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• VCZHU091

  Identify how character structure, position and component sequences relate the form of a character to its particular sound and meaning

  Elaborations

  • learning the number, nature and sequence of strokes; exploring the range of stroke types used in characters; learning to write with a focus on stroke direction and order, and on balance and proportion within the square
  • comparing writing across languages, recognising differences in stroke sequences and word formation (letter strings versus character squares), word spacing, punctuation and text direction
  • learning the origins and features of components encountered in characters, and analysing the formation of characters, including recognising the frequency and positioning of common components (for example, 人、女、日、月) and their function or relationship to a compound character, for example, 人 in 他、认、从
  • decoding characters by analysing their structure and the number of components, and recognising familiar components
  • applying their knowledge of characters to learn to read and write new characters, and developing strategies for learning, for example, making connections between characters with a common component (你、他、们)
  • identifying contextual meanings of key morphemes in diverse contexts, for example, 天，日，二/两，你好 versus 好玩
  • identifying the relationships between the meaning of individual morphemes in words and exploring how these morphemes apply in a wider range of word contexts
  • explaining the use of common suffixes (子、里、面) and key morphemes (电、家、物、机)
  • understanding how new concepts are interpreted in Chinese by analysing the nature of technology-related terms expressed in Chinese, for example, 电脑、短信、博客

  VCZHU091 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU139

  Identify the form, composition and spacing within characters, relating components and their positions to their meaning and sound

  Elaborations

  • developing fine motor skills appropriate to Chinese writing conventions (方块字), and learning about Chinese writing conventions, including direction of text and punctuation
  • applying rules of stroke direction and stroke order when writing characters, paying attention to details such as length of a stroke to discriminate similar forms, for example, 土 and 士
  • developing skills in identifying the structure and components of a compound character, for example, 学 has two components and they are of top-and-bottom structure
  • categorising characters with common components (such as 花、草、菜), and making connections between meanings and sounds of components and meanings and sounds of characters, for example, 目 (eye) in 看 (to look at)
  • recognising the use of traditional and simplified characters in the local community (for example, 《大洋时报》 uses traditional characters), exploring texts in both forms of characters and analysing differences in orthography, for example, 门 and 門
  • identifying personal connections with one or both forms of characters, for example, 我妈妈教我写简体字，因为妈妈是从北京来的
  • inferring meaning of unfamiliar words from known morphemes, for example, 学生、学校、小学
  • understanding that a character might have multiple meanings, for example, that 冷 means ‘cold’ in 冷水 and ‘quiet’ in 冷清

  VCZHU139 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU013

  Recognise and understand the relationship between the character-based scripts of hiragana, katakana and kanji

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the Japanese language uses three different scripts depending on word origins and on the context of language use
  • reading and writing all hiragana and katakana, including voiced, contracted and blended sounds, using the kana chart
  • using the kana chart as a systematic framework to support learning
  • recognising that Japanese can be written vertically or horizontally and has various typefaces in printed form
  • understanding the use of basic Japanese punctuation marks such as a まる (。) 、 てん (、) and katakana long vowel mark (ー), for example, in a student’s name such as サリー
  • applying the principles of stroke order to write all kana and high-frequency kanji such as 行(い)きます、 月、 大(おお)きい
  • knowing that kanji were brought from China and that hiragana was formed by simplifying the form of kanji, while katakana was formed using a part of kanji
  • understanding that each individual kanji represents meaning as well as sound, such as 日 (‘sun’, ‘day’), and that some kanji come from pictographs, for example, 山
  • learning to write high-frequency kanji, such as numbers, days of the week, family members, and basic adjectives and verbs, applying the basic principles for stroke order, for example, 父(ちち)、母(はは)、小(ちい)さい、 見(み)ます、日本語(にほんご)
  • understanding the use of furigana as a tool to support reading

  VCJAU013 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCADAR028

  Identify how the elements of dance and production elements are used to express ideas in dance they make, perform and view, including in dances from local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

  Elaborations

  • discussing the planning, developing or refining of aspects of a dance they are making and how their dance has been influenced by dance they have viewed or performed
  • using questions to interpret dance from different times, places and locations, for example, what clues in the dance tell students where it was made, by whom and why, or can the students dance their journey from school to home?
  • comparing the expectations and requirements of performers and audience in different cultural settings, for example, viewing a dance performed at a Tanderrum and talking about the roles of the performers, other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people taking part in the ceremony and the general audience
  • comparing dances in their local community to dances of other people, times and locations
  • using dance terminology to write about and discuss their intentions as dance-makers

  VCADAR028 | The Arts | Dance | Levels 3 and 4 | Respond and Interpret

• VCADRR028

  Identify intended purposes and meaning of drama, including the drama of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

  Elaborations

  • discussing the planning, developing or refining of aspects of drama they are making and how their drama has been influenced by drama they have viewed or performed
  • comparing the expectations and requirements of performers and audience in different cultural settings and apply learning in their own performances
  • comparing drama in their community to drama of other people, times and locations, for example talking with local Koorie community members about how Koorie people told traditional stories through drama in earlier times and how the same stories are communicated now
  • using drama terminology, write about and discuss the meaning and intentions of their own drama, for example, responding to questions such as ‘what are the stories and the ideas in the drama they watch and listen to, which characters do they identify with, what relationships and situations do they recognise in the drama?’

  VCADRR028 | The Arts | Drama | Levels 3 and 4 | Respond and Interpret

• VCAMUM036

  Structure compositions by combining and manipulating the elements of music and using notation

  Elaborations

  • combining and manipulating the elements of music to imitate a range of styles, for example world music styles, street music styles, jazz styles, minimalism, K-Pop, a capella, dance styles
  • exploring ways to combine and extend music ideas within specific forms such as song form, ABA, or improvising motifs and combining them with a chord progression to create music for a film-score segment to create solo (unaccompanied) work or an ensemble work
  • arranging a familiar melody, for example, writing counter-melody, bass line and variations or reworking the rhythm/feel to fit a particular music style and create a score using notation (by hand or with technology)
  • exploring technologies as tools for creating, notating, recording, sharing and discussing music ideas, for example, how effectively are the expressive techniques indicated in the notation of the composition? What are the strengths of this performance or composition?

  VCAMUM036 | The Arts | Music | Levels 7 and 8 | Music Practices

• VCASFC008

  Translate familiar words and phrases from Auslan into English and vice versa, using visual cues, signs and English words, noticing how signs and words differ

  Elaborations

  • recognising that every language uses words or signs to make meaning
  • identifying aspects of Auslan which are the same in English, such as the fingerspelled alphabet
  • participating in shared reading of children’s books containing Auslan images and English text, asking and answering questions about unfamiliar words and phrases, and noticing the comparative number of signs and words used in the book
  • translating simple Auslan signs to family and friends by fingerspelling or writing the English word, for example, DOG, CAT, BIRD
  • comparing Auslan expressions used in everyday interactions such as greetings with equivalent English expressions, for example, HOW-ARE-YOU? compared to How are you?

  VCASFC008 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFU143

  Recognise that Auslan is a legitimate language, one of many languages used in Australia and around the world

  Elaborations

  • identifying different languages used by their classmates or members of their families, for example by creating a class profile or language map
  • exploring similarities and differences between the many languages used in Australia and represented in the school, including spoken and signed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, and comparing the ways different languages use writing, sound/speech, gestures, drawings, art and signs to communicate
  • recognising the unique nature of signed languages and understanding that there are many different signed languages in use around the world, including in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, and that there is not one ‘universal’ signed language
  • recognising that Auslan is a legitimate language, different from mime and gestures such as those used to accompany songs in spoken languages
  • exploring why and how some people are deaf, and identifying different ways that they access language; and investigating the use of hearing aids, FM systems or cochlear implants

  VCASFU143 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language awareness

• VCDTCD023

  Define simple problems, and describe and follow a sequence of steps and decisions involving branching and user input (algorithms) needed to solve them

  Elaborations

  • stating the nature of the problem and some of its features, such as what need is associated with the problem, who has the problem and why does the problem exist
  • describing, using drawings, pictures and text, the sequence of steps and decisions in a solution, for example preparing a chart to show the order of events in a game and the decisions that a player must make
  • experimenting with different ways of describing a set of instructions, for example writing two versions of the same simple set of instructions for a programmable robotic device
  • explaining to others how to follow technical instructions, for example demonstrating how to capture and download images from a mobile device
  • defining and describing the sequence of steps needed to incorporate multiple types of data in a solution, for example charting the sequence of steps in selecting and downloading images and sound to create a book trailer

  VCDTCD023 | Technologies | Digital Technologies | Levels 3 and 4 | Creating Digital Solutions

• VCDTDI027

  Examine how whole numbers are used as the basis for representing all types of data in digital systems

  Elaborations

  • recognising that digital systems represent all types of data using number codes that ultimately are patterns of 1s and 0s
  • explaining that binary represents numbers using 1s and 0s and these represent the on and off electrical states respectively in hardware and robotics
  • recognising that the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 could be represented by the patterns of two binary digits of 00, 01, 10 and 11
  • representing whole numbers in binary, for example counting in binary from zero to 15, or writing a friend’s age in binary
  • exploring how division by two can be used as a technique to determine the binary representation of any whole number by collecting remainder terms
  • representing the state of an object in a game as active or inactive using the respective binary values of 1 or 0

  VCDTDI027 | Technologies | Digital Technologies | Levels 5 and 6 | Data and Information

• VCDTDI036

  Investigate how digital systems represent text, image and sound data in binary

  Elaborations

  • explaining that characters in text correspond to numbers defined by the character set, for example ‘A’ corresponds to 65 in the ASCII and Unicode character sets
  • recognising that Unicode attempts to represent the written symbols of every language; and using Unicode charts to look up characters from Asian writing systems
  • investigating the different representation of bitmap and vector graphics and its consequences, for example pixelation in magnified bitmap and vector images
  • investigating how colours are represented in images and videos, for example manipulating red, green and blue (RGB) colours in an image editor
  • converting between decimal and 8-bit (1 byte) unsigned binary, covering whole numbers typically used for characters and RGB, for example 65 in decimal is 01000001 in 8-bit binary
  • explaining ways media elements are presented, for example the difference between embedded and linked media elements

  VCDTDI036 | Technologies | Digital Technologies | Levels 7 and 8 | Data and Information

• VCELC107

  Share and present information about self, family, friends and possessions, using gestures, labels, pictures and modelled language

  Elaborations

  • using familiar vocabulary and simple sentences to create texts about self, family, friends and possessions, such as a family album, a class picture dictionary or a family tree
  • contributing to classroom resources that involve naming, labelling and illustrating, using digital technologies, for example, a favourite photos wall, a word wall
  • giving information about self, family, friends, and possessions by writing captions or attaching word bubbles to drawings or photos, using digital technologies
  • using simple sentences and supporting gestures to communicate informally about self, friends and favourite possessions, for example, Παίζεις νέτμπολ; lifting head/eyebrows to answer ‘no’, hand action to show Έτσι κι έτσι, lifting head and shoulders to convey not knowing something

  VCELC107 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Informing

• VCELU029

  Recognise and reproduce Greek sound–letter relationships and combinations in spoken and written forms and key features of pronunciation, rhythm and stress, including some irregularities

  Elaborations

  • recognising the differences in tone and rhythm between questions, exclamations and commands, for example, Σοβαρά, Αμέσως, Ετοιμάσου Γρήγορα! Τι λες!
  • recognising and reproducing rhythms in more complex sentences, using pausing and intonation to signal emphasis
  • understanding the role of pronunciation, rhythm and pace in creating effects and relationships in oral texts, such as songs, stories, poems and conversations, for example, in the song ‘Καλημέρα, τι κάνεις;’
  • identifying differences in sounds, such as γγ, γκ, τζ, τσ, μπ, ντ, αϊ, άι, -ασμα (διάβασμα) and using them appropriately when writing
  • experimenting with pronunciation rules and intonation collaboratively with peers, for example, αυ, ευ, τσ, τζ, αι, ββ, λλ, ρρ, ττ, ιου, ιο/ιό, ειο/ειου

  VCELU029 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESC133

  Create short imaginative texts such as dialogues and stories using modelled language

  Elaborations

  • creating simple imaginative texts to share with younger learners of Spanish, such as digital or print storybooks, anagrams or shape poems, using modelled language and digital programs such as Vokis
  • using gestures, movements and facial expressions to enhance characterisation or effect in the performance of action songs, raps or plays
  • contributing to shared writing activities such as a class story in response to an event or experience, for example, a visit to the zoo or a virtual visit to a famous place
  • creating and performing alternative versions of or endings to known stories such as Caperucita verde or action songs, using voice, rhythm and gestures to animate characters
  • experimenting with sounds, pronunciation and vocabulary to create alternative versions of familiar songs or rhymes learnt in class, for example, ‘La vaca loca’, ‘La serpiente de tierra caliente’

  VCESC133 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Creating

• VCFRC009

  Create simple print or digital texts that use both French and English, such as labels, word banks, wall charts or ID cards

  Elaborations

  • collecting French and English words that are similar or identical and have the same meaning but are pronounced differently, for example, la police, la table, la routine, six
  • designing and using bilingual fiches personnelles with identifying details supplied in both languages, for example, nom, prénom(s), ȃge, mes amis sont…, j’habite…, j’aime…
  • writing captions in French and in English for a photographic display to record a class event or experience such as sports day, school camp or pets day
  • making own bilingual picture dictionaries with captions, stickers and simple descriptions to explain culture-specific terms such as la bise, le goûter or la rentrée

  VCFRC009 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHHC098

  Describe and explain the broad patterns of change over the period from the Ancient to the Modern World

  Elaborations

  • using the evidence for the emergence and establishment of ancient societies, including art, iconography, writing tools and pottery
  • describing key features of ancient societies, for example, farming, trade, social classes, religion, rule of law
  • explaining the transformation of the Roman world and the spread of Christianity and Islam
  • explaining key features of the medieval world, for example, feudalism, trade routes, voyages of discovery, contact and conflict
  • locating the major trading routes, including the Mediterranean; the Silk Road; the sea route between China, India and the east coast of Africa, and the Columbian Exchange, on a map and identifying the nature of the trade/contact, for example, slaves, spices, silk, glassware, spread of knowledge and diseases along the Silk Road
  • explaining the emergence of ideas about the world and the place of people in it by the end of the period, for example, the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

  VCHHC098 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Concepts and Skills | Chronology

• VCHIC005

  Use simple statements, gestures and support materials to convey factual information about self, family, friends and the immediate environment

  Elaborations

  • labelling or naming classroom items, resources and personal possessions, for example, मेज़, कुर्सी, कम्प्यूटर, पेंसिल, बस्ता
  • contributing to a class photo story by creating and reading captions to their own photos, for example, मैं ख़ुश/उदास हूँ।, or by presenting points of personal information, मुझे चॉक्लेट पसंद है। मेरे पास एक काली बिल्ली है। मैं एक अच्छी क्रिकेट खिलाड़ी हूँl
  • using simple sentence structures, familiar vocabulary and supporting gestures to talk about themselves and their immediate environment, for example, मेरे पास एक लाल गाड़ी है। मैं प्रार्थना करने मंदिर/ मस्जिद / गुरुद्वारे / गिरिजाघर जाता हूँ l
  • representing aspects of their daily routines by writing captions to drawings/pictures or attaching word bubbles, such as स्कूल जाना, दोपहर का खाना, पार्क में खेलना।
  • participating in ‘Show and Tell’ by presenting and commenting on items of personal interest, for example, मेरा पालतू जानवर; मेरा मनपसंद खिलौना

  VCHIC005 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Informing

• VCHIC029

  Talk about their individual and group sense of identity and how this is expressed through the different languages they use

  Elaborations

  • talking about how they feel when using English, Hindi or other languages and whether there are some things that feel more natural in one language than in the other
  • demonstrating gestures or behaviours that they feel ‘belong’ in Hindi but not in English or vice versa
  • sharing opinions about whether they have a different sense of identity when they are using different languages
  • creating drawings or photo displays that show their connections with family, friendship groups and communities, writing captions of words or phrases that they associate with each group
  • considering the importance to their identity of speaking Hindi to some people, such as older relatives or members of the wider Hindi-speaking community
  • observing themselves and reporting to each other how they use Hindi and English in different contexts and for different purposes, identifying favourite expressions or gestures in each language

  VCHIC029 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCITC116

  Participate in individual and collective action by deciding, explaining and justifying

  Elaborations

  • participating in planning and decision making with others, for example, arranging an event, class debate, performance, excursion or guest speaker, or organising a petition or a letter to the principal/local council (Devo/Dobbiamo organizzare … Cosa dobbiamo fare? Chi invitiamo? Bisogna [+ infinitive]. Vuoi venire al dibattito con me? Come possiamo convincere il comune a … ? Scriviamo una lettera per convincere il preside a … )
  • expressing, contrasting and comparing views on particular expectations and issues such as the use of social media at school, by writing blogs, emails and letters, for example, sono d’accordo, non sono d’accordo; vorrei dare la mia opinione

  VCITC116 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCJAU159

  Recognise the use of formulaic expressions and textual features in familiar texts such as emails, letters, postcards or telephone conversations

  Elaborations

  • recognising the order for writing the components of the date in Japanese, for example, 年(ねん)、月、日、よう日
  • understanding the significance of features of different types of texts, such as opening and closing emails, letters or phone conversations, for example, ～さんへ、～より、もしもし
  • considering how the composition of texts in different languages reflects cultural values, such as the ordering of information on Japanese ID cards or when kanji or Arabic numerals are used in Japanese texts
  • understanding conventions associated with using げんこうようし、for example, the size of small characters, the position in the square and the placing of punctuation

  VCJAU159 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language