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• VCHHK076

  Significance of days and weeks celebrated or commemorated in Australia and the importance of symbols and emblems, including Australia Day, ANZAC Day, Harmony Week, National Reconciliation Week, NAIDOC week and National Sorry Day

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing the historical origins of an significant Australian celebration or commemoration
  • generating a list of local, state and national symbols and emblems, for example club emblems, school logos, flags, floral emblems, coat of arms, and discussing their origins and significance
  • examining the symbolism of flags such as the Australian, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags, and recognising special occasions when they are flown, for example, all three flags are flown during NAIDOC week, National Reconciliation Week, National Sorry Day and MABO day
  • recognising the significance of other days or weeks including the Anniversary of the National Apology to Australia’s Indigenous Peoples (2008)

  VCHHK076 | The Humanities | History | Levels 3 and 4 | Historical Knowledge | Community, remembrance and celebrations

• VCHPEM157

  Examine the role physical activity, outdoor recreation and sport play in the lives of Australians and investigate how this has changed over time

  Elaborations

  • exploring their importance as a social and cultural practice through participation in a range of physical activities from the Asia region, such as yoga, tai chi, martial arts and Asia-inspired dance and performance art
  • researching the trends in participation in organised junior sports and predicting future trends and directions
  • investigating the varied perspectives held by Australians on sport and examining how this diversity is represented in the sports we play today
  • exploring the impact of media messages associated with physical activity, outdoor recreation and sport in Australia
  • analysing the significant contributions Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people make to sport in Australia

  VCHPEM157 | Health and Physical Education | Levels 9 and 10 | Movement and Physical Activity | Understanding movement

• VC2M10A14

  solve simple exponential equations

  Elaborations

  • investigating exponential equations derived from authentic mathematical models based on population growth
  • recognising that in a table of values, if the ratio between consecutive values of the dependent variable is constant, then it is an exponential relation
  • investigating the links between algebraic and graphical representations of exponential functions using graphing software
  • using digital tools with symbolic manipulation functionality to systematically explore exponential relations
  • investigating Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander ranger groups’ and other groups’ programs that attempt to eradicate feral animals for survival of native animals on Country/Place, exploring the competition between feral and native animals and their impact on natural resources by formulating exponential equations for population growth for each animal species 

  VC2M10A14 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10 | Algebra

• VC2M7A04

  investigate, interpret and describe relationships between variables represented in graphs of functions developed from authentic data

  Elaborations

  • using graphs to analyse a building’s electricity or gas usage over a period of time, the value of shares on a stock market, or the temperature during a day, interpreting and discussing the relationships they represent
  • using travel graphs to compare the distance travelled to and from school, interpreting and discussing features of travel graphs such as the slope of lines and the meaning of horizontal line segments
  • telling the story behind what is being represented in graphs of functions, for example, graphs representing pouring rates or distance versus time
  • using graphs of evaporation rates to explore and discuss Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ methods of water resource management

  VC2M7A04 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Algebra

• VC2M4M03

  solve problems involving the duration of time including situations involving ‘am’ and ‘pm’ and conversions between units of time

  Elaborations

  • calculating the amount of time between 2 events, such as the start and finish of a movie, a bus journey or a flight, including cases where the starting and finishing times are written using ‘am’ and ‘pm’ notation
  • converting units of time using relationships between units, such as 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute, to solve problems; for example, creating a daily timetable for an activity such as an athletics carnival or planning an exercise routine with activities and rests
  • exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ explanations of the passing of time through cultural accounts about cyclic phenomena involving the sun, moon and stars

  VC2M4M03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Measurement

• VC2M1M03

  describe the duration and sequence of events using years, months, weeks, days and hours

  Elaborations

  • naming, listing and using familiar units of time, such as hours, days, weeks and years
  • comparing the number of days in the months of the year and explaining how the months cycle from one year to the next
  • sequencing familiar events, including representing time, on pictorial timelines
  • discussing events and activities and deciding whether they would take closer to an hour, a day, a week, a month or a year; for example, it takes a day for the sun to rise and fall and rise again, but it takes less than an hour for me to walk to school
  • investigating durations of time represented in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander seasonal calendars

  VC2M1M03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 1 | Measurement

• VC2M9M01

  solve problems involving the volume and surface area of right prisms, cylinders and composite objects using appropriate units

  Elaborations

  • analysing nets of objects to generate short cuts and establish formulas for surface area 
  • determining the amount of material needed to make can-coolers for a class fundraising project and working out the most cost-efficient way to cut out the pieces
  • finding different prisms that have the same volume but different surface areas, making conjectures as to what type of prism would have the smallest or largest surface area
  • investigating objects and technologies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, analysing and connecting surface area and volume, and exploring their relationship to their capacity

  VC2M9M01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 9 | Measurement

• VC2M7M06

  use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving ratios of lengths, areas and volumes; formulate problems, interpret and communicate solutions in terms of the situation, justifying choices made about the representation

  Elaborations

  • using fractions to model and solve ratio problems involving comparison of quantities, and considering part-part and part-whole relations
  • modelling and solving practical problems involving ratios of length, capacity or mass, such as in construction, design, or food or textile production; for example, mixing concrete, the golden ratio in design, mixing a salad dressing
  • modelling the situation using manipulatives, diagrams and/or mathematical discussion; for example, mixing primary colours in a variety of ratios to investigate how new colours are created and the strength of those colours
  • investigating commercialised substances founded on Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ knowledges of substances, including pharmaceuticals and toxins, understanding how ratios are used in their development

  VC2M7M06 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Measurement

• VC2M8M03

  solve problems involving the circumference and area of a circle using formulas and appropriate units

  Elaborations

  • deducing that the area of a circle is between 2 radius squares and 4 radius squares, and using 3 × radius² as a rough estimate for the area of a circle
  • investigating the area of circles using a square grid or by rearranging a circle divided into smaller and smaller sectors or slices to resemble a close approximation of a rectangle
  • applying the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle to solve practical problems, and using one of the measures of radius, diameter, circumference or area to deduce the value of the other measures; for example, determining the length of material needed to edge a round table, given its dimensions as the area of the tabletop
  • exploring traditional weaving designs by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and investigating the significance and use of circles

  VC2M8M03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Measurement

• VC2M5N09

  use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving additive and multiplicative situations, including simple financial planning contexts; formulate the problems, choosing operations and efficient mental and written calculation strategies, and using digital tools where appropriate;...

  Elaborations

  • modelling an everyday situation and determining which operations can be used to solve it using materials, diagrams, arrays and/or bar models to represent the problem; formulating the situation as a number sentence; and justifying their choice of operations in relation to the situation
  • modelling a series of contextual problems, deciding whether an exact answer or an approximate calculation is appropriate, and explaining their reasoning in relation to the context and the numbers involved
  • modelling financial situations such as creating financial plans; for example, creating a budget for a class fundraising event, using a spreadsheet to tabulate data and perform calculations
  • investigating how mathematical models involving combinations of operations can be used to represent songs, stories and/or dances of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

  VC2M5N09 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 5 | Number

• VC2M7P02

  conduct repeated chance experiments and run simulations with a large number of trials using digital tools; compare predicted with observed results, explaining the differences and the effect of sample size on the outcomes 

  Elaborations

  • developing an understanding of the law of large numbers through using experiments and simulations to conduct large numbers of trials for seemingly random events and discussing findings
  • conducting simulations using online simulation tools and comparing the combined results of a large number of trials to predicted results
  • exploring and observing Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children’s instructive games – for example, Koara from the Jawi and Bardi Peoples of Sunday Island in Western Australia – to investigate probability, predicting outcomes for an event and comparing with increasingly larger numbers of trials, and comparing observed and expected results

  VC2M7P02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Probability

• VC2M7SP01

  represent three-dimensional objects in 2 dimensions; discuss and reason about the advantages and disadvantages of different representations

  Elaborations

  • deconstructing packaging to identify shapes and nets
  • using different nets to construct prisms and determining which nets will make a cube, rectangular prism, triangular prism or pyramid
  • using aerial views of buildings and other three-dimensional structures to visualise the footprint made by the building or structure, identifying prisms that could approximate the structure
  • building objects by interpreting isometric and perspective drawings
  • using isometric and square grid paper to draw views of front, back, side, top and bottom of objects
  • exploring different two-dimensional representations of objects in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander artworks or cultural maps of Country/Place

  VC2M7SP01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Space

• VC2M5SP01

  connect objects to their nets and build objects from their nets using spatial and geometric reasoning

  Elaborations

  • designing and constructing exact nets for packaging particular-shaped items or collections of interest, taking into consideration how the faces will be joined and how the package will be opened
  • visualising folding some possible nets for a range of prisms and pyramids, predicting which will work and which cannot work, and justifying their choices, based on the number, size and position of particular shapes in each diagram
  • sketching nets for a range of prisms and pyramids considering the number, shape and placement of the faces, and testing by cutting and folding
  • investigating objects designed and developed by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples, such as those used in fish traps and instructive toys, identifying the shape and relative position of each face to determine the net of the object

  VC2M5SP01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 5 | Space

• VC2M6SP02

  locate points in the 4 quadrants of the Cartesian plane; describe changes to the coordinates when a point is moved to a different position in the plane

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the Cartesian plane provides a graphical or visual way of describing location with respect to a fixed origin
  • understanding that the axes are number lines that can have different scales, including fractions and decimals, depending on purpose
  • understanding that the horizontal coordinate is written first and is changed if there is a move to the left or right, whereas a move up or down will change the vertical coordinate
  • using the Cartesian plane to draw lines and polygons, listing coordinates in the correct order to complete a polygon
  • investigating and connecting land or star maps used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples with the Cartesian plane through a graphical or visual way of describing location

  VC2M6SP02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 6 | Space

• VC2M10ST02

  construct scatterplots and consider a line of good fit; comment on the association between the 2 numerical variables in terms of strength, direction and linearity

  Elaborations

  • discussing the difference between association and cause and effect, and relating this to situations such as health, diversity of species and climate
  • using statistical evidence to make, justify and critique claims about association between variables, such as in contexts of climate change, migration, online shopping and social media 
  • informally using a line of good fit by eye and using digital tools to compare and discuss the reliability of any predictions
  • investigating the relationship between 2 variables of spearthrowers used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by using data to construct scatterplots, make comparisons and draw conclusions 

  VC2M10ST02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10 | Statistics

• VC2M6ST02

  identify statistically informed arguments presented in traditional and digital media; discuss and critique methods, data representations and conclusions

  Elaborations

  • investigating data representations in the media and discussing what they illustrate and the messages the people who created them might want to convey
  • evaluating reports and secondary data relating to the distribution and use of non-renewable resources around the world
  • identifying potentially misleading data representations in the media; for example, graphs with broken axes or non-linear scales, graphics not drawn to scale, data not related to the population about which the claims are made and pie charts in which the whole pie does not represent the entire population about which the claims are made
  • investigating both traditional and digital media relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, identifying and critiquing statistically informed arguments

  VC2M6ST02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 6 | Statistics

• VC2M5ST03

  plan and conduct statistical investigations by posing questions or identifying a problem and collecting relevant data; choose appropriate displays and interpret the data; communicate findings within the context of the investigation

  Elaborations

  • posing questions about insect diversity in the playground, and collecting data by taping a one-metre-square piece of paper to the playground and observing the type and number of insects on it over time
  • posing a question or identifying a problem of interest; collecting, interpreting and analysing the data; and discussing if the data generated provides the information necessary to answer the question
  • developing survey questions that are objective, without opinion, and have a balanced set of answer choices without bias
  • exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander ranger groups’ and other groups’ biodiversity detection techniques to care for Country/Place, posing investigative questions, and collecting and interpreting related data to represent and communicate findings

  VC2M5ST03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 5 | Statistics

• VC2M7ST03

  plan and conduct statistical investigations for issues involving discrete and continuous numerical data, and data collected from primary and secondary sources; analyse and interpret distributions of data and report findings in terms of shape and summary statistics

  Elaborations

  • obtaining secondary data from newspapers, the internet or the Australian Bureau of Statistics
  • investigating secondary data relating to the distribution and use of non-renewable resources around the world
  • conducting an investigation to draw conclusions about whether teenagers have faster reaction times than adults
  • conducting an investigation to support claims that a modification of a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) related design has improved performance
  • using secondary data from the Australian Reconciliation Barometer to conduct and report on statistical investigations relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

  VC2M7ST03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Statistics

• VCRAU085

  Understand that languages and cultures are interrelated; they shape and are shaped by each other, in a given moment and over time

  Elaborations

  • recognising that texts are instances of language and culture working together to convey cultural perspectives, values and concepts
  • analysing how the language may reflect cultural perspectives such as patriotism or acceptance of diversity
  • investigating the origins of particular expressions or words, developing awareness of the origins of meanings and how these may or may not change over time
  • recognising the historical, political and cultural functions and value of language, and its historical and contemporary uses
  • developing awareness of linguistic diversity among speakers of the language, recognising that this reflects cultural diversity and comparing this to linguistic and cultural diversity in Australia, including Aboriginal languages and Torres Strait Islander languages

  VCRAU085 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCSSU089

  Scientific knowledge and understanding of the world changes as new evidence becomes available; science knowledge can develop through collaboration and connecting ideas across the disciplines and practice of science

  Elaborations

  • investigating how advances in telescopes and space probes have provided new evidence about space
  • investigating how the development of microscopes has changed understanding of cell function and malfunction, and how this has led to improved medical treatments for disease
  • investigating how knowledge of the location and extraction of mineral resources relies on expertise from across the disciplines of science
  • considering how advances in technology, combined with scientific understanding of the functioning of body systems, has enabled organ repair and replacement
  • investigating how land management practices of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples can help inform sustainable management of the environment

  VCSSU089 | Science | Levels 7 and 8 | Science Understanding | Science as a human endeavour