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• VCDEU152

  Understand why language is important and recognise that languages and cultures change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring the function of language in social and educational life, for example, listing and discussing how, where and why they use language in the course of a day
  • discovering some of the English words used by German speakers (das Internet, die App, Stopp!, Sorry!) and considering if they are the same kinds of words as those borrowed from German by English
  • understanding that German, like all languages, is constantly expanding to include new words and expressions in response to changing intercultural experiences, for example, Fast Food, Fairness

  VCDEU152 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELA424

  Understand how conventions of speech adopted by communities influence the identities of people in those communities

  Elaborations

  • understanding that our use of language helps to create different identities, for example teenage groups and sportspeople have adopted particular words or ways of speaking

  VCELA424 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELT253

  Discuss how language is used to describe the settings in texts, and explore how the settings shape the events and influence the mood of the narrative

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing the use of descriptive adjectives (‘in the middle of a vast, bare plain’) to establish setting and atmosphere (‘the castle loomed dark and forbidding’) and to draw readers into events that follow
  • discussing the language used to describe the traits of characters in stories, their actions and motivations: ‘Claire was so lonely; she desperately wanted a pet and she was afraid she would do anything, just anything, to have one to care for’

  VCELT253 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELT342

  Identify and explain how choices in language, including modality, emphasis, repetition and metaphor, influence personal response to different texts

  Elaborations

  • noting how degrees of possibility are opened up through the use of modal verbs (for example, ‘It may be a solution’ as compared to ‘It could be a solution’), as well as through other resources such as adverbs (for example, ‘It’s possibly/probably/certainly a solution’), adjectives (for example, ‘It’s a possible/probable/certain solution’); and nouns (for example, ‘It’s a possibility/probability’)

  VCELT342 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELT372

  Compare the ways that language and images are used to create character, and to influence emotions and opinions in different types of texts

  Elaborations

  • identifying stereotypes, prejudice and oversimplifications in texts
  • exploring ethical issues in literary texts drawing on a range of examples from the texts to illustrate and substantiate the views expressed

  VCELT372 | Curriculum content | English | Level 7 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCESC191

  Explore and compare cultural traditions in both the Spanish-speaking world and their own cultural contexts, considering how these influence identity

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on own cultural identity in terms of family background, community relationships and contact with languages (including Spanish), and tracking changes over time
  • composing an online ‘cultural ID profile’ to exchange with Spanish-speaking peers, making decisions about what points of information will be of most interest
  • discussing whether or not they believe that the study of Spanish has influenced their own identity, and explaining their opinions to others

  VCESC191 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCESU032

  Analyse textual features of spoken, written and digital texts and consider how they shape meaning and influence responses

  Elaborations

  • comparing language features of Spanish and English versions of different types of texts, such as riddles, weather reports, text messages or horoscopes, noting differences that may be culturally significant
  • examining language structures and features used for specific communicative effect, such as to persuade, amuse, sympathise, challenge, include or exclude
  • understanding textual elements that provide coherence at a whole text level, such as cohesive devices (sin, aunque, debido a, según, por otro lado), linked paragraphs, introductions and summaries, and sequencing of ideas

  VCESU032 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRC046

  Compare ways of communicating in Australian and French-speaking contexts, and identify ways that culture influences language use

  Elaborations

  • observing interactions between French speakers and comparing them with interactions in similar Australian contexts, for example, students in a school cantine selecting une entrée, un plat principal et un dessert; and people interacting in the street, in shops or at réunions de famille, using either tu or vous forms of address
  • exploring how children from French-speaking communities around the world use different words and expressions (for example, tchop for manger, chamboul for la chambre, n’damba for le football in Cameroun; le chum (tchomme) for le copain, and l’avant-midi for le matin in Québec), and considering why such variations exist
  • reflecting on instances when interactions in French have felt awkward or difficult (for example, using polite or gendered forms of language), and explaining why this might be the case for speakers of Australian English
  • planning a virtual or actual visit to a French school, and deciding on strategies for effective communication, for example, planning how to ‘read’ cultural information and to adjust own behaviour if required

  VCFRC046 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCGGK145

  Environmental, economic and technological factors that influence environmental change and human responses to its management

  Elaborations

  • identifying human-induced environmental changes, such as water and atmospheric pollution, loss of biodiversity, degradation of land, inland and coastal aquatic environments, and evaluating the challenges they pose for the sustainability of environmental functions
  • evaluating the concept of ecosystem services and the importance of these services for sustainability of biodiversity
  • discussing whether environmental change is necessarily a problem that should be managed
  • proposing geographical management strategies for the environmental change being investigated, for example, establishing reserves and corridors to preserve biodiversity (a spatial strategy), ecosystem-based management (an environmental strategy), urban planning to reduce energy consumption (a spatial strategy), and addressing the underlying as well as immediate causes of environmental change (holistic thinking)
  • applying the concept of place to explain the variety of strategies and solutions to similar environmental changes in different places

  VCGGK145 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 9 and 10 | Geographical Knowledge | Environmental change and management

• VCGGK111

  Factors that influence the decisions people make about where to live and their perceptions of the liveability of places

  Elaborations

  • investigating their and others’ interpretations of the concept of liveability and why what makes a place liveable may vary from person to person according to age, education, income, cultural background and other variables
  • comparing student access to and use of places and spaces in their local area and evaluating how this affects perceptions of liveability
  • discussing why many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples live on their Country/Place or might prefer to if they had the choice

  VCGGK111 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Place and liveability

• VCGGK083

  Similarities and differences in individuals’ and groups’ feelings and perceptions about places, and how they influence views about the protection of these places

  Elaborations

  • reading and viewing poems, songs, paintings and stories concerning people’s feelings about places as part of an exploration of the factors that influence views on the protection of places
  • discussing why it is important to protect places that have special significance for people. For example, a wetland, a site sacred to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples , a national park or a World Heritage site
  • designing actions that people could take to protect and improve places in the local area that people perceive as important and discussing the likely reactions of different groups of people to these ideas

  VCGGK083 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 3 and 4 | Geographical Knowledge | Diversity and significance of places and environments

• VCGGK070

  Activities in the local place and reasons for their location, and the influence of purpose, distance and accessibility on the frequency with which people visit places

  Elaborations

  • identifying the activities located in their place, such as retailing, medical, educational, police, religious, recreational, farming, manufacturing or office activities, locating them on a pictorial map, and suggesting why they are located where they are
  • investigating the places they and their families visit for shopping recreation, religious or ceremonial activities, or other reasons
  • suggesting what the pattern of visits to places might have been two generations ago and comparing this to their current pattern
  • investigating how people's patterns of visits to places are affected by transport and information and telecommunications technologies

  VCGGK070 | The Humanities | Geography | Foundation to Level 2 | Geographical Knowledge | Places and our connections to them

• VCGRCU011

  Understand that Greek spread with the expansion of the ancient Greek world, and developed over time, influencing English and other languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Greek is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, related to other ancient languages, such as Latin, Sanskrit and Old Persian
  • recognising that Greek has been spoken in various forms uninterruptedly from the 3rd millennium BCE to the present day and has been documented in writing since about 1450 BCE
  • recognising that Classical Greek is a specific form of the language, evolved from earlier forms such as Mycenaean Greek and the Archaic Greek used in the epics of Homer
  • identifying Classical Greek as the Attic/Ionic dialect of the language spoken in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE in Athens, many Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor
  • recognising that Classical Greek was the form of the language used by significant ancient Greek authors, such as Thucydides, Sophocles, Plato, Lysias
  • locating on a map the places where Greek was spoken in antiquity around the Mediterranean basin from Spain to the coast of Turkey and across the Black Sea
  • investigating how the geography of mainland Greece influenced the development of independent city-states such as Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes
  • exploring the spread of Greek colonies across the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines, such as Syracuse (Sicily), Naples (Italy), Marseilles (France), Cyrene (Libya), Miletus (Turkey), Emporion (Spain)
  • identifying and using Classical Greek derivatives to expand own English vocabulary, for example, sceptic, cynic, antithesis
  • recognising connections between the spelling of Classical Greek and English words and applying understanding to improve own spelling in English, for example, psychology, rhythm, seismology
  • identifying expressions in Classical Greek that are commonly used in English, for example, hoi polloi, eureka
  • identifying words of Classical Greek origin that are used as school subjects, for example, mathematics, history, geography, music, drama, biology, chemistry, physics, philosophy, psychology, economics
  • identifying and collecting word families in which the same Classical Greek root is used with different prefixes or suffixes, for example, calligraphy, biography, biology, technology, paralysis, analysis, Palaeolithic, palaeontology
  • applying knowledge of Classical Greek to understand words and expressions in Modern Greek, such as signs in shops and public places, for example ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΣ, ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ, ΙΧΘΥΟΠΩΛΕΙΟΝ, ΦΑΡΜΑΚΕΙΟΝ, έν τάξει, κλειστόν
  • identifying similarities between Classical Greek and other Indo-European languages by comparing cognate words, such as ἕξ: sex (Latin), sechs (German), six; πατήρ: pater (Latin), Vater (German), father

  VCGRCU011 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCHHK129

  Causes that led to the Industrial Revolution, and other conditions and ideas that influenced the industrialisation of Britain and of Australia

  Elaborations

  • explaining why the agricultural revolution including access to raw materials, wealthy middle class, cheap labour, transport system, and expanding empire caused the Industrial Revolution
  • mapping the British Empire c.1800 CE and the raw materials it obtained from colonies, for example, sugar from Jamaica, wool from Australia, and cotton from India
  • explaining changes in technology, for example steam-driven spinning mills, railways and steam ships, which led to factories and cities
  • identifying the spread of innovations such as steam power, iron and steel production, transport; and chemicals in Europe, USA and Japan

  VCHHK129 | The Humanities | History | Levels 9 and 10 | Historical Knowledge | The making of the modern world | Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1914)

• VCHPEP111

  Recognise how media and important people in the community influence personal attitudes, beliefs, decisions and behaviours

  Elaborations

  • examining how media and public identities influence the way people act and the choices they make
  • sharing how important people in their life influence them to act or behave in a healthy or safe way
  • analysing health messages in the media and comparing their interpretations with those of other members of the class

  VCHPEP111 | Health and Physical Education | Levels 5 and 6 | Personal, Social and Community Health | Communicating and interacting for health and wellbeing

• VCIDC113

  Interact with others, monitoring how identity influences intercultural exchange, and reflect on own identity and the diversity of Indonesian identities

  Elaborations

  • analysing language choices and gestures used by Indonesian speakers and considering whether or not and how to use these in own communication, for example, using Muslim prayer times to refer to times of the day such as waktu subuh (at dawn), waktu maghrib (at sunset)
  • reflecting on choices made to reveal or conceal aspects of identity when interacting with different people across cultures (for example, Ibu dan bapak saya sudah bercerai, Ini adik tiri saya, saya tidak beragama)
  • gathering examples of language/s used by various people in different contexts, including the range of languages spoken by Indonesians, and discussing how the examples reveal aspects of identity
  • monitoring own language use and identity across a range of intercultural interactions, such as by using a blog or journal, and considering own views about being a learner and user of Indonesian

  VCIDC113 | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCIDC079

  Engage in intercultural experiences, reflecting on how aspects of identity such as ethnicity and religion influence language use and understanding of the experience

  Elaborations

  • sharing personal information with Indonesian peers, in conversations and correspondence, choosing which aspects of own identity to convey and noticing how language use reflects aspects of identity such as family background and religion
  • analysing how own cultural norms impact on interpretations of Indonesian texts, for example, noticing reactions to an article about cultural practices such as upacara mengikir gigi, an advice column about having a boyfriend or girlfriend, or a fashion blog about ways to wear a hijab
  • reflecting on the role of language in expressing own identity, considering when, with whom and why different languages are used and reflecting on whether own identity changes in different languages, for example, use of gesture and register
  • describing impressions and reactions while reflecting on intercultural learning, for example, saya rasa, lebih daripada… dibandingkan..., sekarang saya paham/mengerti, mata saya terbuka (…membuka mata saya)
  • monitoring and recording own reactions when communicating in Indonesian, for example, keeping a journal of key moments and considering how own perspective may have changed over time

  VCIDC079 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCIDU067

  Understand that Indonesian, like other languages, continues to change over time due to influences such as globalisation and technology

  Elaborations

  • analysing the influence of other languages on Indonesian, such as in advertising and technology, food, administration, religion and everyday life, for example, modern, handphone, satelit (English); mie (Chinese); sepatu (Portuguese); kantor (Dutch); guru (Sanskrit); mahal (Arabic), raja (Hindi)
  • recording a range of borrowed words and examining their structure and rules of use, for example, meng-upload, ber-AC
  • investigating the origins of borrowed words to discover when, how and by whom new words and expressions were introduced into Indonesian and which languages have borrowed from languages of Indonesia, for example, Makassan terms in Yolngu (balanda, rupiah)

  VCIDU067 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCITC030

  Compare experiences, noticing how these are influenced by language and culture and how readily they may be expressed in Italian

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on cultural differences between everyday life in Italy and Australia, for example, asking how their school day would change if they went to primary school in Italy or what they would find interesting about sharing a lunch with an Italian family, and why; and considering what they would tell a visiting Italian child about how their own family celebrates Christmas, and explaining their choices
  • noticing the influence of important events such as religious celebrations on childhood experiences (for example, le lezioni settimanali di catechismo, la Prima Comunione, andare alla Scuola Media) and connecting these to their own experiences
  • recognising similarities in the Italian and Australian schooling systems (for example, la maestra, l’aula, il cortile), and differences (for example, il bidello, la mensa, il giardino, le scale), and noticing that the Italian school day is different for cultural reasons
  • noticing similarities between Australian and Italian cultures in major celebrations like Christmas (l’albero di Natale) and Easter (l’uovo di cioccolata), as well as differences, for example, the presence of il presepe at Christmas, and the presence of la sorpresa dentro all’uovo di cioccolata at Easter
  • noticing how their own language use influences expectations about Italian language use, such as seeing word order as ‘back to front’, for example, la macchina rossa = the red car
  • discussing distinctive social and cultural practices such as celebrations, for example, Santo Stefano, Ferragosto, Carnevale or Pasquetta
  • considering messages in Italian children’s stories and making comparisons with own experiences, for example, Is that the same or different for me? What would I do or say in that particular situation?
  • considering own and others’ cultural assumptions about home, school and leisure, and how these may be different in an Italian context

  VCITC030 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCJAU035

  Understand that the Japanese language has evolved and developed through different periods of influence and cultural and societal change

  Elaborations

  • understanding that each region of Japan has its own dialect and accents, and that Japan, like Australia, also has some indigenous languages
  • finding examples of ways in which social and cultural influences impact on language, for example, the abbreviation of borrowed words in Japanese, such as スマホ、 パソコン、 the combination of borrowed words + する、 オーガナイズ する、 and メル友 for e-pal
  • considering how globalisation has accelerated the introduction of English words and expressions into Japanese, and discussing possible benefits and disadvantages associated with the blending and mixing of languages
  • discussing possible reasons for changes in Japanese language use, such as exposure to other languages, changing attitudes to social practices, involvement in social media and digital communication
  • exploring the influence of Japanese popular culture in Australia and around the world, such as the influence of Japanese design and technology and the popularity of J-pop, electronic games, anime, manga and cosplay

  VCJAU035 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change