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• VCZHU221

  Analyse textual features of formal genres and apply these in their own speech and writing

  Elaborations

  • analysing features of texts in formal domains, for example, comparing aspects of formal and personal letters such as salutations or level of politeness; examining features of articles such as the use of headings, placement of author name, organisation into introduction, body and conclusion
  • comparing how statistical data (such as census information or surveys) are collated and referred to in Chinese and English texts, including consideration of the levels of in-text referencing required across both languages
  • analysing linguistic, stylistic and textual features of diverse samples of the same genre to compare the choices made by authors and the impact of these choices, for example, comparing 这位老人已经七十多岁了， 他每天要一上一下地打扫一千八百多级石阶， 该是多么辛苦啊！ and 这位老人年纪大了，要打扫很多石阶，这些石阶大概有一千八百多级，非常辛苦
  • analysing stylistic/literary devices used in knowledge-based texts, for example, technical terms and concise formulaic expressions used in newspaper articles
  • appreciating and applying the use of literary devices, for example, direct and indirect historical and cultural references; features of intertextuality such as classical allusions (歇后语)
  • analysing the layout of magazines and online texts to identify how images, fonts and words have been chosen to enhance understanding of key ideas and author positioning
  • examining the language of newspapers, identifying commonly encountered linguistic terms and considering the concise ways in which world events are reported in Chinese media

  VCZHU221 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU031

  Understand and use key features of Korean sound and writing systems, including pronunciation, intonation and print conventions, applying this understanding to own speech and writing

  Elaborations

  • recognising and reproducing sounds of Korean in sentences consisting of multiple clauses, attending to pauses and intonation to identify clause sequences and types of sentences
  • pronouncing syllable blocks in a word, making appropriate changes to the sounds on syllable boundaries according to pronunciation rules, for example, pronouncing such words as 한국어, 같이, 감사합니다, 먹고 and어떻게 as 항구거, 가치, 감사함니다, 먹꼬 and 어떠케
  • experimenting with pronunciation rules and intonation collaboratively with peers
  • using basic punctuation in writing, including a question mark (?) for questions and a full stop (.) for other types of sentences
  • using spacing and spelling rules in reading and writing, recognising their differences to English, for example, 소라가 방에 있어요 versus 소라 가방에 있어요

  VCKOU031 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU148

  Understand patterns of intonation and pronunciation, including the way vowels soften and extend sounds, and apply appropriate conventions to their writing

  Elaborations

  • understanding that vowel marks influence the way words are pronounced, for example,

    أكلتُ التفاحة؟ أكلتِ التفاحة؛ المدرسةُ واسعة/في المدرسةِ

  • discriminating between the use of alif, waaw and yih as either consonants or long vowels in words, for example,

    سال الدم من يد سعاد/سأل الولد المعلمة

  • applying pronunciation rules when speaking and reading aloud, for example,

    ؛ المدة والشدة؛ والتنوين ؛ والياء المقصورة والتاء المربوطة والطويلة مُ/عَ/لِّ/مة؛ تِ/ل/ميذ…

  • recognising the different ways of pronouncing the long vowel ا, for example, ندا؛ ندى؛ لذا؛ لدى؛ متى؛ فتى, and writing the long vowel ء, for example, شيء؛ قراءة؛ مسؤول
  • applying phonic knowledge to spell unfamiliar words, for example,

    جِئتُ؛ آكل؛ شيء

  • applying accurate spelling in familiar words, phrases, sentences and texts

  VCARU148 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU182

  Understand how rules of Arabic pronunciation, including patterns of stress and rules of pause, and writing conventions enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • understanding that certain sounds in Arabic words can be dropped from pronunciation, such as the t sound in السماء صافية and tashkeel in البنت مريضة؛ الشمس مشرقة
  • understanding that sentences can contain one or more verbs and can be joined with و or other cohesive devices
  • recognising the need for a pause or change of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses, for example, كنت مع صديقي عماد؛ صديقي من المدرسة؛ عندما شاهدنا الحادث الأليم
  • applying understanding of how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! معقولة؟ تعال إلى هنا حالًا
  • reflecting on the role of pronunciation, rhythm, word stress and intonation in effective communication, and applying this knowledge to own interactions
  • using knowledge of Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when engaging with authentic spoken and written texts
  • evaluating own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU182 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU165

  Understand and apply rules of intonation and pronunciation in spoken texts, and apply writing conventions with increased accuracy in written texts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Arabic sentences can be separated by commas and that a paragraph may only have one full stop at the end
  • understanding that the marks used in the Arabic script such as التنوين؛ الشدة ؛المدة influence pronunciation and meaning in words and sentences, for example, أمل /آمال؛ دعوة/دعوى
  • using the rhythms of the Arabic language, including intonation, tone and stress, to increase fluency and enhance expression
  • applying spacing rules between words and using their knowledge of writing conventions to expand on ideas when writing short texts
  • making choices in relation to the use of punctuation such as (؛) and adjusting the flow of ideas by enhancing text cohesion and expression

  VCARU165 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU029

  Understand rules of pronunciation and intonation and writing conventions, and apply these to own constructions to enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • distinguishing the pronunciation of (الشدة) and (التنوين )
  • using the rhythms of the Arabic language, including intonation, tone and stress, to increase fluency and enhance expression
  • recognising that certain letters in Arabic appear in different variations, for example, ت؛ ة
  • applying spacing rules between words and using their knowledge of writing conventions to expand on ideas in written texts
  • making choices in relation to the use of punctuation such as ( ؛) and adjusting the flow of ideas, increasing text cohesion and enhancing expression
  • recognising the need for pauses or changes of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses
  • understanding that there are variations in both spoken and written Arabic across different countries and regions, and analysing the reasons for such variations, for example, سوريا/سورية؛ ناديا/نادية؛ فاديا/فادية
  • noticing how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! تعال إلى هنا حالاً!
  • using Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when listening to and reading authentic texts, and evaluating their own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU029 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU131

  Experiment with the pronunciation of vowel sounds, letter combinations and intonation patterns, and recognise and write high-frequency words and expressions in familiar contexts

  Elaborations

  • recognising and practising short and long vowel sounds, initial consonants and blends, for example, ja, rot, singen, Sport, Winter, zwei
  • recognising and using the Umlaut and Eszett to pronounce and write familiar German words
  • understanding that intonation patterns create different meanings, as in the distinction between statements, questions and exclamations (Du bist acht. Du bist acht? Du bist acht!)
  • encoding and decoding familiar German words using alphabetic knowledge of single letters, consonant clusters (sch) and vowel combinations (au, ei, eu, ie), applying learnt memory aids such as ‘when E and I go walking, the second one does the talking’

  VCDEU131 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALA223

  Use home language and/or mime to seek assistance from teachers or peers with writing English words or phrases

  Elaborations

  • miming actions or showing a picture to explain the meaning of the word sought in English
  • talking to language peers to explain the idea in home language and ask for a translation into English

  VCEALA223 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level BL | Writing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCEALA379

  Write using language that is beginning to reflect the features of written language more than the features of spoken language

  Elaborations

  • expanding vocabulary to incorporate more topic-specific words
  • developing simple plans to support writing with some structure and complexity at the text, paragraph and sentence level

  VCEALA379 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Writing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCEALC778

  Write extended factual texts conveying a variety of aspects of topics from across the curriculum

  Elaborations

  • writing extended factual texts reflecting the structure and language of the text type
  • writing a range of texts used across the curriculum areas (such as a historical essay, information report, procedure, explanation), with reference to templates and models
  • incorporating information from two or three sources used in class

  VCEALC778 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C4 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC717

  Write personal and imaginative texts showing an awareness of elements such as text structure or storyline and character

  Elaborations

  • following key elements of model texts in the structure and language used, and experimenting with new forms in some places
  • combining personal experience, ideas from other texts, and imaginative detail into creative texts

  VCEALC717 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C3 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC296

  Write simple factual texts using print and computers or other digital devices for a variety of classroom purposes

  Elaborations

  • writing simple factual texts to give information, instruction or keep records, such as a digital class journal

  VCEALC296 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B1 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC779

  Write extended personal and imaginative texts showing an awareness of audience and purpose, with teacher prompts

  Elaborations

  • expressing personal opinion and creative ideas through a range of text types such as personal diary, response to a set text, contributions to an online discussion
  • following key elements of model texts in the structure and language used, and experimenting with new forms in some places

  VCEALC779 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C4 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC590

  Write short factual texts on familiar content, consisting of simple sentences or statements approximating sentences

  Elaborations

  • writing a small range of short school-based text types, for example description, instruction, procedure, narrative
  • following an appropriate structure for the text, using model texts or templates for support

  VCEALC590 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC716

  Write factual texts showing an awareness of appropriate text structure, purpose and organisation of ideas

  Elaborations

  • writing long, detailed factual texts such as information reports, explanations or essays on a familiar topic
  • structuring texts and expressing ideas according to the conventions of the text, by referring to a model text or template
  • incorporating information from personal experience, classroom activities and shared texts

  VCEALC716 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C3 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALC455

  Write a range of texts covering topics across the curriculum areas, incorporating information from different sources

  Elaborations

  • writing a small range of texts used in different curriculum areas (such as historical recount, information report, procedure, explanation), with reference to templates and models
  • incorporating information from personal experience, classroom activities and shared texts
  • contributing to shared writing of a recount or report on an online platform, giving reasons for placing events in a particular sequence

  VCEALC455 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B3 | Writing | Communication

• VCEALL082

  Use basic keyboard skills to write personally significant words and simple modelled sentences

  Elaborations

  • locating letters, numbers and common symbols accurately on a keyboard
  • using basic functions of a keyboard, for example using the shift key and space bar
  • typing letters, numbers, symbols and words, copying from a print text
  • typing familiar words, such as own name, without copying

  VCEALL082 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A1 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL307

  Organise some subject matter and write according to the structure of the text type, using modelled forms and repetitive patterns

  Elaborations

  • relying on templates or model texts for organisational structure, for example introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion
  • copying topic sentences or parts of sentences to support idea generation and to structure writing

  VCEALL307 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B1 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCELA087

  Use spoken words, sign or Augmentative Alternative Communication System to communicate and understand that images can be used to write and express ideas

  Elaborations

  • learning to use high-frequency images and words, for example the student’s own name, ‘stop’
  • using spoken words, articulating most of the sounds
  • learning that images/signs can be combined to make a word
  • listening to sounds and words and reproducing them using a personalised communication system

  VCELA087 | Curriculum content | English | Level C | Writing | Language

• VCELA326

  Recognise and write less familiar words that share common letter patterns but have different pronunciations

  Elaborations

  • spelling words that share common letter patterns but have different pronunciations, for example the 'ou' in 'journey', 'your', 'tour', 'sour'

  VCELA326 | Curriculum content | English | Level 5 | Writing | Language