maps for different purposes, such as classifications or to identify connections
  • examining a range of sentence starters and identifying those associated with a thinking process such as planning or evaluating, and writing them on cards and creating a wall display

  VCCCTM029 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Meta-Cognition

• VCNRU016

  Recognise that Australia has speakers of many different languages, including the language being studied, and that languages borrow words from each other and sometimes use the same alphabet symbols and vocabulary

  Elaborations

  • understanding and recognising, where applicable, the similar order of letters and comparing the lower and uppercase alphabet in the language and English-alphabet letters
  • understanding that there are many everyday words and names in English that have origins in other languages, for example, alphabet, telephone, echidna, eucalyptus, disco, hippopotamus, Zoe

  VCNRU016 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCCCTR038

  Consider how to settle matters of fact and matters of value and the degree of confidence in the conclusions

  Elaborations

  • exploring the extent to which agreement or consensus indicates certainty about matters of fact such as how the Pyramids were built; and value, such as the meaningfulness of an artwork
  • discussing whether the way something is indicates how it should be, for example choosing the least sustainable option in response to a market trial showing consumers prefer packaging that happens to be the least environmentally sustainable option
  • investigating how science knowledge and understanding is developed
  • exploring an issue and identifying areas that require technical expertise, those that require broader citizen input or both
  • evaluating different ways of negotiating an issue such as forums, information sheets or government panels

  VCCCTR038 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCNRU015

  Recognise that the greetings and forms of address in the language being studied may vary according to such things as the time of day, age, gender and relationship of participants

  Elaborations

  • using appropriate form of address or greeting with peers when speaking to adults and appropriate greeting depending on the time of day
  • recognising that there can be different forms of address for the same person, for example, mum, mother

  VCNRU015 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCCCTM087

  Experience ways to express their thinking, including expression of ideas and feelings about learning

  Elaborations

  • persisting when trying something new or solving a problem and attempting different ideas and solutions
  • reflecting on knowledge and learning and communicating what is new
  • initiating how they feel about different learning experiences and what they found hard
  • reflecting on their work and indicating when they are finished, how they have improved and what they are proud of

  VCCCTM087 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level D | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTR035

  Examine common reasoning errors including circular arguments and cause and effect fallacies

  Elaborations

  • using examples to identify the nature of circular arguments, in which the conclusion has been included as a premise such as, ‘Gun control violates human freedom, because restricting the manufacture, sale, and use of firearms is a threat to our liberty’
  • identifying reasoning errors such as circular arguments or tautologies and using these to help evaluate and redraft written responses, such as ‘The speaker is effective because they spoke well’
  • investigating what the gambler’s fallacy is and how casinos exploit it as part of a financial literacy program
  • discussing problems with reasoning ‘if P then Q; Q, therefore P'; for example, if someone is psychic then they should be able to correctly predict something, they correctly predicted something, therefore they must be psychic

  VCCCTR035 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCNRC040

  Listen to, read and view imaginative texts and respond by expressing feelings and opinions about the storyline, themes and characters

  Elaborations

  • responding to stories, myths, fables and films, using modelled language to describe themes, characters and actions
  • producing storyboards to represent key events in different types of imaginative texts, including captions or word bubbles to capture moods or feelings
  • introducing and comparing favourite characters in stories, myths, fables and films, listing associated key words or expressions
  • commenting on elements of humour and drama, and the use of sound effects and facial expressions relating to the characters depicted in stories, myths and fables

  VCNRC040 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Creating

• VCCCTR086

  Use examples and past experience to illustrate understanding and point of view

  Elaborations

  • drawing conclusions and designing a course of action by acting out and identifying alternatives with teacher support
  • evaluating procedures and outcomes by investigating whether their work sounds and works right or makes sense with teacher support
  • identifying the main ideas and concepts developed as the result activity or investigation

  VCCCTR086 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level D | Reasoning

• VCCCTM051

  Critically examine their own and others thinking processes and discuss factors that influence thinking, including cognitive biases

  Elaborations

  • discussing examples of common cognitive biases and how to mitigate for these, such as confirmation bias, for example in the context of identifying sources when undertaking research; framing bias, for example in the context of advertising; clustering illusion, for example in the context of evaluation of gambling decisions
  • researching, comparing and reflecting on thinking processes used by professionals in a range of areas, such as artists, designers and writers; academics; or political decision-making bodies

  VCCCTM051 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM007

  Consider ways to express and describe thinking activity, including the expression of feelings about learning, both to others and self

  Elaborations

  • identifying words to describe learning experiences, for example ‘learning looks like/sounds like/feels like’
  • drawing and displaying pictures or symbols to represent the meaning of words associated with thinking activities such as ‘watching, wondering, finding, trying’

  VCCCTM007 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Meta-Cognition

• VCCCTM008

  Explore some learning strategies, including planning, repetition, rewording, memorisation and use of mnemonics

  Elaborations

  • composing a simple song or rhyme to assist learning new words, such as greetings in another language
  • practising an oral presentation by intentionally rehearsing small parts of the presentation often

  VCCCTM008 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Meta-Cognition