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• VCLAU024

  Expand vocabulary by using a range of strategies, including knowledge of roots, cognates and derivatives, and use dictionaries to determine the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary in specific contexts

  Elaborations

  • developing vocabulary lists pertinent to particular reading, for example, military words, philosophical words, poetic words
  • using a dictionary to investigate how vocabulary choices in Latin and English can express shades of meaning
  • extrapolating knowledge of word origins and roots to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary, for example, aedificium: aedifico; rex, regis: regulus
  • extending vocabulary through word-building from Latin roots, for example, caelum + colo: caelicolae, and from derivatives, for example, celestial
  • building vocabulary by recognising English words derived from supines, for example, ‘mission’ from missum
  • identifying and interpreting compound words, for example, ‘prefect’ from prae + factum
  • recognising common patterns of vowel change to identify words from the same root, for example, capere: -cip (recipere)
  • expanding vocabulary by using connections between conceptually related words, for example, pius, impius, pietas

  VCLAU024 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRC111

  Produce bilingual texts for the school or wider community, such as instructions, presentations, commentaries or contributions to newsletters that capture the experience of ‘living between languages’

  Elaborations

  • creating bilingual texts such as community information leaflets, menus, timetables or instructions which cater to the needs of members of both language communities
  • creating bilingual texts for specific audiences, for example, songs or games for younger learners of Turkish, or a schedule for a multicultural event, noticing how information and representation is differently shaped in each language
  • creating bilingual texts to inform the local community of events such as a lunchtime concert, fundraising food stall or a display at a local library or gallery
  • composing and presenting a cultural exhibition or performance for members of the school community, providing English language support in the form of captions or recorded/live commentaries
  • providing bilingual commentaries to events such as a sports carnival or talent show
  • combining excerpts of interviews in Turkish and English with older community members about life stories and migration experiences with elements such as music, images or timelines to build a multimodal presentation for a community festival or multicultural event
  • writing/recording bilingual directions for a virtual tour of the school campus, discussing how to convey particular elements in the two languages

  VCTRC111 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIC182

  Create bilingual texts in multimodal forms, including digital, that reflect aspects of culture and language for a variety of Vietnamese and Australian audiences

  Elaborations

  • creating programs for Vietnamese cultural events, including footnotes in English to explain key words, for example, tết Nguyên đán, tết Trung thu, lễ Vu lan, rằm tháng Giêng
  • creating a range of bilingual texts, such as advertisements, announcements and recipes, for different audiences and contexts, and discussing ways of expressing concepts in each language
  • creating bilingual ‘survival guides’ on language and etiquette in the form of brochures or slideshow presentation for visitors to Vietnam or Australia, and providing advice for specific scenarios, for example, at the airport, hotel, supermarket, restaurant or tourist attraction
  • creating bilingual texts in multimodal forms, including digital, that explain Vietnamese and Australian cultural practices, for example, tục lệ ngày Tết, đám giỗ, đầy tháng, thôi nôi, and New Year, Christmas, birthday or Australia Day activities
  • translating children’s stories from English into Vietnamese and vice versa, and discussing how to maintain original meaning when tailoring texts to different audiences and cultural backgrounds
  • adapting classic Australian stories for young Vietnamese readers, and explaining language and setting choices

  VCVIC182 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIU033

  Understand how the Vietnamese language has evolved and how it continues to change over time and from place to place due to processes such as globalisation and migration, and the influence of technology and popular culture

  Elaborations

  • understanding that languages and cultures change continuously in response to new ideas, social change and technological development
  • explaining Vietnamese words, phrases and concepts that have emerged as a result of technological development, for example, máy vi tính xách tay, nhấp chuột, điện thoại thông minh, nhật ký điện tử, đồ điều khiển từ xa, trò chơi trực tuyến
  • exploring how globalisation has resulted in the use of English words and expressions in Vietnamese, and discussing the advantages/disadvantages of this influence, for example, the use of English technological terms such as ‘CD’, ‘DVD’, ‘USB’, ‘video’, ‘TV’, ‘remote control’, ‘computer’, ‘laptop’, ‘internet’ and ‘website’ in spite of the existence of Vietnamese equivalents
  • examining how how new words and concepts have entered the Vietnamese language as a result of processes such as migration and international travel, for example, bảo lãnh, hộ chiếu, thị thực nhập cảnh, di dân, định cư, hội nhập, quốc tịch, thường trú nhân
  • analysing the influence of popular culture on Vietnamese language use in Vietnam and in Vietnamese-speaking communities outside Vietnam, including Australia, such as the development of new vocabulary, for example, phong cách/thời trang Hàn quốc, truyện tranh Nhật Bản, nhạc RIB/hiphop

  VCVIU033 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU138

  Recognise that languages change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring the influence of English on informal language used in daily interactions by Vietnamese people in Australia, for example, đi ‘shop’, xem ‘TV’, nghe ‘radio’, dùng ‘internet’ and the use of terms such as ‘OK’, ‘hello’ and ‘shopping’
  • recognising that many Vietnamese words are derived from other languages, including French (ba lê/‘ballet’, cà phê/‘café’), English (internet, căn-tin/‘canteen’) and Chinese (phụ huynh, tổ quốc)
  • understanding that some languages are continuously evolving, others are endangered, and some are being revived, with particular reference to indigenous languages used throughout the world, including Aboriginal languages and Torres Strait Islander languages in Australia
  • reflecting on changes in language practices in modern Vietnamese, and making comparisons with traditional Vietnamese, for example, sử ký and lịch sử, thầy u and ba mẹ, sư phụ and thầy cô

  VCVIU138 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHC104

  Mediate descriptions of Chinese and Australian life, identifying what experiences and ideas are not readily translated between cultures

  Elaborations

  • analysing Chinese texts alongside their English translations to identify the challenges of translating culture, and developing strategies to overcome these challenges, by asking: What is lost in translation? Why can’t we just translate word for word? Why does context matter?
  • reading bilingual signs in places such as restaurants, shops, pools, schools, hospitals and construction sites, and determining the effectiveness of the English translations and possible reasons for such interpretations
  • exploring ways to interpret and explain key concepts and cultural practices identified in Chinese interactions, such as 面子, and experimenting with how to give 面子 in interactions with others
  • translating information about life in Australia to Chinese readers overseas, considering the audience’s cultural experiences in order to determine what concepts they would find difficult to understand, exploring ways to elaborate on ideas to ensure clarity of meaning, and focusing on nuances of word formation and context, for example, 澳洲肥牛 (‘bushwalking’)
  • preparing a voiceover text for a video presentation on the Chinese language program or the school environment, discussing possible interpretations of the text from the viewers’ perspective and adjusting anything that is unclear before voice recording
  • considering the different terms used in the Chinese-speaking world to represent ‘Chinese person’ (中国人，华人，华侨，华裔)

  VCZHC104 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHU259

  Explain how changes in context impact on how language is adapted to convey meaning within and across languages

  Elaborations

  • exploring how living in the Australian context impacts on how they present their ideas in Chinese, for example, considering how essays written in Chinese in Australia often follow the accepted organisation and formatting of essays in the Australian education system rather than the Chinese education system
  • analysing what is valued across cultures and discussing the impact of this on how meanings are conveyed in Chinese and English, for example, quoting 孔子 or using 成语 is evidence of a higher level of literacy in Chinese, but quoting modern-day experts or using technical vocabulary is considered to be reflective of a higher education level in many English-speaking communities
  • understanding the historical traditions behind the differences between oral and written language in Chinese ( 文言 and 白话)
  • reflecting on their own different ways of communicating and how they adjust language, gesture and content to suit different contexts, cultures and languages, for example, considering topics that are acceptable in one culture but taboo in another
  • identifying differences in pronunciation and/or tone across different Chinese-speaking environments, for example, 和 is pronounced ‘hé’ in mainland China but can be pronounced as ‘hàn’ in Taiwan

  VCZHU259 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHU092

  Identify and use the characteristics of Chinese word order and explain the use of Chinese-specific grammatical features

  Elaborations

  • analysing the variety of verb types found in Chinese — for example, adjectival verbs (高、大) and modal verbs (会、可以) — and the placement and use of adverbs, for example, 都 to indicate inclusion; 就 to indicate sequence
  • identifying the placement of time and place phrases; the use of conjunctions (for example, 和 to add information; 还是/或者 to offer or indicate choices); and the role of measure words, for example, 个、只
  • exploring the clauses of a sentence in Chinese and noticing how they are linked coherently, for example, 他叫王晓明，(他) 是我的朋友 (zero subject/pronoun)
  • explaining the concept of ‘tense’ across languages, for example, asking: What tense is used in English to share ideas about a future activity? Can you exemplify how future tense is used in English? How is future tense expressed in Chinese? (我明天去北京，下个星期去上海)
  • applying processes of discourse development by joining, contrasting and sequencing using 也、和、但是、就, and exploring the use of cohesive devices and ways of extending, sequencing and elaborating ideas, for example, through the use of connectives, conjunctions and subject pronouns

  VCZHU092 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU224

  Explain how languages shape the communicative practices of individuals and groups and identify ways to enhance understanding across cultures

  Elaborations

  • considering ways in which being a bilingual speaker of Chinese and English could impact on and enhance their future life and career
  • examining how language is used to marginalise groups in society, such as how labels are used to simplify identification of groups and influence how such groups are perceived by others, for example, 蚁族、80后/90后
  • considering their own perceptions of the Chinese-speaking world and identifying the influences on their perceptions, for example, trips to China when younger; stories from grandparents
  • exploring how concepts such as modesty, individual responsibility and respect for authority influence communication styles, and how they may be interpreted by English speakers as lack of confidence, engagement or initiative
  • exploring what assumptions are inherent in one language and how the same cultural assumptions may not exist in another language, for example, analysing how the terms for ‘getting married’ differ for women (嫁出去) and men (娶妻) and the gender-neutral 结婚

  VCZHU224 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHU093

  Identify the characteristics of familiar text types, noting particular textual features distinctive to Chinese

  Elaborations

  • exploring features and conventions of Chinese texts, including lack of word spacing and punctuation, and variability in text direction, and comparing texts in traditional characters with texts in simplified characters
  • describing the major features of familiar text types in Chinese (for example, narratives), and experimenting with analysing Chinese texts, for example, recognising the ‘problem’ and the ‘resolution’ in a narrative
  • comparing textual features and language used in different types of written communication within and across languages, for example: How does the formatting of a letter and an email differ in English? Why are there such differences? How does the formatting of a letter in English compare to Chinese formatting?
  • discussing how the organisation of information reflects concepts of hierarchy and authority, for example, the placement of the date in personal correspondence; how the address is organised on a letter (小区名，楼号，楼, for example, 龙江小区蓝天园15栋2单元504室)
  • comparing textual and linguistic features in diverse forms of written Chinese texts, such as letters, emails and text messages, and exploring the use of visual symbols such as emoticons in digital correspondence
  • experimenting with features of text presentation in Chinese, for example, text direction, word spacing, punctuation, and overall paragraph format when using squared paper

  VCZHU093 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU044

  Form sentences to express details such as the time, place and manner of an action and to sequence ideas

  Elaborations

  • developing knowledge of metalinguistic terminology, discussing, for example: What is the plural form? How do we know it’s plural when reading in English? Can we tell when we read a Chinese word?
  • recognising that in Chinese, verbs convey tense without verb conjugation, for example, explaining why 有 can mean ‘have’, ‘had’ and ‘will have’
  • comparing the use of tenses in English and Chinese, for example, how future tense is often expressed through time phrases in Chinese (我明天去北京，下个星期去上海)
  • identifying the use of adverbial phrases, and extending understanding of sentence structure using subject–time–place–manner–verb–object, for example, 我星期一上学。我在墨尔本上学。我走路上学
  • examining the clauses of a sentence in Chinese and noticing how they are linked coherently, for example, 他叫王晓明，(他) 是我的朋友 (i.e. no subject/pronoun)
  • applying processes of discourse development, including joining (也、 和), contrasting (但是) and sequencing (就) information
  • using alternative language to clarify intended meaning, for example, saying 我不胖不瘦 when they don’t know the phrase 中等身材

  VCZHU044 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU095

  Identify traditional phrases and contemporary terms in everyday language use and the role of technology in changing the way people communicate

  Elaborations

  • discussing contexts where 繁体字 and 简体字 are used in Chinese-speaking communities today and exploring the use of these scripts as an expression of local identity, for example, in Hong Kong and Taiwan, or in local temples, signs and newspapers
  • understanding the nature of and reasons for the simplification process by analysing and comparing characters in both systems (简体字 and 繁体字), for example, 门-門;国-國;这-這
  • appreciating the role of myths, legends and 成语 in contemporary language use, for example, reading texts containing 成语, such as 井底之蛙，画龙点睛 within 成语故事, and discussing their intended meaning, and the cultural importance of classical language employed in contemporary contexts
  • discussing how languages influence each other, for example, how foreign concepts are represented in Chinese; interpreting the meanings of transliterations such as 可口可乐, translations such as 热狗, and hybrid forms such as 因特网
  • noticing the use of English phrases and sentences in Chinese interactions (for example, 拜拜, or a few lines of English in a Chinese pop song), and discussing the reason for the ‘code-switching’

  VCZHU095 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARC145

  Produce bilingual texts and resources such as displays, instructions and newsletters for own learning and for the school community, identifying cultural terms in either language to assist meaning

  Elaborations

  • designing bilingual texts such as a poster for a class or school assembly performance, or a newsletter about a sports carnival or school event
  • using bilingual dictionaries and electronic translating tools to create bilingual texts such as captions, menus and timetables, comparing own version with peers’ and identifying differences in translation
  • creating parallel lists of informal Arabic and English expressions for own use in everyday interactions with friends and family
  • creating bilingual texts, such as songs, a board game, a web page for recipes or an instruction manual for a game, identifying and labelling culture-specific terms to support understanding

  VCARC145 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCARU186

  Reflect on the dynamic nature of language, relating it to constantly changing environments and cultural conditions such as contact with other languages and cultures and changing circumstances in local and global contexts

  Elaborations

  • recognising that language changes over time, for example, by viewing classical and contemporary Arabic films and comparing how certain ideas and concepts are differently represented through the language used
  • examining how English is influencing and modifying Arabic language use in particular settings, for example, in the entertainment industry, such as in films and television programs; in online contexts; and in language used to express global concepts such as الدّيمقراطيّة؛ الّليبراليّة
  • considering how moving between Modern Standard Arabic and regional dialects reflects personal, social and political histories and changing contexts

  VCARU186 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCARU116

  Recognise that language is organised as text, and that texts such as songs, stories and labels have different features

  Elaborations

  • listening to, reading and viewing different types of simple texts in Arabic, such as stories, songs and captions, understanding that the Arabic script is written from right to left and that books and papers are written from back to front
  • observing typical features of familiar Arabic texts, such as stories, nursery rhymes and signs, for example,

    ليلى والذئب؛ الارنب والسلحفاة؛ الخنازير الثلاثة؛ كان يا ما كان

  • comparing similar texts in Arabic and English and noticing how they are the same or different, for example, a counting song, street sign, labels at a supermarket, or a cover of a picture book

  VCARU116 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU119

  Understand that the languages people use and the way they use them relate to who they are, where and how they live and what is important to them

  Elaborations

  • exploring the meaning of ‘culture’, and understanding that it involves visible elements, such as ways of eating and behaving, and invisible elements, such as how people live, what they value and how they think of themselves and others
  • recognising similarities and differences between naming systems across languages represented in the classroom, and noticing that Arabic-speaking students may have names derived from other cultures and languages
  • understanding that some Australian-English terms and expressions have no equivalent in Arabic, for example, ‘billabong’ or ‘the bush’, and that terms such as ‘the movies’, ‘footy’ and ‘backyard’ reflect aspects of culture in the Australian context

  VCARU119 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCASFC189

  Create bilingual texts to use in the wider school community, identifying words/signs or expressions that carry specific cultural meaning in either language

  Elaborations

  • capturing and presenting stories recorded from interviews in Auslan with members of the Deaf community, captioning the interviews in English
  • captioning examples of classmates’ work in Auslan, such as short stories or poems
  • creating translations of song lyrics for performance in Auslan
  • making a short documentary in Auslan about a topical issue, moving through the processes of drafting, translating, editing and captioning, trialling alternative captioning tools
  • captioning and providing voice-over for student-generated filmed Auslan texts, such as fairytales created for a young deaf audience
  • creating bilingual versions of short, simple texts such as instructions for a game or procedures for a recipe

  VCASFC189 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFU033

  Understand how signers make different language choices in different types of texts depending on the purpose and intended audience, and explore how space is used in Auslan for purposes of textual cohesion

  Elaborations

  • noticing that differing purposes in the creation of Auslan texts result in differing types and amounts of signing, for example, the use of more CA in narratives
  • comparing a short text in Auslan with an equivalent type of English text (for example, a recount in both languages) and noticing similarities and differences in structure and language features
  • identifying with support, examples of signers associating non-present referents with locations in signing space
  • identifying examples of signers pointing to an established location to refer to something
  • identifying how signers establish locations and noticing how this helps the audience to recognise who or what the referents are (actor and undergoer)

  VCASFU033 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEC164

  Consider how personal experiences, family origins, traditions and beliefs impact on identity and shape intercultural experiences

  Elaborations

  • mapping their own linguistic and cultural profile, for example, by creating a chart, timeline or web profile to highlight formative elements such as family languages, key relationships and intercultural experiences
  • reflecting on the experience of learning and using German, considering how it might add a further dimension to own sense of identity
  • discussing how they would represent Australia in a cultural forum, for example, what they would wear or take along to an International Students Day function held in Austria
  • discussing in English the issue of identity and gender-inclusive language in German, for example, Schüler; Schüler und Schülerinnen; SchülerInnen

  VCDEC164 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCDEC026

  Create bilingual texts such as captions, glossaries or footnotes to interpret cultural and linguistic aspects of texts

  Elaborations

  • providing bilingual captions for images of scenes from Australia and German-speaking countries to explain cultural aspects, for example, bush, forest, mountain, beach or city images
  • creating websites or printed guides for international students intending to attend Australian schools, highlighting key terms and expressions associated with traditions, curricula, schedules or routines, and including footnotes as necessary
  • providing vocabulary lists and annotated cultural explanations for German-speaking visitors to events such as Australian sports days, swimming carnivals or family barbecues, explaining terms such as ‘BYO (food/chair)’
  • creating English captions, commentaries or subtitles for German multimodal texts to explain cultural and linguistic aspects

  VCDEC026 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating