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• VCFRU104

  Recognise and use features of common spoken, written and multimodal texts, and compare with features of similar texts in English

  Elaborations

  • identifying the purpose, intended audience and key language features of familiar texts such as road signs, instructions or postcards, for example, Grosses bises! Défense de fumer; stationnement interdit
  • listening, viewing and reading for gist, context and purpose, drawing on knowledge of types of text, context and language features to predict and confirm meaning, for example, the use of imperative verb forms and specialised vocabulary in an in-flight safety demonstration (en préparation pour le décollage, le gilet de sauvetage, respirez normalement, gardez votre ceinture attaché…)
  • identifying elements of common types of text (le courriel, la météo, les slogans), and explaining relationships between language, structure and textual purpose
  • building understanding of text features through activities such as ‘genre substitution’; that is, transferring typical features from one genre to a different one, for example, a greeting that sounds like an announcement (Attention, Madame, comment-allez vous!), or a weather report that reads like a recipe (Un litre de pluie, un peu de vent, six nuages…)
  • understanding how to create textual cohesion, using elements such as conjunctions or causal phrases to sequence and link ideas and maintain the flow of expression, for example, donc, mais, à propos de, pendant, si, grace à, à cause de…

  VCFRU104 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCE005

  Translate Classical Greek texts into Standard English, by applying knowledge of vocabulary, accidence and syntax, and linguistic and cultural cues

  Elaborations

  • reading texts to gain a sense of holistic meaning, and identifying cues, such as text type, familiar vocabulary, grammar, and cultural references
  • considering multiple meanings of vocabulary, for example, by using dictionaries and electronic translation tools, and making appropriate selections according to context, for example, ἄριστος
  • using known vocabulary, in Classical Greek or English, and context to deduce the meaning of unknown words
  • identifying meanings of words by recognising change of form, such as irregular verb forms and third declension nouns, for example, φέρω/οἴσω, παῖς/παιδός
  • identifying parts of speech and their function in context to determine meaning, for example, identifying the verb in a sentence
  • identifying the specific function of inflected forms to determine meaning, for example, ὁ ναύκληρος καλεῖ τὸν ναύτην (subject + verb + direct object) or ὁ ἀνήρ ἐστι ποιητής (subject + verb + complement)
  • applying knowledge of grammar to recognise in context the specific function of words which may have multiple applications, such as subject or object, for example, τὸ δένδρον θάλλει. ὁ γεωργὸς κόπτει τὸ δένδρον
  • exploring the effect of using the variety of English translations for verb tenses, for example, ἰδών (‘having seen’, ‘after seeing’, ‘on seeing’, ‘seeing’)
  • selecting appropriate English meanings, identifying words and expressions that do not translate easily, for example, ἀγαθός, ἄριστος, καλός, ξένος, δεινός, πρὸς τῶν θεῶν
  • determining appropriate word order in English to retain meaning and emphasis, for example, κελεύει σε ὁ Ζεύς
  • translating Classical Greek into idiomatic English, for example, by translating ἔστι μοι δοῦλος, as ‘I have a slave’
  • discussing how words that refer to aspects of ancient Greek culture should be translated, for example, ὁ δῆμος (deme, people, citizen body), ὁ ἀνήρ (man, husband, hero), ξένος (stranger, guest, foreigner)
  • developing problem-solving skills to resolve perceived issues and anomalies encountered in the translation process, for example, confusion of second declension masculine nominative and third declension feminine genitive
  • discussing and correcting own translations to increase accuracy and better reflect register, tone and relationships between characters
  • collaborating with peers to interpret meaning in texts and develop and edit joint translations, using a range of ICT
  • translating, independently, unseen texts in Classical Greek into appropriate English

  VCGRCE005 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Engaging with texts | Translating

• VCGRCU011

  Understand that Greek spread with the expansion of the ancient Greek world, and developed over time, influencing English and other languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Greek is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, related to other ancient languages, such as Latin, Sanskrit and Old Persian
  • recognising that Greek has been spoken in various forms uninterruptedly from the 3rd millennium BCE to the present day and has been documented in writing since about 1450 BCE
  • recognising that Classical Greek is a specific form of the language, evolved from earlier forms such as Mycenaean Greek and the Archaic Greek used in the epics of Homer
  • identifying Classical Greek as the Attic/Ionic dialect of the language spoken in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE in Athens, many Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor
  • recognising that Classical Greek was the form of the language used by significant ancient Greek authors, such as Thucydides, Sophocles, Plato, Lysias
  • locating on a map the places where Greek was spoken in antiquity around the Mediterranean basin from Spain to the coast of Turkey and across the Black Sea
  • investigating how the geography of mainland Greece influenced the development of independent city-states such as Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes
  • exploring the spread of Greek colonies across the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines, such as Syracuse (Sicily), Naples (Italy), Marseilles (France), Cyrene (Libya), Miletus (Turkey), Emporion (Spain)
  • identifying and using Classical Greek derivatives to expand own English vocabulary, for example, sceptic, cynic, antithesis
  • recognising connections between the spelling of Classical Greek and English words and applying understanding to improve own spelling in English, for example, psychology, rhythm, seismology
  • identifying expressions in Classical Greek that are commonly used in English, for example, hoi polloi, eureka
  • identifying words of Classical Greek origin that are used as school subjects, for example, mathematics, history, geography, music, drama, biology, chemistry, physics, philosophy, psychology, economics
  • identifying and collecting word families in which the same Classical Greek root is used with different prefixes or suffixes, for example, calligraphy, biography, biology, technology, paralysis, analysis, Palaeolithic, palaeontology
  • applying knowledge of Classical Greek to understand words and expressions in Modern Greek, such as signs in shops and public places, for example ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΣ, ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ, ΙΧΘΥΟΠΩΛΕΙΟΝ, ΦΑΡΜΑΚΕΙΟΝ, έν τάξει, κλειστόν
  • identifying similarities between Classical Greek and other Indo-European languages by comparing cognate words, such as ἕξ: sex (Latin), sechs (German), six; πατήρ: pater (Latin), Vater (German), father

  VCGRCU011 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCHIC008

  Explain the meaning of simple Hindi words, phrases and gestures, noticing similarities or differences with English or other known languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that every language has its own words, sounds and gestures that it uses to make meaning
  • translating and explaining the meaning of Hindi words and expressions often used by children of their age, for example, अच्छा!, comparing with expressions they use in similar situations in English
  • translating simple classroom texts, such as captions, signs, word lists, charts
  • demonstrating body language, gestures or facial expressions that they use with families and friends when speaking Hindi, such as moving the head in different ways to mean different things
  • explaining why particular forms of behaviour accompany interactions such as greetings in Hindi, for example, touching the feet of elders while saying प्रणाम to show respect, and receiving blessings

  VCHIC008 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIC047

  Compare their experiences of moving between Hindi and English, considering advantages and challenges involved in using more than one language

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on the experience of being bilingual or multilingual, identifying ways in which they draw upon different language and cultural resources to make meaning
  • identifying benefits of knowing more than one language and considering whether moving between languages affects their sense of identity or ‘belonging’
  • comparing their family cultures, considering how their family and community life shape their sense of identity and how culture is reflected in their daily activities and interests
  • evaluating their ability to communicate across and through different languages and to use their language and cultural skills in Hindi and English to best effect
  • comparing observations about how interacting in Hindi feels different to interacting in English, identifying ways of socialising or communicating that they see to be culture-specific

  VCHIC047 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCHIC010

  Notice and describe ways in which they use Hindi and English and how these involve different words and behaviours according to the context

  Elaborations

  • noticing differences in ways they communicate with friends and family in Hindi and English, such as using different forms of address in Hindi for relatives on a father’s or mother’s side of the family, for example, बुआ जी for a father’s sister and मौसी जी for a mother’s sister; and using first names in English when addressing parents of their friends
  • noticing which language they choose to use in which contexts, and when they mix or switch between Hindi, English or other languages, for example, when playing with friends, interacting with grandparents or reciting prayers
  • noticing aspects of Hindi that relate to culture, such as using terms like दीदी when speaking to a woman who is older but not yet old enough to be addressed as माताजी
  • describing how it feels to use Hindi in the classroom compared to using it at home or in their community
  • developing language for talking about language and culture, for example, using terms such as ‘difference’, ‘behaviour’ and ‘culture’, and considering questions such as लोग ऐसा क्यों/किसलिए करते हैं?

  VCHIC010 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCHIU032

  Notice differences between simple spoken, written and multimodal texts used in different contexts, comparing with similar texts in English

  Elaborations

  • recognising features of familiar genres of Hindi texts, such as digital books or puppet shows, video clips or children’s songs
  • recognising differences between the layout and language features of different types of texts and formats, such as चित्र-कथाएँ and लोक-कथाएँ
  • recognising the role played by different elements in texts to contribute to meaning-making, for example, the layout, title, illustration and punctuation in a picture book or the use of repetition and rhyme in poems and chants
  • recognising differences in spoken and written forms of everyday texts, such as greetings or wishes, for example, आपको बहुत-बहुत बधाई हो (spoken) and हार्दिक शुभकामनाएँ. (written), comparing with similar differences between spoken and written texts in English

  VCHIU032 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCIDC042

  Translate texts from Indonesian to English and vice versa, selecting from possible choices to create appropriate meaning

  Elaborations

  • comparing translations of written texts from English into Indonesian and from Indonesian into English, such as advertisements, websites, food packaging and menus, and considering how meanings may be interpreted from a different cultural perspective
  • suggesting ways to modify some terms and expressions that do not translate directly and considering how this may affect text length, style and word choices
  • interpreting meanings in Indonesian texts by ‘reading’ the context, for example, the phrase Ayo cepat! may be encouraging or scolding depending on who uses it and why

  VCIDC042 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCIDU029

  Recognise and reproduce pronunciation conventions, including loan words from English and intonation for questions, statements and commands.

  Elaborations

  • making connections between Indonesian and English sounds, for example, c is the ch sound in ‘cheese’; g is the hard g in ‘gun’ but never soft as in ‘germ’; k is a soft sound if it appears at the end of a word as in tidak, kakak
  • knowing that using the imperative form -lah with appropriate intonation softens its force and shows consideration, for example, Berbarislah, Angkatlah tangan
  • recognising different intonation for statements and questions, for example, Kamu suka apel (with falling intonation) and Kamu suka apel? (with rising intonation)
  • identifying onomatopoeic words such as those related to transport, for example, tut-tut (car horn), brum-brum (bus), jes-jes (puffing train), kring-kring (bike bell)

  VCIDU029 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCITC028

  Translate texts to compare meanings and share understandings about aspects of Italian language and culture that are different from English

  Elaborations

  • translating words, phrases and captions, and describing how meanings may change across languages
  • explaining the ideas contained in texts to someone unfamiliar with Italian, for example, lunch, alla mensa scolastica; le vacanze estive; la passeggiata
  • becoming familiar with using bilingual dictionaries and online translators

  VCITC028 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCITC123

  Translate texts from Italian to English and vice versa, and compare different versions for different audiences and contexts

  Elaborations

  • comparing different translations of the same message in Italian and English, for example, Devo scappare/andare/correre can be translated as 'I must/have to run/go' or 'I got to run/go
  • translating texts such as public signs and explaining choices in different renderings, for example, Non calpestare l’erba (Keep off the grass, Don’t walk on the lawn, Don’t trample the grass)
  • using print and digital dictionaries, selecting appropriate meaning from alternatives provided; comparing translations with peers and explaining cultural references and expressions such as fuori (literally ‘outside’; ‘out of your mind’) or su di giri (literally ‘revved up’; ‘excitable, elated’) and any aspects ‘lost in translation’
  • comparing different translations of a text, including versions created by online translators, and discussing any issues that emerge
  • translating and discussing idiomatic expressions in both Italian and English, for example, Non vedo l’ora! (I can’t wait!), Era ora! (Finally! It was about time!), Lasciami stare! (Leave me alone!), Ma dai! (Come on!), Tocca ferro (Touch wood)

  VCITC123 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCITU075

  Understand the value of communicating within and across languages, and discuss the interrelationship between Italian, English and other languages

  Elaborations

  • discussing how loan words in both Italian and English have come from other from other languages such as Latin and Greek, for example, agenda, census, via, metafora, stigma
  • understanding differences between standardised language and dialects, comparing words used in the home and/or community to those used in formal settings such as school, for example, guaglione or toso and ragazzo
  • reflecting on the history of Italian migration to Australia, the formation of communities of speakers of Italian in specific cities and suburbs, and the resulting regional variations of language, such as Australo-Italian, and the impact of Australian English on the local Italian community
  • analysing the influence of the Italian language on English in areas such as food, music and fashion, and considering the value of this influence

  VCITU075 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCITU019

  Notice and reflect (mainly in English) on different cultural practices and the specific ways of using language in different cultures

  Elaborations

  • observing through visual and audio-visual resources such as video clips and photos that members of Italian-speaking communities may do everyday things differently to themselves, for example, shaking hands, kissing on cheek, starting a meal with Buon appetito
  • responding to guiding questions through which they reflect on experiences, such as greeting and socialising with others, or discussing aspects of school routines or family life, for example, What do you think about this? How would it feel if you were there/doing that? How do you feel about …? Is it the same or different in Italy and Australia?
  • understanding that culture influences representations of sounds such as those made by animals, for example, bau bau (dog), pio pio (chicken), gru gru (pig)

  VCITU019 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCJAC008

  Translate and interpret short texts such as self-introductions or conversations, noticing and explaining aspects that are similar or different in Japanese and English versions

  Elaborations

  • collaborating with peers and the teacher to translate and interpret familiar texts in Japanese such as emails and phone conversations between friends or self-introductions, noticing similarities and differences between Japanese interactions and their own communicative style
  • interpreting words and expressions encountered in simple Japanese texts such as greeting cards, menus or stories that do not translate easily into English and that reflect aspects of Japanese culture, for example, ていしょく、いただきます、 the use of ‘happy’ in English compared to おめでとう in Japanese, しつれいします、はじめまして、どうぞよろしく
  • comparing own translations of simple texts with peers’, explaining why words or expressions were translated in particular ways and considering reasons for any differences
  • learning to use dictionaries and electronic translation tools, identifying issues such as multiple meanings of words and the need to consider context
  • comparing the meaning and use of emoticons in Japanese and English

  VCJAC008 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCJAC191

  Reflect on cultural differences between Japanese- and English-language communication styles and on how these affect intercultural interactions

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on elements of the experience of learning Japanese that have involved adopting styles of communication that have been challenging, easy or memorable
  • sharing with peers examples of successful interactions with other Japanese speakers, for example, when gestures or communication styles have been well received and clearly understood and have strengthened the relationship
  • creating a reflective self-profile or autobiography in formats such as journal entries, articles, captioned photo stories, digital accounts or short films, including episodes related to the experience of learning Japanese language and culture that have impacted on their understanding, attitudes, or sense of identity
  • composing a ‘cultural ID profile’, blog or digital diary to exchange with other Japanese speakers, making decisions about what points of information should be included

  VCJAC191 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCJAC168

  Analyse and respond to a range of imaginative texts, noticing cultural elements and comparing with English-language texts created for similar audiences

  Elaborations

  • responding to imaginative texts such as songs, stories, films or video clips, for example, by identifying favourite elements or characters and recording key vocabulary and expressions
  • reading and evaluating a story or manga, for example, by rating it and creating a short modelled review to present orally to the group or to post on a shared website
  • reading or viewing simple むかしばなし, identifying key messages and values and comparing them to familiar folk tales or stories associated with their own early literacy experience
  • comparing popular contemporary Japanese and Australian music by listening to and viewing music video clips, identifying similarities and differences in expression, themes and styles of performance
  • comparing how key messages and beliefs are communicated across cultures through the visual and creative arts, for example, comparing the role and representation of animals or landscapes in Indigenous Australian Dreaming stories and Japanese mythology or folk tales

  VCJAC168 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCJAC189

  Create bilingual texts in Japanese and English for a range of communicative and informative purposes, incorporating oral, written and visual elements

  Elaborations

  • creating a bilingual digital database that groups words, for example, words and expressions associated with themes, fields or contexts, such as food, travel, the environment or school
  • producing bilingual texts such as travel advisories for exchange or study tour students, and reflecting on the process of working in both languages
  • creating oral commentaries that switch between English and Japanese for a bilingual audience at a sporting or performing arts event
  • producing bilingual texts such as video clips with subtitles explaining Australian cultural practices, for example, New Year’s Eve or birthday celebrations

  VCJAC189 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCJAU195

  Identify, analyse and compare textual features and conventions that characterise social and informative media in Japanese and English

  Elaborations

  • identifying the use of cohesive devices such as conjunctions to sequence and link ideas and actions in both Japanese and English media texts, for example, verb て form, だから、それに、それで
  • identifying features of familiar types of texts such as emails, songs, slogans or public signs, and noticing how the choice of language and structure works to achieve each text’s purpose
  • comparing language features of Japanese and English versions of texts such as weather reports or text messages, including the use of abbreviations and emoticons, and noting differences that might be culturally significant
  • recognising textual conventions employed within a letter, email or article, identifying elements such as introductions, sequencing of ideas and the use of また to link paragraphs
  • comparing features of spoken and written versions of texts, for example, spoken and print advertisements, face-to-face conversations and emails, to understand how text mode shapes structure and helps a text achieve its purpose

  VCJAU195 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU125

  Recognise that Japanese and English borrow words and expressions from each other and from other languages

  Elaborations

  • noticing that languages borrow words from one another and that both Japanese and Australian English include many words and expressions from other languages
  • recognising that Japanese uses many loan words from English and other languages, such as ペン、テレビ、ピンク, and that these are pronounced differently by Japanese speakers
  • recognising that English loan words in Japanese are written in katakana and sound like a familiar word in English, for example, レモン、ピザ、アイスクリーム
  • creating a class record of Japanese words that are used in English and other languages, such as ‘judo’, ‘origami’, ‘sushi’ and ‘manga’, and comparing how these words are pronounced in the two languages

  VCJAU125 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCKOC123

  Create labels, captions or short statements in Korean and English for the immediate learning environment and for familiar objects or images

  Elaborations

  • creating a bilingual picture dictionary for their classroom use
  • matching Korean and English texts, for example, name tags of friends in Korean and English
  • creating bilingual captions in Korean and English for a photographic display using digital technologies to show parents or others about a class event or experience such as sports day, school camp or pets day

  VCKOC123 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating