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• VC2M3A01

  recognise and explain the connection between addition and subtraction as inverse operations, apply to partition numbers and find unknown values in number sentences

  Elaborations

  • partitioning numbers using materials, part-part-whole diagrams or bar models, and recording addition and subtraction facts for each representation, explaining how each fact is connected to the materials, diagrams or models (for example, 16 + 8 = 24, 24 − 8 = 16, 8 = 24 − 16)
  • using the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to find unknown values with a calculator or by counting on; for example, representing the problem ‘Peter had some money and then spent $375. Now he has $158 left. How much did Peter have to start with?’ as □ − $375 = $158 and solving the problem using $375 + $158 = $533; or solving 27 + □ = 63 using subtraction, □ = 63 – 27, or by counting on 27, 37, 47, 57, 60, 63, so add 3 tens and 6 ones, so □ = 36
  • exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ stories and dances that show the connection between addition and subtraction, representing this as a number sentence and discussing how this conveys important information about balance in processes on Country/Place

  VC2M3A01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 3 | Algebra

• VC2M7A02

  apply the associative, commutative and distributive laws to aid mental and written computation, and formulate algebraic expressions using constants, variables, operations and brackets

  Elaborations

  • simplifying calculations
  • forming simple estimates for calculations involving multiple and/or combined operations
  • generalising arithmetic expressions to algebraic expressions involving constants, variables, operations and brackets; for example, 7+7+7=3×7, x+x+x=3×x noting that 3x includes implied multiplication and recognising the difference between 3x+4 and 3x+4
  • formulating algebraic expressions that represent mathematical relationships; for example, translating from words to symbols in ‘think of a number’ type activities
  • recognising and applying the concept of variable as something that can change in value, investigating the relationships between variables, and the application to processes on Country/Place, including how cultural expressions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, such as storytelling, communicate mathematical relationships that can be represented as mathematical expressions

  VC2M7A02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Algebra

• VC2M1A02

  recognise, continue and create repeating patterns with numbers, symbols, shapes and objects, identifying the repeating unit and recognising the importance of repetition in solving problems

  Elaborations

  • interpreting a repeating pattern sequence created by someone else, noticing and describing the repeating part of the pattern and explaining how they know what comes next in the sequence
  • generalising a repeating pattern by identifying the unit of repeat and representing the elements using numbers, letters or symbols; for example, representing the repeating pattern of stamp, stamp, clap, stamp, clap, pause, stamp, stamp, clap, stamp, clap as SSCSC SSCSC …, recognising the elements that are repeating, describing the unit of repeat as SSCSC and continuing the pattern
  • recognising within the sequencing of natural numbers that 0–9 digits are repeated both in and between the decades and using this pattern to continue the sequence and name two-digit numbers beyond 20
  • identifying the repeating patterns in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander systems of counting, exploring different ways of representing numbers including oral and gestural language
  • considering how the making of shell or seed necklaces by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples includes practices such as sorting shells and beads based on colour, size and shape, and creating a repeating pattern sequence

  VC2M1A02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 1 | Algebra

• VC2M9A05

  identify and graph quadratic functions, solve quadratic equations graphically and numerically, and use null factor law to solve monic quadratic equations with integer roots algebraically, using graphing software and digital tools as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • recognising that in a table of values, if the second difference between consecutive values of the dependent variable is constant, then it is a quadratic
  • graphing quadratic functions using digital tools and comparing what is the same and what is different between these different functions and their respective graphs; interpreting features of the graphs such as symmetry, turning point, maximum and minimum values; and determining when values of the quadratic function lie within a given range
  • solving quadratic equations algebraically and comparing these to graphical solutions
  • using graphs to determine the solutions of quadratic equations; recognising that the roots of a quadratic function correspond to the x-intercepts of its graph and that if the graph has no x-intercepts, then the corresponding equation has no real solutions
  • relating horizontal axis intercepts of the graph of a quadratic function to the factorised form of its rule using the null factor law; for example, the graph of the function y=x2-5x+6 can be represented as y=x-2x-3 with x-axis intercepts where either x-2=0 or x-3=0
  • recognising that the equation x2=a, where a>0, has 2 solutions, x=a and x=-a (for example, if x2=39 then x=39=6.245 correct to 3 decimal places, or x=-39=-6.245 correct to 3 decimal places) and representing these graphically
  • graphing percentages of illumination of moon phases in relation to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ understandings that describe the different phases of the moon

  VC2M9A05 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 9 | Algebra

• VC2M8A04

  use algorithms and related testing procedures to identify and correct errors

  Elaborations

  • debugging search-and-sort programs
  • testing a number for divisibility

  VC2M8A04 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Algebra

• VC2M3A03

  recall and demonstrate proficiency with multiplication facts for 3, 4, 5 and 10; extend and apply facts to develop the related division facts

  Elaborations

  • using concrete or virtual materials, groups and repeated addition to recognise patterns and establish the 3, 4, 5 and 10 multiplication facts; for example, using the language of ‘3 groups of 2 equals 6’ to develop into ‘3 twos are 6’ and extend to establish the 3 × 10 multiplication facts and related division facts
  • recognising that when they multiply a number by 5, the resulting number will either end in a 5 or a zero; and using a calculator or spreadsheet to generate a list of the multiples of 5 to develop the multiplication and related division facts for fives
  • practising calculating and deriving multiplication facts for 3, 4, 5 and 10, explaining and recalling the patterns in them and using them to derive related division facts
  • systematically exploring algorithms used for repeated addition, comparing and describing what is happening, and using them to establish the multiplication facts for 3, 4, 5 and 10; for example, following the sequence of steps, the decisions being made and the resulting solution, recognising and generalising any emerging patterns

  VC2M3A03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 3 | Algebra

• VC2M10AA10

  experiment with functions and relations using digital tools, making and testing conjectures and generalising emerging patterns

  Elaborations

  • applying a bisection algorithm to determine the approximate location of the horizontal axis intercepts of the graph of a quadratic function such as fx=2x2-3x-7
  • applying transformations to the graph of x2+y2=1
  • identifying the coordinates of any points of intersection of the graph of a linear function with the graph of a quadratic function or a circle
  • identifying intervals on the real number line over which a given quadratic function is positive or negative
  • using a table of values to determine when an exponential growth or decay function exceeds or falls below a given value, such as monitoring the trend in value of a share price in a context of exponential growth or decay

  VC2M10AA10 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA09

  solve linear and non-linear simultaneous equations using graphing or systematic guess-check-and-refine with digital tools

  Elaborations

  • using graphs to determine a convergent set of intervals that contain a point of intersection of the graphs of 2 functions
  • using a cobweb diagram to solve simultaneous equations numerically

  VC2M10AA09 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA01

  investigate the concept of a polynomial and apply the factor and remainder theorems to solve problems

  Elaborations

  • investigating the relationship between algebraic long division and the factor and remainder theorems

  VC2M10AA01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA03

  simplify combinations of linear expressions with rational coefficients and the solution of related equations

  Elaborations

  • simplifying sums and differences of linear expressions of the form ax+bc where
    a and b are integers, and c is a non-zero integer, for example, 6x-112-7x4+9-5x3=-5x-3012
  • solving equations involving sums and differences of linear expressions with rational coefficients, for example, -2x3+49= 1157x-1 ⇒-30x+20=693x-99 ⇒x=119723 , and verifying the solution

  VC2M10AA03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA07

  factorise monic and non-monic quadratic expressions and solve a wide range of quadratic equations derived from a variety of contexts

  Elaborations

  • writing quadratic equations that represent practical problems

  VC2M10AA07 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA08

  use function notation to describe the relationship between dependent and independent variables in modelling contexts

  Elaborations

  • identifying independent and dependent variables in modelling contexts and representing the relation between them using tables, graphs and rules
  • using technology to draw graphs of functions defined using function notation with consideration of domain and range

  VC2M10AA08 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA04

  explore the inverse relationship between exponential functions and logarithmic functions and the solution of related equations

  Elaborations

  • using the definition of a logarithm and the exponent laws to establish the logarithm laws
  • evaluating 10x for decimal values of x and relating this to a logarithm base 10 scale; solving exponential equations algebraically using logarithms with base 10, for example, 5000×1.01x=10 000⇒x= log10(2)log10(1.01)≈69.66 ; and connecting to the graph of the corresponding function

  VC2M10AA04 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA06

  apply understanding of polynomials to sketch a range of curves and describe the features of these curves from their equation

  Elaborations

  • investigating the features of graphs of polynomials including axes intercepts and the effect of repeated factors

  VC2M10AA06 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA05

  describe, interpret, and sketch parabolas, hyperbolas, circles and exponential functions and their transformations

  Elaborations

  • applying transformations, including translations, reflections in the axes and stretches to help graph parabolas, rectangular hyperbolas, circles and exponential functions

  VC2M10AA05 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AA02

  devise and use algorithms and simulations to solve mathematical problems

  Elaborations

  • applying a systematic guess-check-and-refine algorithm to identify an approximate value for the root of an equation in an interval
  • developing simulations for counterintuitive problems in probability such as the Monty Hall problem or derangements

  VC2M10AA02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Algebra

• VC2M10AM02

  explore the effect of increasingly small changes in the value of variables on the average rate of change and in relation to limiting values

  Elaborations

  • using the gradient of the line segment between 2 distinct points as a measure of rate of change to obtain numerical approximations to instantaneous speed and interpreting ‘tell me a story’ piecewise linear position-time graphs

  VC2M10AM02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Measurement

• VC2M10AM01

  solve problems involving surface area and volume of right pyramids, right cones, spheres and related composite solids

  Elaborations

  • using formulas to solve problems
  • using authentic situations to apply knowledge and understanding of surface area and volume

  VC2M10AM01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Measurement

• VC2M10AN03

  use the definition of a logarithm to establish and apply the laws of logarithms and investigate logarithmic scales in measurement

  Elaborations

  • investigating the relationship between exponential and logarithmic expressions
  • simplifying expressions using the logarithm laws
  • investigating the use of logarithmic scales to represent very small and very large quantities

  VC2M10AN03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Number

• VC2M10AN02

  perform operations on numbers involving fractional exponents and surds

  Elaborations

  • exploring the notion that amn= a1nm= anm= amn=am1n , where m is a non-zero integer and n is a natural number, and evaluating corresponding expressions; for example, 823=832= 22=4  and 823= 823=643=4

  VC2M10AN02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10A | Number