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• VCCCTQ011

  Explore reactions to a given situation or problem and consider the effect of pre-established preferences

  Elaborations

  • examining health messages about particular foods and reflecting on whether their reaction to the message is influenced by whether they like the food or not
  • examining how a particular win/loss record might establish expectations for future outcomes
  • making predictions, for example about the buoyancy of objects in different liquids, then posing questions such as ‘how did our previous knowledge about the buoyancy of an object affect our predictions?’

  VCCCTQ011 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTQ063

  Explore questions about the world around them

  Elaborations

  • experiencing the sensory characteristics of familiar objects and exploring what is the same and different
  • actively exploring objects and materials in a wide variety of familiar contexts and structured environments
  • exploring the answer to questions related to their feelings and preferences in structured experiences and situations
  • answering questions by making choices and experiencing the consequences

  VCCCTQ063 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level B | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTQ012

  Investigate different techniques to sort facts and extend known ideas to generate novel and imaginative ideas

  Elaborations

  • using a table to compare observable features of living, non-living and once living things; creating a checklist of what makes something living; and using the table and checklist to imagine a new living creature
  • using a technique such as ‘SCAMPER’ to generate novel ideas for the use of particular objects, for example adapting an object originally intended for cooking to be a musical instrument
  • exploring the technique of breaking down a movement sequence into its smaller parts and then rethinking the combination of those parts when creating a new movement sequence
  • exploring strategies to determine the strength of rules to explain patterns of numbers or shapes

  VCCCTQ012 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTQ001

  Identify, describe and use different kinds of question stems to gather information and ideas

  Elaborations

  • constructing questions with different stems (what, how, when, why) to match a given range of answers, for example about the seasons
  • responding to a prompt such as a historical image and using question stems to construct as many different questions as possible to gather information
  • discussing what types of question stems can be used, for example, to respond to an artwork, or to find out about someone’s personal strengths

  VCCCTQ001 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTR059

  Exposure to meaning through practical application and example in everyday experiences

  Elaborations

  • beginning to use past experience to predict their preference, for example smile when they see their parent, reaching towards a preferred object
  • developing and refining reactions and responses based on adult feedback, for example developing a noise, action or gesture to gain attention

  VCCCTR059 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level A | Reasoning

• VCCCTR006

  Consider how reasons and examples are used to support a point of view and illustrate meaning

  Elaborations

  • comparing a reason supported by an example and one without an example to show how examples help to clarify meaning
  • identifying how curiosity about the past compared to the present, can lead to seeking reasons and supporting examples
  • investigating how reasons can assist in decision-making between alternatives, for example discussing preferences for different data displays and how giving reasons for preferences assists with the final decision

  VCCCTR006 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR047

  Examine how to identify and analyse suppressed premises and assumptions

  Elaborations

  • analysing inferences and the assumptions they are based on and discussing if these are justified
  • discussing a claim that an assumption is ‘self-evident’ and does not need to be separately argued for, for example that projected rapid population growth will decrease food security
  • supplying a suppressed premise in order to fill a gap in an argument and justifying the selection

  VCCCTR047 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 9 and 10 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR027

  Examine the difference between valid and sound arguments and between inductive and deductive reasoning, and their degrees of certainty

  Elaborations

  • exploring the link between probability and inductive reasoning, for example when conducting chance experiments
  • discussing how predictions in science can be based on inductive reasoning, for example making predictions based past observations; or deductive reasoning, for example making predictions based on general rules
  • investigating how an argument can be logically valid but not sound for example All gladiators were men, the person in this historical source is a female, therefore, the person could not have been a gladiator, when some gladiators were female (premise one is false) and the person in the picture was actually male (premise two is false)
  • examining the distinction between sound and valid arguments in the context of a topic such as stereotyping; for example ‘All boys can run faster than girls, we only need fast runners for this team, therefore boys should be picked for this team’

  VCCCTR027 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR026

  Consider when analogies might be used in expressing a point of view and how they should be expressed and evaluated

  Elaborations

  • considering a range of sample analogies and discussing possible sources for analogies, for example, personal experience
  • examining the form of an argument by analogy and constructing examples, for example ‘just as a machine goes rusty and stiffens if the parts don’t move, people’s bodies also need to move’ as part of a promotion strategy for exercise
  • discussing the strength of an analogy by examining whether there is good reason to think that a particular characteristic is shared, for example that people’s bodies share an adequate degree of similarity with machines in an analogy about the need to keep machines maintained and exercise

  VCCCTR026 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR068

  Make connections about objects and their purpose and application

  Elaborations

  • using trial and error to play with or make something work
  • making choices from past experience
  • matching objects with their purpose and application

  VCCCTR068 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level B | Reasoning

• VCCCTR017

  Explore distinctions when organising and sorting information and ideas from a range of sources

  Elaborations

  • discussing what things have in common and what is different and identifying the differences as distinctions, for example comparing music instruments from different cultures
  • using a graphic organiser to identify the category that things have in common and the differences within the category and reporting on the distinctions, for example categorising materials as solid or liquid and identifying differences within each category
  • discussing why distinctions may need to be made when developing a packaging design solution, for example to find the material that is the strongest or most durable; most environmental friendly; cheapest

  VCCCTR017 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR077

  Express preferences drawing on past experiences and everyday examples

  Elaborations

  • responding to a real-life scenario and demonstrating preferences and how you would make a choice between objects and events
  • using images and objects to demonstrate their preferences
  • selecting an object from a group and explain why this one was chosen

  VCCCTR077 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level C | Reasoning

• VCCCTR035

  Examine common reasoning errors including circular arguments and cause and effect fallacies

  Elaborations

  • using examples to identify the nature of circular arguments, in which the conclusion has been included as a premise such as, ‘Gun control violates human freedom, because restricting the manufacture, sale, and use of firearms is a threat to our liberty’
  • identifying reasoning errors such as circular arguments or tautologies and using these to help evaluate and redraft written responses, such as ‘The speaker is effective because they spoke well’
  • investigating what the gambler’s fallacy is and how casinos exploit it as part of a financial literacy program
  • discussing problems with reasoning ‘if P then Q; Q, therefore P'; for example, if someone is psychic then they should be able to correctly predict something, they correctly predicted something, therefore they must be psychic

  VCCCTR035 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR075

  Create conclusions based on exploration

  Elaborations

  • communicating their discoveries and understandings from investigations and learning experiences
  • assisting to create conclusions about investigations and problem solving activities
  • indicating choices and how a decision can be made when selecting one

  VCCCTR075 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level C | Reasoning

• VCCCTR024

  Investigate common reasoning errors including contradiction and inconsistency, and the influence of context

  Elaborations

  • using an example such as the statement: "I love chocolate and I hate chocolate" to discuss whether different contexts can explain apparent inconsistencies
  • identifying an apparent contradiction in a point of view and discussing whether clarifying what is meant would resolve it; for example, clarifying that apparently having time to pay attention to the teacher but not to read the textbook is not a contradiction about wanting to learn but rather an indication of difficulty in understanding the textbook

  VCCCTR024 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR039

  Examine how to select appropriate criteria and how criteria are used in clarifying and challenging arguments and ideas

  Elaborations

  • examining arguments for and against a proposal such as changes to the law related to compulsory wearing of a bike helmet and clarifying whether each argument uses the same or different criteria and how this affects the ability to meaningfully compare the arguments
  • comparing the clarity of ideas formed with and without criteria and discussing their usefulness, for example comparing the quality of feedback that would be received against given criteria with an open response
  • identifying considerations that influence selection of criteria, such as considering the nature of the “horror” genre when identifying criteria to compare works within the “horror” genre

  VCCCTR039 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR028

  Explore what a criterion is, different kinds of criteria, and how to select appropriate criteria for the purposes of filtering information and ideas

  Elaborations

  • discussing how criteria can be based on different considerations, such as goals/purpose, definitions/characteristics, standards/ideals and/or rules giving examples for each consideration
  • developing a definition of a criterion as a consideration used to help make a decision
  • identifying a purpose for a planned product such as a pencil case, and distinguishing between what is essential and desirable or both as a way of selecting and weighting criteria that will be used to evaluate how well the purpose is met

  VCCCTR028 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR036

  Investigate the difference between a description, an explanation and a correlation and scepticism about cause and effect

  Elaborations

  • identifying reasons for possible scepticism about cause and effect such as a sample size that is too small or an exaggerated claim, for example, a marketing claim that someone’s relationship success is due to one particular product
  • examining maps to identify spatial patterns and discussing why a mere association, for example between liveability indicators such as housing density and access to shopping centres or train stations, does not in itself show a particular cause and effect

  VCCCTR036 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR004

  Examine words that show reasons and words that show conclusions

  Elaborations

  • asking what happened or was decided ‘in the end’ to show what a conclusion is
  • listening to sentences that show a conclusion and a reason and identifying which words or phrases show each

  VCCCTR004 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Foundation to Level 2 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR066

  Experience reasoning and conclusions

  Elaborations

  • participating in routine experiences and experiencing teachers explaining reasons for courses of action
  • participating in structured activities which result in a conclusion being established
  • exploring objects and developing an understanding, idea and/or concept

  VCCCTR066 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Level B | Reasoning