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• VCDEU033

  Understand that language has power and changes over time as a result of contact with other languages and with influences such as globalisation and new technologies and knowledge

  Elaborations

  • considering how language marks values and attitudes such as respect and equality, and includes and excludes, for example, the use of titles or first names (Herr Doktor Schmidt, Herr Schmidt, Georg), different words for the same entity (foreigner/immigrant/refugee), the gendered nature of professional titles (der Lehrer, die Lehrerin; das Kindermädchen), and access to community information fornon-English speakers
  • noting that although German grammar has not changed as much as English over the centuries, it did relatively recently undergo changes in spelling and punctuation in the official Rechtschreibreform, requiring, for example, β to be used only after long vowel sounds or diphthongs (Fuβball, Spaβ, weiβ), and ss to be used after short vowels (dass, Klasse)
  • investigating and reporting on evidence of current and historical influences of German language and culture in the local and broader Australian community, for example, German/Austrian/Swiss place names (Heidelberg, Hahndorf, Leichhardt, Grindelwald), food (cafés, restaurants, bakeries, market stalls), festivals and celebrations (German Film Festival, Swiss Festival, Weihnachtsmarkt), and organisations (Goethe-Institut, SBS German Radio, clubs, churches, companies)
  • considering the concept of ‘ecology’ in relation to German and other languages; that is, the interaction of the language with constantly changing environments due to globalisation, technology, and language shifts and exchange

  VCDEU033 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCDEU169

  Understand that German, like other languages, continues to change over time due to influences such as globalisation and new technologies and knowledge

  Elaborations

  • investigating and reporting on evidence of current and historical influence of German language and culture in the local and broader Australian community, for example, German/Austrian/Swiss place names (Heidelberg, Hahndorf, Leichhardt, Grindelwald), food (restaurants, bakeries, market stalls), festivals and celebrations (German Film Festival, Swiss Festival, Weihnachtsmarkt), and organisations (Goethe-Institut, SBS German Radio, clubs, churches, companies)
  • understanding that German, like all languages, is constantly expanding to include new words and expressions in response to changing environments due to globalisation, technology, language shifts and exchange, and intercultural experiences, for example, googeln, skypen
  • understanding that English grammar used to be more similar to German grammar but that English has changed, for example, the Old English ‘What thinkest thou?’ and Was denkst du?
  • noting that although German grammar has not changed as much as English over the centuries, it did relatively recently undergo changes in spelling and punctuation in the official Rechtschreibreform, requiring, for example, β to be used only after long vowel sounds or diphthongs (Fuβball, Spaβ, weiβ), and ss to be used after short vowels (dass, Klasse)

  VCDEU169 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCDEU152

  Understand why language is important and recognise that languages and cultures change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring the function of language in social and educational life, for example, listing and discussing how, where and why they use language in the course of a day
  • discovering some of the English words used by German speakers (das Internet, die App, Stopp!, Sorry!) and considering if they are the same kinds of words as those borrowed from German by English
  • understanding that German, like all languages, is constantly expanding to include new words and expressions in response to changing intercultural experiences, for example, Fast Food, Fairness

  VCDEU152 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELA391

  Understand the way language evolves to reflect a changing world, particularly in response to the use of new technology for presenting texts and communicating

  Elaborations

  • exploring languages and dialects through building webcam relationships with schools across Australia and Asia
  • investigating changes in word use and meaning over time and some of the reasons for these changes, for example the influence on spelling and vocabulary of new forms of communication like texting, emoticons and email

  VCELA391 | Curriculum content | English | Level 7 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA482

  Understand that Standard Australian English in its spoken and written forms has a history of evolution and change and continues to evolve

  Elaborations

  • investigating differences between spoken and written English by comparing the language of conversation and interviews with the written language of print texts
  • experimenting with and incorporating new words and creative inventions in own written and spoken texts
  • understanding how and why spelling became standardised and how conventions have changed over time and continue to change through common usage, the invention of new words and creative combinations of existing words

  VCELA482 | Curriculum content | English | Level 10 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELU016

  Understand that Greek is a language that has influenced many global languages and continues to influence and change through interaction with other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Greek is an official language of Greece, Cyprus and the European Union and is also spoken in Greek-speaking communities in the Greek Diaspora
  • exploring and discussing the influence of the Greek language on English, identifying examples of Greek words and morphemes used in English, such as prefixes, suffixes and base words, using strategies to work out meanings of unknown words, and considering why word borrowing occurs across languages, for example, anti-, astro-, auto-, bio-, cosmos, deca-, demo-, geo-, glossary, -gram-, -graph-, hyper-, hypo-, -ic, -ism, -itis, kilo-, -logue, mega-, -meter-, micro-, mono-, -morph-, neo-, octo-, -ology, pent-, peri, -phil-, -phobia, photo-, -poly-, psych-, -scope, tech-, tele-, -therm-, tri-
  • recognising loan words from English that are used in Greek, such as πάρτι, and other words used in Greek that have been borrowed from other languages such as μπλε, γκρι, ροζ, παλτό, ραντεβού, λέντι, κέφι, and discussing why these words have been borrowed

  VCELU016 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELY195

  Reread student's own texts and discuss possible changes to improve meaning, spelling and punctuation

  Elaborations

  • adding or deleting words on page or screen to improve meaning, for example adding an adjective to a noun
  • reading own work aloud to listen for grammatical correctness: checking use of capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks
  • checking for inclusion of capital letters and full stops
  • identifying words which might not be spelt correctly
  • beginning to use dictionaries and classroom charts to check and correct spelling of less familiar words

  VCELY195 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Literacy

• VCESU160

  Understand that the Spanish language constantly changes due to contact with other languages and the impact of new technologies

  Elaborations

  • investigating how media, digital technologies and popular culture have influenced the Spanish language, for example, tuitear, email, correo, electrónico, chatear, textear, bloguear, rapear, rapero, un , un selfie
  • discussing why the Spanish language borrows particular words from English and other languages, for example, chofer, carné, tenis, golf, corner, kiwi and parking, smartphone, link
  • identifying Spanish words and aspects of lifestyle absorbed into English (‘fiesta’, ‘rumba’, ‘tapas’), and considering the reasons for the adoption of particular words or expressions
  • understanding that Spanish shares a history and many similar words with other languages for example, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Tagalog/Filipino and Rumanian
  • understanding that some languages are growing and adapting, while others (such as indigenous languages across the world, including some in Spanish-speaking countries) are endangered, disappearing, reviving, or blending with stronger languages

  VCESU160 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCFRU034

  Understand that languages change over time and influence each other, and that French has influenced many languages, including English

  Elaborations

  • considering differences in how groups of people communicate, such as younger or older people, girls and boys, and how new words and expressions are constantly being invented or borrowed from other languages
  • collecting French words used in English (for example, le restaurant, le café, le chauffeur, le ballet, le croissant), and comparing how they are pronounced by French and English speakers
  • discovering some of the English words used by French speakers (for example, le coach, le blog, l’Internet, le football, le corner, le burger, le denim), and considering if they are the same kinds of words as those borrowed from French into English
  • exploring how languages mix with each other to invent new words or expressions, for example, le franglais, le texto
  • ‘finding French’ at home or in the community to create a class collection or display, for example, French products, labels or words used in English language advertisements, shop signs, recipe books or menus

  VCFRU034 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCFRU052

  Understand that the French language is constantly changing due to contact with other languages and to the impact of new technologies and knowledge

  Elaborations

  • investigating influences on the French language of major community languages in France such as Arabic (for example, le toubib, le bled, kif-kif), Italian (for example, le fiasco, bravo, espresso) or Chinese, (for example, le ginseng, le tai-chi, le litchi)
  • understanding that French, like all languages, is constantly expanding to include new words and expressions in response to changing technologies, digital media and intercultural experiences, for example, skyper, googliser, le courriel, photophoner

  VCFRU052 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCGGC057

  Identify and describe the features of places at a local scale and how they change, recognising that people describe the features of places differently

  Elaborations

  • recounting Aboriginal Dreaming stories and/or Legends of the Torres Strait that identify the natural features of a place
  • using observations and/or photographs to identify changes in natural, managed and constructed features in their place. For example, recent erosion, revegetated areas, planted crops or new buildings

  VCGGC057 | The Humanities | Geography | Foundation to Level 2 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Place, space and interconnection

• VCGGK145

  Environmental, economic and technological factors that influence environmental change and human responses to its management

  Elaborations

  • identifying human-induced environmental changes, such as water and atmospheric pollution, loss of biodiversity, degradation of land, inland and coastal aquatic environments, and evaluating the challenges they pose for the sustainability of environmental functions
  • evaluating the concept of ecosystem services and the importance of these services for sustainability of biodiversity
  • discussing whether environmental change is necessarily a problem that should be managed
  • proposing geographical management strategies for the environmental change being investigated, for example, establishing reserves and corridors to preserve biodiversity (a spatial strategy), ecosystem-based management (an environmental strategy), urban planning to reduce energy consumption (a spatial strategy), and addressing the underlying as well as immediate causes of environmental change (holistic thinking)
  • applying the concept of place to explain the variety of strategies and solutions to similar environmental changes in different places

  VCGGK145 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 9 and 10 | Geographical Knowledge | Environmental change and management

• VCGGK147

  Causes and consequences of an environmental change, comparing examples from Australia and at least one other country

  Elaborations

  • using the concept of a system to examine the interconnections between biophysical processes and the human actions, and their underlying causes, that generate environmental change, together with the consequences of these changes
  • evaluating the effects of the environmental change on the sustainability of the environment

  VCGGK147 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 9 and 10 | Geographical Knowledge | Environmental change and management

• VCHHC029

  Explore their perspective on how things have changed from past and present in their daily life

  Elaborations

  • using images to explore their life and key milestones and reflect on what has changed in their life
  • investigating daily life today and in the past through images and exploring what is the same, different, good and bad
  • exploring what different class members think has changed in their daily life

  VCHHC029 | The Humanities | History | Level C | Historical Concepts and Skills | Historical sources as evidence

• VCHHC103

  Analyse the causes and effects of significant events that caused change and/or a decline over the period

  Elaborations

  • identifying and explaining the causes and effects of conflicts on Ancient Rome using a fishbone
  • analysing the multiplicity of causes and effects of decline of Ancient Greece and rank according to their significance
  • organising causes and effects of Viking Conquests on subject peoples using a graphic organiser
  • differentiating between intended and unintended causes and effects of the crusades
  • categorising the long-term effects of the Black Death at the end of the Medieval period, including labour shortages, peasant uprisings, the weakening of feudal structures, and increased social mobility and drawing conclusions about the severity of the Black Death and it causing the Renaissance period

  VCHHC103 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Cause and effect

• VCHHC097

  Sequence significant events in chronological order to analyse the causes and effects and identify continuities and changes

  Elaborations

  • analysing and evaluating the theory that people moved out of Africa around 60 000 BC and migrated to other parts of the world, including Australia
  • placing historical events in sequence in order to identify broader patterns of cause and effect and continuity and change, for example, the Polynesian expansion across the Pacific; the stability of the Angkor/Khmer Empire over many centuries
  • defining and using terms such as BC (Before Christ), AD (Anno Domini), BCE (Before Common Era), and CE (Common Era); BP (Before Present) prehistory (before the period of textual recording) and history (the period beginning with named individuals and textual recording)

  VCHHC097 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Chronology

• VCHHC087

  Explain the significance of an event and an individual or group that influenced change in the Australian colonies and in Australian society since Federation

  Elaborations

  • investigating an event and explain its impact on Australian life, for example, Australian soldiers land at ANZAC Cove
  • creating ‘what if’ scenarios by constructing different outcomes for a key events

  VCHHC087 | The Humanities | History | Levels 5 and 6 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Historical significance

• VCHHC098

  Describe and explain the broad patterns of change over the period from the Ancient to the Modern World

  Elaborations

  • using the evidence for the emergence and establishment of ancient societies, including art, iconography, writing tools and pottery
  • describing key features of ancient societies, for example, farming, trade, social classes, religion, rule of law
  • explaining the transformation of the Roman world and the spread of Christianity and Islam
  • explaining key features of the medieval world, for example, feudalism, trade routes, voyages of discovery, contact and conflict
  • locating the major trading routes, including the Mediterranean; the Silk Road; the sea route between China, India and the east coast of Africa, and the Columbian Exchange, on a map and identifying the nature of the trade/contact, for example, slaves, spices, silk, glassware, spread of knowledge and diseases along the Silk Road
  • explaining the emergence of ideas about the world and the place of people in it by the end of the period, for example, the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

  VCHHC098 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Chronology

• VCHHC069

  Identify and describe continuity and change over time in the local community, region or state and as a result of the effects of European exploration

  Elaborations

  • investigating the establishment of a local community such as 'How did people settle?' 'Who were they?' 'Why did they come to the area?'
  • investigating the contribution that individuals and groups have made to the development of the local community
  • identifying the origins of place names in Australia, for example, those named by French explorers and Aboriginal place names

  VCHHC069 | The Humanities | History | Levels 3 and 4 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Continuity and change

• VCHHK142

  Effects of World War I, with a particular emphasis on the changes and continuities brought to the Australian home front and society

  Elaborations

  • examining the effects of World War I in Europe such as the Treaty of Versailles, end of empires, economic and environmental destruction, loss of life, Spanish flu, new technologies, emergence of liberalism
  • graphing the proportion of Australian servicemen who died during World War I, compared to that of other countries involved in the war
  • explaining the effects of World War I, with a particular emphasis on Australia, such as the use of propaganda to influence the civilian population, the changing role of women, the conscription debate
  • investigating examples of the war’s impact on Australia’s economy and society, for example, the development of the steel industry in Newcastle and the implementation of the War Precautions Act 1914
  • identifying the groups who opposed conscription, for example, trade unionists, Irish Catholics, and the grounds for their objections
  • studying the first and second referenda on conscription, including the division within the Labor Party over this issue
  • explaining the treatment of people of German descent during the war, for example, their classification as ‘enemy aliens’ and placement in internment camps, as well as their depiction in government propaganda

  VCHHK142 | The Humanities | History | Levels 9 and 10 | Historical Knowledge | The modern world and Australia | Australia at war (1914 – 1945): World War I