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• VCVIU118

  Understand some first elements of Vietnamese grammar, such as personal pronouns, frequently used nouns, adjectives, verbs and prepositions, and basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • noticing that there are multiple forms of personal pronouns in Vietnamese compared to English, for example, con, cháu, em, tôi, mình, anh, chị versus ‘I’ and ‘you’
  • using common adjectives such as to, nhỏ, cũ, mới, ngắn and dài to describe people, animals and objects, noticing that nouns come before adjectives, for example, áo xanh
  • using common verb forms, for example, ăn, uống, chơi, ngủ, đọc, nghe, viết, hỏi, trả lời, nói, thích
  • recognising common prepositions relating to location, for example, trong, ngoài, trên, dưới, ở giữa
  • using vocabulary relating to time, such as days of the week (thứ Hai, thứ Ba, thứ Tư), months of the year (tháng Giêng/tháng Một, tháng Hai, tháng Tư, tháng Chạp/Mười hai) and ‘o’clock time’ (một giờ, hai giờ)
  • developing vocabulary knowledge relating to the school context, for example, cái bảng, lớp học, giờ ra chơi, ăn trưa, sân chơi, cổng trường, thư viện
  • recognising basic structures of closed and open-ended questions, for example, Em thích nghe truyện cổ tích không? Tại sao em thích truyện ‘Cô bé quàng khăn đỏ’?
  • using some question words in familiar contexts, for example, ai, cái gì, ở đâu, bao nhiêu
  • recognising word order in simple sentences, noticing that the subject is placed before the predicate, for example, Em + đi học

  VCVIU118 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU187

  Understand the relationship between purpose, audience, context, linguistic features, and textual and cultural elements associated with different types of personal, reflective, informative and persuasive texts

  Elaborations

  • analysing how language choices help achieve particular purposes and effects, for example, descriptive language to promote a product, evaluative language to reflect on an experience or to review a literary work, persuasive language to influence audience, or humorous techniques to entertain
  • recognising and explaining cultural aspects reflected in a range of texts, including multimodal and digital texts, such as school reports, weather reports, official announcements, television programs, or recipes, particularly in the use of idiomatic expressions or proverbs
  • identifying appropriate salutations, depending on personal relationship or social ranking, in specific text types such as emails, speeches or interviews, for example, Kính thưa … /Thưa … , …thân mến/thương mến, kính chào/chào …
  • understanding and transforming texts to suit different purposes (to persuade, to entertain), different audiences (children, adolescents, Vietnamese people, Australians) and different types of texts (an article, a report, speech)
  • understanding the importance of choosing a text type appropriate to their audience and purpose, for example, a speech to persuade Year 8 students to choose Vietnamese as their elective in Year 9, or an article to express own opinions on the impact of technology on teenagers
  • recognising and analysing similarities or differences that might be culturally significant across cultures, for example, similarities such as the use of the heart as a symbol of love or pigeons as a symbol of peace, and differences such as the use of the colour white to signify purity in Western cultures but bad luck in Eastern cultures
  • recognising and discussing cultural concepts or values reflected in texts, for example, cultural icons used in commercial advertisements
  • identifying language features and cultural references that contribute to the overall meaning or purpose of texts, for example, a rhetorical question such as Chẳng lẽ chúng ta chịu bó tay sao? to call for action, or truyền thống tôn sư trọng đạo to promote the value of education

  VCVIU187 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHC161

  Interact and socialise with familiar groups and individuals, exchanging personal information such as sporting achievements, favourite pastimes, and sharing perspectives on aspects of contemporary life such as popular music

  Elaborations

  • contributing to class discussions to share opinions on topics such as homework and study habits, parental expectations and generational differences; elaborating on own perspectives, clarifying ideas and opinions (for example, 奥运会 我既为澳大利亚加油 也为中国加油， 因为这两个国家对我来说都很重要), and summarising various perspectives in interaction, for example, 大家的意思是… or 也就是说…
  • initiating conversations to share aspects of personal world such as a recent overseas holiday, future plans, achievements in life, for example, 你知道我今年冬天去了哪儿吗？ 说起来真好玩
  • acknowledging others’ ideas and indicating agreement or disagreement in non-judgmental ways (for example, 我们也没办法，不得不…); using language to persuade or influence others, for example, listing possible consequences (要不然; 如果… … 的话; 那么 …)
  • eliciting others’ opinions; exploring others’ perspectives and the influences on their perspectives; asking questions and inviting elaboration (for example, 你为什么说…?); and responding to others’ opinions by providing a different perspective, for example, 你说你喜欢滑雪， 我也很喜欢滑雪。 因为滑雪不仅有趣， 它也是很好的运动，可以锻炼身体；你还可以和家人一起滑雪，所以它也是很好的家庭活动
  • sharing experiences relating to school (for example, camps, excursions, class activities) and leisure (for example, sporting competitions, television programs, family holidays) with participants of online communities of Chinese speakers, such as educational blogs
  • responding to enquiries from others through correspondence and online communities, and describing lifestyle of Australian young people with attention to what makes Australia unique, for example, 澳大利亚有…，人们生活…
  • engaging with educational social media to document own experiences and achievements by posting a weekly journal or blog for others to read, for example, 本周XX俱乐部足球赛
  • using mobile technologies to maintain contact, share thoughts and experiences, and plan activities with Chinese classmates

  VCZHC161 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCZHC067

  Analyse, compare and present perspectives on topics of interest, identifying the different ways emotions, intentions and ideas are expressed

  Elaborations

  • discussing differences in the way events are reported in different media sources, such as local and national Chinese TV news programs
  • collating and analysing data on life in Chinese communities (such as positive and negative experiences of adjustment to life in Australia, impressions of Australian education system, and perspectives on the Australian national character) by interviewing Chinese speakers and utilising a range of graphic organisers to collate and compare ideas from diverse sources and perspectives
  • presenting or supporting a personal position or view by reconstructing information from diverse sources, summarising key points, and using quotes or supporting information, acknowledging diverse perspectives and sources of information and the views of others by using reported speech, and using forms of presentation appropriate to the subject matter, for example, using charts or images to support text
  • gathering information on an issue from different sources and reporting on it to others, using tools such as tables, graphic organisers and charts, and discussing whether the information is similar or different in different sources and why
  • extracting details and main ideas from texts, making judgments about their relevance and discussing contrasting points of view, for example, selecting the main events from an article, identifying core data from interviews, identifying gist and main point/s of a spoken interaction, or analysing different interpretations of meaning in a conversation
  • comparing different perspectives on the same event or on a topical issue such as intergenerational relationships, the environment, or food choices
  • making presentations on aspects of cultural practices and lifestyles in Chinese communities, providing a balanced perspective and avoiding stereotyping, for example, 很多中国人…；据报道，百分之三十的人口…
  • creating and displaying posters to raise peers’ awareness and help promote the messages of charity organisations conducting work in China
  • sharing own interest in people, places and events in the Chinese world by reading about places and historical figures (such as 秦始皇, 毛泽东) and writing articles for the school newsletter to inform others, recommending further reading and websites (Chinese and English)

  VCZHC067 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCZHC129

  Interact and socialise with peers and teachers to exchange thoughts and feelings about home routines, leisure activities and community events

  Elaborations

  • participating in conversations about home and leisure activities, expressing opinions and comparing experiences relating to hobbies, interests and routines, for example, 你喜欢做什么？ , 我喜欢游泳。, 你几点放学？, 我三点放学，比较早
  • discussing topics beyond the immediate home context, including subjects from other learning areas, for example, 乘法口诀, 名人 and 地理
  • asking questions to seek permission from the teacher, for example, 我可以上厕所吗？ / 老师，我们明天有没有汉语课？/ 老师，我可以用铅笔写字吗？
  • repeating the teacher’s instructions to help clarify and maintain class activities, for example, 老师说我们先看这个DVD，再做题
  • initiating and maintaining communication by taking turns (for example, making suggestions such as 我们要不要一起去 or 我们一起去吧) and responding to the suggestions of others in an appropriate manner, such as 好的, or through gesture
  • creating short texts such as emails, letters and text messages to interact with others, for example, to invite, congratulate or thank someone
  • producing short texts such as descriptions of a place or feature or the rules of behaviour for different events, situations or activities
  • participating in shared blogs, exchanging information with students from sister school, for example, 你好，我叫 Ann, 我是澳大利亚的学生
  • using emoticons such as >_<||| in digital communication to enhance meaning

  VCZHC129 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC145

  Communicate with each other and with teachers about aspects of their personal worlds, daily routines, preferences and pastimes

  Elaborations

  • asking each other about their daily routines, interests or pastimes, for example:
    PRO2 ARRIVE SCHOOL HOW? CAR TAXI WALK G:WELL?
    How do you get to school?
    PRO2 REGULAR GO-TO-BED WHAT TIME?
    What time do you go to bed?
    WEEKEND OR HOLIDAYS, WHAT D-O?
    What do you do in your free time?
    
  • recounting personal experiences using specific time-related signs and conjunctions, such as BEFORE, AFTER, LONG-TIME-AGO, for example:
    LONG-TIME-AGO PRO1 FLY NEW ZEALAND
    A long time ago I went on a plane to New Zealand.
    
  • recounting classroom events using some indicating, plain and depicting verbs
  • describing activities they have completed, interests or favourite pastimes, using modifications to show manner, for example:
    PRO1 WORK LITTLE, LATER WORK-REALLY HARD
    I worked on it a little bit, then later I worked really hard on it.
    PRO1 SWIM-_fast SWIM-_slow
    I swam really fast till I got tired and slowed down.
    
  • expressing preferences in relation to people, places or things, for example:
    PRO1 LIKE THAT, THAT, BUT THAT BEST BOOK
    I like that one, and that one, but that one is the best book.
    
  • interacting with members of the Deaf community to share details of their personal worlds
  • identifying significant people in their lives, such as family members or friends, describing their appearance, characteristics or personality, for example:
    PRINCIPAL YOU-KNOW LONG-HAIR GLASSES?
    You know the principal? She has long hair and wears glasses.
    POSS1 BROTHER OLD++ TALL REAL FUNNY
    My brother is older; he’s tall and really funny.
    

  VCASFC145 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC183

  Participate in extended interactions by explaining and clarifying answers, responding to others’ contributions, asking follow-up questions and observing protocols in and beyond the classroom

  Elaborations

  • contributing to discussion and debate by expressing opinions, responding to others’ perspectives and using reflective language, such as:
    NEVER THOUGHT YEAH-RIGHT
    Oh yeah, I hadn’t thought of that before.
    
  • responding to signed class and school announcements with more elaborated responses, for example:
    YES I CAN COME-TO-YOU HELP BUT CAN-NOT THURS
    Yes, I can help you with that, but not on Thursday.
    
  • commenting on information provided by others to indicate or to clarify understanding, for example:
    NOD INTERESTING
    Mmm, interesting.
    TRUE WHAT ABOUT…?
    True, but what about …?
    
  • extending discussion or debate by asking follow-up questions, clarifying their own contributions or suggesting relevant comparisons
  • organising standing or seated positions and ‘signing space’ when talking to one or more people, and adjusting the physical environment to be well-lit and without glare to enable effective communication
  • adjusting styles of communication according to situation, for example, getting someone’s attention for a non-urgent matter versus an emergency situation
  • investigating appropriate ways to join or take leave of a group interacting in Auslan and following appropriate protocols in interpreting situations outside the classroom, for example in the playground
  • sharing responsibility for providing information and context for a new participant joining a conversation

  VCASFC183 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC118

  Identify and analyse ways in which deaf people behave and relate within society as a distinct social group as ‘people of the eye’, demonstrate responsibility for connections between the Deaf community and the wider ‘hearing’ society, and for culturally rich and appropriate places and spaces

  Elaborations

  • using a vlog journal entry to discuss how having peers who share the same language provides a social bond and builds confidence
  • identifying characteristics of deaf people’s visual awareness, such as good observation of body language and heightened alertness to hazards in the environment while walking/driving and signing
  • comparing strategies used by deaf and hearing adults to negotiate physical environments, for example, different behaviours at a bank of lifts, identifying how deaf people draw on additional perceptual resources in ways hearing people are unaware of
  • exploring technologies used by deaf people to communicate visually, such as videoconferencing apps, to support social networks and to strengthen a sense of individual or shared identity
  • investigating ways in which a sense of confidence in relation to identity influences awareness and a capacity for advocacy for Deaf rights, for example in relation to issues such as the provision of interpreters or captioning
  • discussing how their sense of identity may shift according to context and situation, and how as people mature they learn to manage ‘multiple identities’ in relation to different elements of experience, such as background ethnicity and culture and Deaf identity culture
  • identifying strategies used by deaf people to negotiate the hearing world, such as travelling with paper and pen or smart phone to take notes
  • using the concept of Deafhood to map and communicate their own journeys of identity development, for example, their identification with particular Deaf role models, and considering the role identity plays in contributing to individual, peer group and community health and wellbeing
  • engaging with deaf visitors from different groups and backgrounds about their experiences in the Deaf community, for example by interviewing the visitors and recording their responses
  • using drawings, photos or presentations to describe characteristic features of Deaf spaces beyond the classroom, such as removal of visual obstacles to signed communication, circles or semicircles for meeting and learning spaces, open-plan areas, lighting and window placement to maximise visual access to information
  • documenting and discussing places of importance to the Deaf community, such as Deaf schools, and understanding the value of these based on stories by elders and excursions to sites of significance
  • responding to elders' guidance on how cultural values, beliefs and traditions are connected through shared life experience and visual ways of being, and how they are demonstrated in community behaviour and interactions with the wider community
  • describing ways in which they can take responsibility for increasing others’ awareness of their communication and learning preferences, for example in the classroom and with extended family
  • exploring the concept of ‘Deaf gain’ and identifying examples of how wider society may ‘gain’ from the Deaf community, for example, benefits of captioning for other sectors of the broader community, such as elderly people or newly arrived migrants
  • discussing their sense of responsibility for each other as members of the Deaf community, and the need to support younger deaf individuals in the community

  VCASFC118 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Identity

• VCASFU252

  Understand that Auslan and Deaf culture are interrelated, that they shape and are shaped by each other, that their relationship changes over time and across contexts, and that they may be differently interpreted by users of other languages

  Elaborations

  • appreciating distinctions between Deaf cultures and other cultural minorities, such as the fact that most deaf people are born to hearing parents and acquire Deaf culture in addition to the culture of their families of origin from peers and other Auslan users in school or adults in the Deaf community
  • exploring the nature and effect of culture, for example by comparing the cultural concept of Deaf identity with a medical model of deafness
  • analysing and discussing core cultural concepts reflected in Auslan, such as the collective nature of the Deaf community, respect for elders, the importance of reciprocity and responsibility, for example, the signing TAP-2h++ reflects the responsibility to share information and pass on knowledge
  • understanding that knowledge about past and present Deaf people and cultural values are embodied in and transmitted through Auslan, for example ways of producing the sign for SIGN embody cultural meaning regarding distinctions made and values placed on fluent or awkward signing
  • identifying cultural differences between the use of personal names in Auslan and in their own background language, for example, Auslan signers not using a person’s name sign when addressing them directly, in contrast to the practice in many spoken languages
  • considering cultural explanations for conversational strategies used by Auslan signers to avoid conflict and to maintain privacy, such as changing signing space and style, using indirect language such as signing lower or under the table, or fingerspelling instead of signing overtly
  • appreciating the cultural value and importance of festivals and events in the Deaf community, such as NWDP, as celebrations of language, history, culture and identity
  • recognising that Auslan signs change over time due to shifting cultural values and changing experiences, for example, the modification of the sign for APPRENTICE to refer to TAFE, and shifting values around the sign DEAF^DEAF as the sign for DEAF (culturally Deaf reference for deaf-mute) and unsuccessful attempts to reframe this with an audiological focus
  • reflecting on the ways that culture is interpreted by others, for example by identifying how stereotypes about deaf and hearing people influence perceptions
  • understanding that ‘sound’ is accessed differently in Deaf culture, that the meaning and importance of sound in deaf people’s lives is usually not the same as in hearing people’s experience
  • observing that concepts may be culture and language specific, for example in relation to time and space, as in the spatial mapping of timelines in Auslan

  VCASFU252 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCASFU071

  Understand historical and contemporary factors that impact on awareness, support and use of Auslan and its vitality in contemporary Australia, comparing it with that of other signed languages around the world

  Elaborations

  • considering the impact of international historical events such as the Milan Congress (1880) and the linguistic recognition and documentation of signed languages (1960s and 1970s) on the use of signed languages in education and deaf people’s feelings of ownership and pride in their languages
  • analysing the impact of migration and settlement of deaf people from the UK and other countries in Australia on the development of Auslan
  • investigating the geographical location, origins and history of deaf schools in Australia and the impact of these institutions on the transmission, use and status of Auslan
  • considering the contemporary influences and pressures on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander signed languages and how these may affect their vitality
  • describing the role religion has played in influencing Auslan in terms of usage and spread, for example, by religious orders, early Deaf Societies and Bible translation projects
  • exploring multilingualism in the Deaf community, including the use of Auslan, English and other signed and spoken languages such as Irish-Australian sign language, and how and when users typically switch between languages and dialects
  • investigating the use and impact of generic digital technology and specific forms of communication by Auslan users, for example, video chat, social media, SMS/texting, and NRS and VRS
  • reflecting on the role of Auslan interpreters in raising awareness and understanding of Auslan in the wider community and in influencing the function and nature of Auslan, for example by the introduction of new signs for temporary use in certain contexts
  • investigating historical patterns of employment of deaf people in certain trades and fields of work, and the impact of these traditional employment domains on Auslan development
  • considering ways that Auslan is evolving due to influences such as globalisation and the capacity for new technology to store, record and share sign languages internationally
  • comparing levels of endangerment of different sign languages, such as NZSL, village sign languages, ASL, Scandinavian, South American sign languages and Auslan, for example by using UNESCO data by reviewing the iSLanDS survey findings
  • understanding the challenges faced by Auslan and other signed languages due to intergenerational disjunction in language transmission
  • investigating how new or specialised language associated with domains such as technology, engineering, cooking or fashion are used but not documented in the Deaf community, and how such language impacts on language vitality
  • identifying contexts and circumstances that support increased usage and acceptance of newly coined Auslan terms, for example, a workplace with several deaf employees
  • researching the role of the World Federation of the Deaf in mapping and monitoring the vitality of sign languages around the world and in protecting sign language diversity

  VCASFU071 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language awareness

• VCASFU102

  Identify and describe all elements of sign production, including handshape and its orientation, movement, location and non-manual features and understand that signs can look like what they represent

  Elaborations

  • realising that meaning is communicated through the use of signs, pictures, written or spoken words or miming
  • identifying the handshape of a sign, for example, COCKATOO (hs:5, palm left) and SOCCER (hs:fist, palm towards signer) and identifying signs of a particular handshape
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in handshape, for example FIND or BEST
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in orientation, for example CAN-NOT or HOW
  • noticing the path movement of a particular sign and identifying signs associated with the major types of path movements, for example, THROUGH (forwards) or FULL (down to up)
  • describing how the movement changes between groups of related numbers, for example, 5, 15, 50, 5th)
  • noticing the five major locations of signs on the body or in space, and identifying signs associated with each, such as SEE (head/face), SAY (mouth/chin), WHY (chest), TALK (hand) and ONE (signing space)
  • understanding that NMFs are important in sign language for showing feelings of the signer or others
  • identifying single, double and two-handed signs, and recognising which hand is dominant (the pen hand) and which is non-dominant (paper) within two-handed signs
  • thinking of body-anchored signs, such as HEAD or WHY, and signs that are not body anchored, such as HAVE or STOP, and recognising that non-body anchored signs can be located in space around the signer
  • understanding that signs can be organised by handshape, for example in Johnston’s Auslan dictionaries or localised handshape dictionaries in schools, and that this is useful if an English word for a sign is not known
  • recognising that some signs are iconic, that is, provide a visual image of a referent, for example, HOUSE, TREE, DRINK, ELEPHANT, and that some are not, such as SISTER, WHY, SIMPLE
  • experimenting with different methods of capturing the signed language, such as: a class-invented script, drawing pictures, videoing, English glosses or ASL-phabet

  VCASFU102 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU072

  Reflect on how language use is influenced by communities’ world views and sense of identity and on how language and culture influence each other

  Elaborations

  • exploring the nature of culture and how it is related to ways of thinking and using language, for example by comparing the cultural concept of Deaf identity with a medical model of deafness
  • exploring ways in which language choices, such as sign choices, reflect attitudes towards certain topics, for example, oralism
  • analysing how concepts related to cultural practices are expressed through language, for example, by identifying particular elements of naming systems, such as the use of pointing, NMFs and name signs, as in the case of number name signs of older deaf people who attended the Victorian School for Deaf Children
  • identifying and discussing core cultural concepts reflected in Auslan such as the collective nature of the Deaf community, the importance of respect for elders and of reciprocity and responsibility, for example, how signing TAP-MANY, TAP-2H++ reflects understanding of responsibility to share information and pass on knowledge, or greater use of the ‘flat hand’ rather than the ‘point hand’ and use of full titles in acknowledgements and forms of address when introducing an esteemed Deaf elder
  • investigating how Auslan users interact with their social and physical environment, for example, locating other signers, gravitating to spaces that are visually accessible
  • identifying culturally significant attitudes and beliefs conveyed through Auslan that relate to history, significant individuals, places or events, for example, attitudes to spoken language that reflect the history of suppression of signed languages, as in the use of signs that reference tensions between oral and signing deaf people or between hearing and deaf people, such as the sign for communication breakdown which infers lack of awareness or understanding of cultural values, beliefs and language on the part of the other party
  • comparing elements of communication in different contexts and exchanges that are culturally specific, such as back-channelling, the use of silence or eye contact, head nodding to indicate understanding rather than agreement, and the implications of such cultural variability in contexts such as courts of law
  • observing that concepts may be culture and language specific, for example, in relation to time and space, as in the spatial mapping for timelines in Auslan
  • understanding how developing sign language literatures which recount significant journeys and events associated with the beginnings of Deaf education and the development of Deaf communities not only map history but also embody values and mores of Deaf cultures, for example, accounts of the Gallaudet and Clerc reciprocal relationship, or the US Civil War deaf soldiers’ story as told by Ben Bahan
  • exploring ways in which the production and affect related to the sign for COCHLEAR-IMPLANT have evolved over time due to shifting values and perceptions of the Deaf community in relation to the implant, noting, for example, the transition from a negative affect to more neutral production of the sign
  • researching examples of deaf leaders who have established organisations or services which met the cultural needs of their community, for example, Dorothy Shaw and Deaf Action Books, Nola Colefax and the Australian Theatre of the Deaf

  VCASFU072 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCFRC092

  Participate in collaborative activities such as performances and presentations that involve planning, making arrangements, transacting and negotiating

  Elaborations

  • collaboratively creating computer-generated designs such as a virtual ideal home or leisure centre, negotiating with each other in relation to different elements and priorities, for example, Moi, je voudrais une salle média immense…, ah non, moi je préfère un grand jardin
  • managing an allocated budget for online shopping, deciding on selected items and explaining choices, for example, le 2ème à moitié prix; 3CD à 15 €
  • creating displays, presentations or performances for family, friends or school community to showcase French learning
  • organising class events such as a vide-grenier/marché aux puces, preparing labels and prices, using transactional language (for example, c’est combien? un très bon prix, vente flash! non, c’est trop cher… une échange?...), and using imperative, declarative and interrogative verb forms to buy, sell or swap items
  • issuing, accepting and declining invitations, adjusting language to suit formal or informal contexts, for example, es-tu libre samedi prochain? je t’invite; je ne suis pas libre - c’est possible dimanche? j’ai le grand plaisir de vous inviter…
  • organising social or sports events, and planning location, date and time (for example, rendez-vous au Stade Central à midi; 19 h chez ma cousine; n’oublie pas ton sac de couchage), using aller + infinitive forms of verbs such as venir, arriver, partir and commencer, for example, nous allons partir à sept heures
  • making arrangements to cater for events such as celebrations or outings through spoken and written texts such as lists, phone calls, letters or emails, and estimating quantities, numbers and prices, for example, il me faut…, une trentaine de… ça coûte combien?

  VCFRC092 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCGRCU026

  Understand that Greek became the dominant language of the ancient Mediterranean world and facilitated the spread of Greek civilisation and culture, and that Classical Greek continues to enrich English through specialist vocabulary and abstract concepts embodied in the language

  Elaborations

  • recognising that, from the Hellenistic period onwards, Koine Greek developed from Classical Greek to become the lingua franca of Eastern Mediterranean lands and the language of the New Testament
  • discussing the spread of Greek influence across the Mediterranean and Black Sea, including the use of Greek as the common language for government, trade, commerce, education and law
  • investigating how the Greek language allowed the spread of innovative Greek ideas in the areas of science, medicine, mathematics, historiography, geography and philosophy, for example, μαθηματικά, γεωγραφία, ἱστορία, φιλοσοφία
  • recognising that there were many dialects of Greek spoken in antiquity, such as Doric, Aeolic, Arcado–Cypriot
  • exploring famous centres of Greek learning and culture such as Alexandria, Antioch and Ephesus
  • recognising the spread of Greek ideas in the Roman world, shown by the use of borrowed Greek vocabulary in Latin to denote such concepts as stadium, palaestra, rhetor theatrum, comedia, stoica, philosophia
  • exploring abstract concepts derived from Classical Greek, such as philanthropy, idol, autonomy, paradox, aesthetics, nostalgia, agony
  • exploring and discussing the meaning of Classical Greek sayings used in literature, such as μηδὲν ἄγαν, γνῶθι σαυτόν, μολὼν λαβέ
  • recognising words in English that are a hybrid of Classical Greek and Latin, for example, metalanguage, quantum physics, teleconference, television, automobile
  • discussing Classical Greek derivatives that are used in fields such as business and education, for example, macroeconomics, monopoly, pedagogy, syllabus
  • examining the Classical Greek roots of English words in subjects across the school curriculum, such as theorem, metaphor, photosynthesis, chlorine, atom, planet, geophysical, ecosystem, orchestra, music, scene, dialogue, chorus, athletics
  • identifying Classical Greek roots in English scientific, technical and medical terminology, for example, catalyst, aerodynamic, pathogen, bacteria, atherosclerosis, acne, asthma, chromatography, symmetry, thermometer, seismic
  • exploring how Classical Greek is used to coin terms for new technology and new discoveries in science and medicine in the modern world, such as gigabyte, nanotechnology, antioxidant, polymer, genotype, triglyceride
  • applying knowledge of Classical Greek to form plurals of borrowed English words, for example, criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena, crisis/crises, thesis/theses, stigma/stigmata
  • discussing the enduring use of Classical Greek in religious contexts, for example, κύριε ἐλέησον, Χριστὀς, ἐκκλησία, βάπτισμα, συναγωγή, κλῆρος, ἄγγελος, πρεσβύτερος, ὕμνος, βίβλος, εὐαγγέλιον

  VCGRCU026 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCITC001

  Interact with the teacher and peers to greet, to introduce themselves, and to name and describe favourite things, friends, family members and special talents, through action-related talk and play

  Elaborations

  • using simple greetings relevant to the time of day, the celebration or event, and their relationship to the person, for example, Ciao! Buongiorno! Arrivederci! Tanti auguri! Buona Pasqua. Buon Natale
  • introducing themselves, for example, Come ti chiami? Mi chiamo …, e tu? Quanti anni hai? Ho sette anni, e tu? Come stai?
  • naming family members and friends, for example, mio fratello Carlo; il papà Tom
  • understanding single words and simple phrases, and indicating comprehension through actions such as pointing to an object, selecting a picture card or flashcard to demonstrate the phrase heard, and matching games in digital form, for example, personal objects: la cartella, la bambola, la palla; school objects: il quaderno, la matita, i colori, il banco; toys and games: il treno, la bicicletta
  • indicating possession (as set phrases), for example, la mia penna, il mio cane, il mio papà, la mia mamma
  • answering simple questions with short spoken and written responses and using flashcards, word lists, posters, photos and multimedia slides, for example, Quanti anni hai? Hai un animale?
  • talking about and describing people and belongings, using familiar formulaic expressions, for example, Questo/a è,. Ecco il mio pallone
  • talking about simple actions in the present tense, for example, Gioco a football, Mangio la pizza
  • using formulaic phrases, for example, Grazie! Prego. Scusa. Per favore. Bene. Molto bene. Perché? Buon appetito!
  • expressing satisfaction/dissatisfaction, for example, Sì; no; mi piace; non mi piace
  • copying words and reading them aloud, matching pictures and words, or choosing from sentences provided to express ideas, for example, È Marco. È grande. È bravo
  • imitating Italian speech, using Italian patterns of intonation, pronunciation and stress, and incorporating appropriate gestures and body language

  VCITC001 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCLAU026

  Understand that Latin became the official language of the Roman empire and facilitated the spread of Roman civilisation and culture, and that Latin continues to enrich English through specialist vocabulary and abstract concepts embodied in the language

  Elaborations

  • recognising that, as the Roman world expanded, Latin became the language of communication, trade, administration, education and law throughout its sphere of influence
  • exploring the role of Latin in the process of Romanisation, and its influence on local languages
  • discussing the impact on people and their lives in Roman provinces, with Latin as the common language, and Roman infrastructure such as aqueducts, sewers, roads and shipping, safe trade routes, standardised currency and weights and measures
  • recognising the spread of ancient Greek ideas through Latin, such as the use of Greek vocabulary and concepts in literature and philosophy, for example, stadium, rhetor, theatrum, poeta, stoica, philosophia
  • exploring abstract concepts derived from Latin, such as justice, liberty, republic, fraternity, charity, genius, piety
  • recognising terms in English that are hybrids of Classical Greek and Latin, for example, metalanguage, quantum physics, teleconference
  • discussing Latin words and expressions that are used in fields such as law, business and education, for example, de facto, non sequitur, agenda, forum, curriculum
  • examining the Latin roots of English words in subjects across the school curriculum, for example, technical vocabulary related to reporting research, such as ibid and stet
  • identifying Latin roots in English scientific, technical and medical terminology, for example, genus, species; computer, data, accumulator, super conductor, cellular differentiation, quantum teleportation; cancer, cannula, defibrillator, incision, amputation
  • exploring how Latin is used to coin terms for new technology and new discoveries in science and medicine in the modern world, such as internet, Trojan (horse), forum, virus
  • applying knowledge of Latin to form and explain plurals of English words borrowed from Latin, for example, indices, media, vertebrae, curricula, alumni
  • exploring mottoes and inscriptions, such as per ardua ad astra or mens sana in corpore sano, and discussing their relevance in the modern world
  • investigating the enduring nature and use of Latin in academic and religious ceremonies, for example, summa cum laude, honoris causa, gaudeamus igitur or pater noster

  VCLAU026 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCVIC159

  Interact in classroom activities and discussions through asking and responding to open-ended questions, and offering and justifying opinions

  Elaborations

  • requesting repetition or asking for and providing clarification, for example, Bạn vui lòng lặp lại/nói rõ hơn về … , Bạn nghĩ sao về việc … ? Thưa cô, chữ ‘vẻ mặt’ là dấu hỏi hay dấu ngã? Làm sao biết khi nào dùng dấu hỏi hay dấu ngã?
  • asking and responding to open-ended questions about learning activities or strategies, for example, Hôm qua có bài làm về nhà gì cho môn tiếng Việt? Cô giáo dặn mình phải đọc và trả lời câu hỏi cho bài Tết Trung Thu. Mình phải làm sao để phân biệt được các dấu trong tiếng Việt? Thì bạn phải ráng tập nghe, tập đọc và tập viết cho nhiều, chú ý cách phát âm các dấu khác nhau thế nào
  • using descriptive or expressive language when discussing contrasting aspects of personal world such as home and school, discipline and freedom, study and entertainment, appearance and personality, and when offering and justifying opinions, for example, Chúng ta nói tiếng Anh với thầy cô và bạn bè ở trường nhưng nên nói tiếng Việt với gia đình ở nhà. Chúng ta nên biết cân bằng giữa học hành và giải trí. Gia đình tôi sống rất hòa thuận và vui vẻ. Cuối tuần tôi thường đi bơi hay đi coi phim với bạn bè
  • participating in authentic cultural experiences in the community, such as an excursion to a Vietnamese restaurant or festival, and rehearsing studied vocabulary, structures and manners, for example, Mình nên dùng món khai vị gì? Còn món ăn chính thì sao? Chúng ta nên ăn tráng miệng bằng trái cây thay cho bánh ngọt. Các bạn nhớ đừng nói chuyện ồn ào khi ăn uống

  VCVIC159 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCVIC019

  Participate in planning and decision making for social and cultural events, negotiating options, explaining, justifying, solving problems and completing transactions

  Elaborations

  • participating in collaborative planning and decision making to organise actions and events such as group research, class excursions, school performances or social events, and negotiating options to reach agreement, for example, Lớp mình muốn đi tham quan viện bảo tàng hay sở thú? Chúng mình nên tham gia biểu diễn văn nghệ cho trường bằng cách hát hay múa? múa quạt hay múa nón? mặc áo dài hay áo bà ba? Bài hát này chậm quá, mình nên đổi qua bài hát ‘Mừng Xuân’ nghe vui hơn
  • raising an issue relating to the organisation of an event, such as not having enough space or doing too much cooking for parties at home, and negotiating a solution such as having a barbecue in the backyard, for example, Sao mẹ không làm sinh nhật cho ba ở nhà? Mẹ sợ nhà mình chật chội và mẹ không có thời gian nấu nướng. Vậy thì mẹ làm BBQ ở vườn sau đi, vừa có chỗ rộng rãi, vừa đỡ mất công nấu nhiều món
  • making transactions in authentic, simulated or online situations, such as purchasing clothing items or electronic devices or selecting electrical appliances with regard to energy efficiency, using rehearsed language for persuading, negotiating, bargaining, exchanging or returning goods, for example, Có thể giảm giá không? Tôi lỡ làm mất biên nhận rồi, có thể trả lại đồ được không? Tôi không thích màu đen, cô làm ơn đổi lại cái Ipad màu trắng cho tôi
  • participating in virtual scenarios related to travelling to Vietnam, such as booking, changing or confirming a flight, booking tours or accommodation, or exchanging currency, for example, Mỗi tuần có mấy chuyến bay đi Việt Nam? Tôi muốn đặt vé đi Việt Nam ngày 20 tháng 12. Xin hỏi tôi cần đặt cọc trước bao nhiêu tiền? Khi nào thì cần trả hết tiền? Khách sạn Quê Hương đây, xin hỏi quý khách cần gì ạ? Gia đình tôi muốn đặt hai phòng đôi cho bốn người, từ ngày 20 đến 27 tháng 12. Một trăm đô Úc đổi được bao nhiêu tiền Việt Nam?

  VCVIC019 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCZHC214

  Create narratives to describe experiences involving imagined people and places

  Elaborations

  • collaborating with peers to perform a script from 儿童剧 or 情景剧 for younger year levels to engage them with the imaginative world
  • creating a script in response to a story from classical literature, such as 《草船借箭》, and considering how to convey the characters’ personality through language
  • creating own dramatic or humorous representations of people and events encountered in traditional or contemporary Chinese literature, drama or song
  • writing a creative account of an imagined experience involving Chinese visitors to the local community, such as hosting a Chinese student or taking a tour group to a local sporting event
  • creating a Chinese voice-over for a scene from an English language sitcom and experimenting with ways in which language, images, action and humour are used to enhance appreciation of the message
  • collaborating to create performances in which they assume an imaginary role, for example, a skit about celebrating Spring Festival, a simple lyric about school life, or a rap about being a student of Chinese
  • creating narratives that hold the attention of readers, for example, beginning a story with 你知道吗？ and experimenting with 正叙，倒叙，插叙 to sequence events
  • collaboratively creating short plays describing the experiences of imagined characters in different cultures, for example, 《James在上海》
  • using descriptive language to set the scene and capture the reader’s imagination, for example, describing the sound of traffic and the smell of breakfast stalls on a busy morning in a Chinese town
  • exploring how alternative words can be used to convey a range of attitudes and varying degrees of emotion towards people, places and events, for example, 我真高兴。你快乐吗？他很幸福!
  • comparing portrayals of a range of social groups in media, for example, how urban and rural communities and residents are portrayed in both traditional and contemporary texts
  • creating own narrative accounts of the life experiences of major historical figures or characters from literature, for example, 诸葛亮，孔子和他的学生
  • engaging and entertaining the audience through the use of devices such as humour, irony and metaphor, and embellishing ideas (for example, 猜猜我昨天干了什么？ as opposed to 昨天我), and building up to a climatic ending

  VCZHC214 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCARC001

  Interact with peers and the teacher to exchange information about self, family and friends, routines, leisure activities, interests and special days, and express feelings, likes and dislikes

  Elaborations

  • greeting the teacher and peers, and introducing themselves, family and friends, using formulaic expressions and appropriate body language, for example,

    مرحبا؛ صباح الخير؛ كيف حالكَ/حالكِ؟؛ بخير شكراً

    إسمي عادل؛ أنا مريم

    هذا صديقي علي؛ هذه صديقتي ريم؛ هذا أبي وهذه أمي ؛ اسم أخي رامي؛ عمري ست سنوات؛ عمر أخي سنة

  • exchanging information about a range of topics, such as family, friends, routines, school and leisure activities, for example,

    أنا طويل؛ أنا شاطر؛ بيتي صغير؛ غرفتي واسعة؛ صديقي علي ذكي؛ مدرستي كبيرة؛ معلمتي طيبة

    أستيقظ باكراً؛ آكل الفطور؛ ألبس ثيابي؛ أشاهد التلفاز؛ أكمل فروض المدرسة؛ أرتب سريري؛ أنظف غرفتي؛ ألعب كرة القدم؛ أذهب إلى المسبح

    بعد المدرسة ألعب كرة القدم؛ في الساعة الثامنة أذهب إلى النوم

    يوم السبت ألعب التنس مع أبي؛ في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع أذهب مع عائلتي إلى المطعم؛ أحضر حصة الموسيقى يوم الجمعة؛ أشعر بالسعادة في حصة الموسيقى؛ أحب العزف على البيانو كثيراً؛ أتعلم اللغة العربية يوم السبت صباحاً

  • asking about and expressing likes and dislikes using simple language such as

    من تحب في العائلة؟ ماذا تحب في المدرسة؟ هل تحب المدرسة؟ أحب جدّي كثيرا؛ لا أحب الرياضة في المدرسة

  • asking and answering questions about personal experiences in relation to self, peers, friends and family members, for example,

    أين ولدت؟ أي لغة تتكلم في البيت؟ ماذا يعمل أبوك؟ أين تذهب يوم السبت؟ من هي صديقتك؟ لماذا تحب جدتك؟ ماذا تفعل بعد المدرسة؟ أي رياضة تلعب؟

    ولدت في العراق؛ أتكلم العربية في البيت؛ أحب الحلوى كثيراً؛ أحب أبي وأمي جداً؛ أبي يعمل في المستشفى؛ أمي طبيبة؛ أخي يدرس في المدرسة؛ أختي في الجامعة؛ يوم السبت أذهب إلى بيت جدّي؛ يوم الأحد اذهب إلى المطعم

  • exchanging correspondence such as notes, invitations or birthday cards in print or digital form, for example,

    هل تحب أن تأتي إلى حفل عيد ميلادي؟ سمير، أدعوك إلى بيتي يوم السبت؛ تعال نلعب معاً

    عيد ميلاد سعيد؛ كل عام وأنت بخير؛ أتمنى لك عيداً سعيداً

  • sharing experiences with family and friends in a variety of ways, for example, by recounting events such as special celebrations in conversations and through social media

    ذهبت البارحة مع عائلتي إلى المتحف؛ شاهدت مع أخي فيلماً جديداً في السينما؛ كانت لعبة الركبي ممتعة؛ كانت الرحلة المدرسية إلى حديقة الحيوان مملّة

  VCARC001 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising