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• VC2M6N03

  apply knowledge of equivalence to compare, order and represent common fractions, including halves, thirds and quarters, on the same number line and justify their order

  Elaborations

  • applying factors and multiples to fraction denominators (such as halves with quarters, eighths and twelfths, and thirds with sixths, ninths and twelfths) to determine equivalent representations of fractions in order to make comparisons
  • representing fractions on the same number line, paying attention to relative position, and using this to explain relationships between denominators
  • explaining equivalence and order between fractions using number lines, drawings and models
  • comparing and ordering fractions by placing cards on a string line across the room and referring to benchmark fractions to justify their position; for example, 58 is greater than 12 can be written as 58 > 12 , because half of 8 is 4; 16 is less than 14 , because 6 > 4 and can be written as 16 < 14

  VC2M6N03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 6 | Number

• VCTRU081

  Analyse how grammatical elements, such as rules of agglutination and cohesive devices, impact on more complex elements of text construction and word formation, such as mood, register and tense variation

  Elaborations

  • analysing functions of affixation through the identification of adverbial, adjectival and noun phrases in Turkish idioms and proverbs
  • using compounds in different cases, for example, cep telefonları, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni, Ağrı Dağı’na, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun
  • learning about nominalisation to form complex words such as iş deneyimleri in a range of sentence structures
  • identifying how adverbs/determiners are used for describing people, places and objects in texts, for example, Çamaşırlar kar gibi beyaz oldu, turp gibi bir çocuk, Çocuk gibi ağladı, Buz gibi su içtim, İnci gibi dişleri var, saray gibi bir ev, pamuk gibi bulutlar
  • analysing how some adverbs derived from verbs and adverbial phrases can modify time and manner of action, for example, the adverb /-arak indicates whether the action expressed by another verb is taking place at the same time or before the action it denotes, for example, Koşarak geldi, gülerek gitti; adding the suffix –ce/-ca to the adjective as in dikkatlice and hızlıca
  • distinguishing the two different uses of de/-de as a suffix and as a conjunction, noting the impact on meaning if they are used inaccurately, for example, Araba da ev de İstanbul’da kaldı and Arabada ve evde sigara içmek yasaktır have totally different meanings
  • explaining different uses of the suffix -ki as a relative pronoun in relative clauses, such as Yunus’unkinden, benimki; as a locative suffix, yanımdaki and evdeki, for idiomatic use as in halbuki, mademki, oysaki; and as a conjunction meaning ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ as in görüyorum ki, biliyorum ki, tabii ki
  • analysing the use of optative endings -(y)eyim, -(y)elim, -(y)in and -sin in first person, for example, alayım, alalım, alın and alsın in different tenses and in sentences to express a request
  • distinguishing between the use of the simple past perfect -di, as in, geldi, gitti and the evidential past perfect tense -miş, as in gelmiş and gitmiş and uyuyormuş
  • comparing the use of the progressive form -(i)yor and the simple present -(i)r and past tense -d(i) of verbs that describe actions
  • understanding when to use formal and informal registers ın dıfferent contexts
  • using a range of complex and complex-compound sentences in different tenses, for example, Ali eşyalarını toplayıp, odasını temizledikten sonra yola çıktı, Ali yola çıkmadan önce eşalarını topladı ve odasını temizledi
  • analysing how a range of noun, verb and adjective endings, such as -daş, -lik and –cı,-li can be used to form new words, for example, tarayıcı, yoldaş, demlik, kirli

  VCTRU081 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU135

  Develop knowledge of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs to describe actions, people and objects, and express possession

  Elaborations

  • exploring different types of nouns such as common nouns (bàn, tủ, mèo, chó), proper nouns (Hoa, Hải, Việt Nam), single nouns (gà, bò, bàn), and compound nouns (đất nước, nhà trường, học sinh)
  • expressing possessive cases by using của + noun/pronoun, for example, con mèo/cái bàn/căn phòng của tôi, cây thước/cái áo của bạn, and noticing cases when của can be omitted, for example, ba tôi, mẹ tôi, bạn tôi, nhà tôi, phòng ba mẹ tôi
  • creating plural forms of nouns by adding another word in front of the stem word according to context, for example, hai cái áo, những cái áo, nhà nhà, người người
  • understanding how time expressions are formed through the use of đang, đã, rồi, sẽ or hôm qua, ngày mai, for example, Tôi đang ăn. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Tôi ăn rồi. Ngày mai tôi (sẽ) đi coi phim
  • using adverbs to modify actions, for example, chạy nhanh, đi chậm, học giỏi, hát hay
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong ngoài, ở giữa), for example, Con chim bay trên trời means ‘The bird flies in the sky’, rather than the literal translation, ‘The bird flies above the sky’
  • understanding and applying appropriate word order in sentences, for example, recognising that adjectives follow nouns (áo trắng), and experimenting with word order to see how meaning changes, for example, Lan hay hát ≠ Lan hát hay
  • creating affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Ba mẹ không thích tôi coi phim nhiều. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tạo sao mình phải uống nước nhiều?
  • noticing that interrogatives (khi nào, ở đâu, bao nhiêu) can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of questions, for example, Khi nào em đến? or Em đến khi nào?; Bao nhiêu tiền một nải chuối? or Một nải chuối giá bao nhiêu tiền?

  VCVIU135 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC006

  Participate in imaginative experience by listening to, viewing and reading texts, such as songs, cartoons, folk tales and other stories, and sharing opinions, ideas and responses relating to characters, settings and events

  Elaborations

  • participating in shared reading of imaginative texts, sharing opinions and responding to questions
  • responding to imaginative texts such as stories, rhymes and songs through play-acting, or using illustrations, captions and movement, or miming favourite characters
  • listening to, reading and viewing a range of texts in print, digital and oral formats, and participating in guided discussion, for example, by responding to questions about characters, ideas and events
  • discussing imaginative texts and making short statements about aspects such as characters, settings or events
  • listening to and viewing imaginative texts such as folk tales and fables and sharing opinions or feelings about them using expressions such as

    أحبّ قصة علاء الدين لأنها مسلية؛ قصة علاء الدين مملّة لأنها قديمة

  • describing characters, events or contexts in different types of imaginative texts such as films and cartoons, and listing words or expressions associated with a character’s personality and explaining how they can relate to them, for example,

    أنا أحبّ دور الولد في الفيلم لأنّه شقيّ مثلي؛ البنت غيورة جداً؛ الأب في الفيلم حنون مثل أبي

  • comparing favourite characters or events in imaginative texts such as cartoons, stories or digital games using expressions such as

    البنت في القصة أفضل من أخيها لأنها صادقة ولا تكذب؛ عادل صديق مخلص أكثر من سمير

  VCARC006 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCASFC098

  Translate familiar words and phrases from Auslan to English and vice versa, noticing similarities and differences in meaning

  Elaborations

  • recognising that every language uses words or signs to make meaning
  • identifying aspects of Auslan which are the same in English, such as the fingerspelled alphabet
  • participating in shared reading of age-appropriate high-interest, low-readability books containing images and plain English text, asking and answering questions about unfamiliar words and phrases, working collaboratively to produce an Auslan version of the text
  • comparing key signs used in Auslan versions of familiar and simple texts, such as stories from the Auslan Storybooks site, to words used in written English texts, and noticing how signs can convey rich, multilayered meaning, which might not have a direct match in English captioning
  • playing matching-pair games with Auslan sign flashcards and English word cards, matching cards in each language associated with concepts such as weather or animals
  • identifying examples of words and signs that seem to have direct matches/equivalents in Auslan and English and examples of those that do not, such as GO-TO in Auslan requiring more than one English word
  • finding and using phrases that have direct sign-for-word translations between Auslan and English, such as Goodnight, Happy birthday and Happy New Year and others that do not, such as None of your business!
  • identifying challenges associated with Auslan–English translation, such as multiple meanings for words like run, the fact that meaning is not always literal and that sign translations of a word will vary according to the meaning in context
  • paraphrasing and summarising short Auslan texts containing familiar content, providing simple translations in written English, and following the reverse process working from texts in written English into Auslan

  VCASFC098 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFC026

  Translate high-frequency signs/words and expressions in simple texts such as repeated lines in a story or captions, noticing similarities, differences and instances of equivalence

  Elaborations

  • comparing key signs in Auslan used in versions of children’s stories, for example, ‘Jack and the Beanstalk’, to English words used in written texts, and noticing how signs can convey rich, multilayered meaning which might not have a direct match in English captioning
  • playing matching-pair games with Auslan sign flashcards and English word cards, matching cards in both languages associated with concepts such as weather or animals
  • discussing the types of words/signs that seem to have direct matches/equivalents and those that equate to chunks of English in a single sign, for example GO-TO meaning to travel to/to attend/to go to in English
  • identifying the iconicity of some signs, such as RAINBOW or DRINK, and how similar they are to the object/referent, and discussing how this transparency might help ‘translatability’ of concepts for non-signers
  • identifying a list of gestures used by deaf people that might be easily understood by hearing people, for example, head nodding and shaking, pointing to the wrist for time, shrugging shoulders for don’t know
  • creating a class signed translation of repeated lines in familiar children’s stories, such as I’ll huff and I’ll puff and I’ll blow your house down and filming segments of such stories to screen to younger children in story reading sessions

  VCASFC026 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFC218

  Collaborate with peers to plan and conduct shared events or activities such as presentations, demonstrations or transactions

  Elaborations

  • participating in games and activities such as enacting scenarios involving being lost and asking for or giving directions
  • following and giving instructions in groups on topics such as how to use video chat, Signbank or Auslan dictionaries
  • working collaboratively on learning activities that involve organising, negotiating and prioritising tasks, for example, in devising an activity or game for the class
  • working collaboratively on tasks that involve assigning and reviewing roles and responsibilities, offering feedback, support and encouragement, for example:
    PRO2 TYPE PRO1 WRITE
    You type and I’ll write.
    GOOD TYPING-_hard WORK-_hard
    Great typing up; looks like lots of work.
    G:FLOP-HAND DOESN’T MATTER NOT WORRY
    Oh, it doesn’t matter, don’t worry about it.
  • giving, accepting or declining invitations, including making excuses to avoid causing offence or embarrassment, such as:
    SORRY PRO1 STUCK, BASKETBALL TRAINING
    Sorry, I can’t go because I have basketball training.
  • participating in hypothetical scenarios that involve transactions, for example, preparing for or participating in a Deaf World workshop

  VCASFC218 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCDEC010

  Engage with German speakers and texts, noticing how interactions involve culture as well as language

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on choices made when using German to interact with others, considering the relationship between language, culture and behaviour, for example, the use of family names with titles (Guten Tag, Frau Stein) and formal/informal register (du/ihr/Sie), and comparing these with English and other known languages
  • observing interactions between German speakers in different contexts, noticing and recording elements that reflect cultural attitudes or behaviours, such as language associated with politeness or emotion (bitte schön; Entschuldigung; Wie schön!; Du bist gemein!), gift-giving customs, or ways of showing collective appreciation or approval, for example, applauding by rapping on surface
  • participating in cultural experiences, such as eating at a German/Swiss/Austrian restaurant or café in Australia or watching a German music performance, soccer match or skiing competition, and reflecting on cultural similarities and differences that are manifested through language
  • reflecting on how some personal or community ideas and actions in the Australian context may be perceived by German speakers, for example, being able to go camping all year round, or taking into account the vastness of Australia when planning a holiday, and discussing possible implications
  • comparing the use and cultural significance of gestures and body language in German and other languages and selecting those that can be easily incorporated into own interactions when communicating in German, for example, shaking hands as a common greeting, not putting hands in pockets while talking with someone (as this may be considered rude), and maintaining eye contact

  VCDEC010 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCELU148

  Identify and reproduce letter clusters, the digraphs/diphthongs, reproduce key features of intonation and pronunciation, experiment with the spelling of common words and apply basic punctuation rules

  Elaborations

  • applying different intonation for statements, questions, interjections, exclamations and commands, for example, Είναι εδώ, Τι κάνεις; Ποπό! Σταμάτα! Άντε! Κρίμα!
  • reading simple texts and highlighting digraphs/diphthongs, including ου, μπ, ντ, αι, ει, οι
  • applying and using accent marks on all words which have more than one syllable and on a few monosyllable words, for example, πού; πώς; ή, and recognising that the position of the accent mark can change the meaning, for example, μάτια, ματιά, γέρος, γερός
  • experimenting with spelling simple words, for example, the spelling of verbs in the first person ending in ω, verbs in the third person ending in ει, the most common noun and adjective endings including ος, ας, ης, οι, η, α, ες, ι, ο, α, plural articles οι, τα, for example, θέλω, θέλει, ο άντρας, οι άντρες, η ντομάτα, οι ντομάτες, το παιδί, τα παιδιά, καλός, καλή, καλό
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to spell and write unfamiliar words
  • understanding and applying punctuation marks in writing, for example, full stop, comma, exclamation mark, apostrophe, speech marks and question mark

  VCELU148 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU121

  Recognise and copy some hiragana and a few high-frequency kanji

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the Japanese language uses three different scripts depending on word origins and the context of language use
  • understanding that one kana represents a basic unit of Japanese sound
  • understanding that each individual kanji represents meaning as well as sounds, for example, 日(ひ)、日(び)、日(にち), whereas one kana or one letter of the English alphabet does not represent individual meaning
  • recognising some kanji, for example, numbers and 象形文字(しょうけいもじ) (pictographs) such as 山(やま)、川(かわ)、口(くち)、目(め)、上(うえ)
  • recognising the 46 basic hiragana, using supports such as mnemonic clues
  • tracing and copying kanji and kana
  • tracing and copying their own name in katakana or hiragana
  • identifying known hiragana within a word and using that to predict the meaning
  • noticing that Japanese can be written vertically or horizontally

  VCJAU121 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU178

  Explain variations in Japanese language use that reflect different levels of formality, authority and status

  Elaborations

  • explaining variation in language use between people of different ages and relationships, for example, 母(はは), お母(かあ)さん and ～先生, ～さん; avoiding あなた when showing politeness; the frequent use of わたし to avoid foregrounding oneself; using ～くん or ～さんwhen speaking with close friends, family members or other young people; and using surnames ～さん or ～先生 for adults
  • understanding that Japanese expressions can be made more or less formal with very slight changes, for example, the presence or absence of formal endings, such as the difference between 先生、ありがとう。 先生、ありがとうございました。 and おやすみ。おやすみなさい 。
  • analysing language used to express different levels of formality in a variety of texts such as conversations, letters, emails and text messages, noting differences between written and spoken texts
  • finding examples of informal forms of language used by young Japanese speakers, such as the use of abbreviations or emoticons when texting and the use of loan words when talking about popular culture, for example, ‘J-rock’, ‘J-pop’, ‘fast food’

  VCJAU178 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCJAU140

  Understand and identify elements of basic grammar and sentence structure and interaction patterns

  Elaborations

  • developing metalanguage for communicating about language, using concepts such as parts of speech, for example, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and ‘adjective’
  • understanding the rules of Japanese word order (subject + object + verb), the use of associated particles は、を、と、も、に, and the use of が in formulaic expressions, for example, noun　が　すき　です。
  • describing actions using verb ます form, for example, すし　を　たべます。
  • understanding the rules for conjugating verbs, such as ～ます、～>ましょう、～ました、～ません
  • understanding that Japanese uses name + suffix instead of pronouns when referring to other people, for example, Johnくん、はなさん、Grant せんせい
  • indicating time and frequency using expressions such as まいにち、ときどき
  • describing people, animals, places and things using adjective–noun phrases, for example, 大きい　目、おいしい　もも
  • understanding time words associated with days of the week, months of the year and seasons
  • building vocabulary that relates to familiar environments in daily life and personal worlds and that can be used for cross-curricular content learning
  • beginning to use counters in Japanese, for example, ～人、～さい、～月
  • telling time using ～じ/ ～じはん　です。なんじ　です　か。
  • seeking information using question words such as なに、なん、いつ、どこ and だれ and the sentence-ending particle か, for example, なに　が　すき　です　 か。なんさい　です　 か。なんにん　です　 か。いつ　です　か。

  VCJAU140 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU142

  Recognise the function of different word types and understand basic elements of language structures

  Elaborations

  • understanding that words in the language have different functions, for example, words for things, words for actions, and that these functions are also found in other languages, such as English
  • identifying people, places, things and events using:
    • nouns, for example, family, kinship, plants/ animals, items in immediate natural and built environments
    • pronouns, for example, personal, interrogative, kinship, demonstrative
    • verbs for simple actions, states and processes
    • terms to qualify, quantify, classify or compare things, for example, size, colour, number
    • adverbs, for example, of location, time and manner
    • simple forms of negation
  • becoming aware of how word order may differ from English, for example, noun + qualifier vs qualifier + noun, ’child happy’ vs ’happy child’
  • recognising the use of common affixes on nouns, for example, the man’s dog’’, to the river’’, in the sea’’
  • learning the use of common affixes on verbs, for example, to indicate tense or mood
  • understanding and using metalanguage to describe word types, for example, noun, pronoun, verb
  • understanding that some parts of the language may have fallen into disuse and not be known today
  • noticing that new words can be formed from within the language itself, rather than borrowed from other languages
  • noticing that compared to English some words may be left out (ellipsis), or must be included or repeated in phrases and sentences, for example, “(it) went”, “big (dog) ate (it)”

  VCLVU142 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRU049

  Understand that spoken and written forms of Turkish both vary in terms of formality according to context, purpose and audience

  Elaborations

  • understanding how language is adapted to control levels of politeness and formality and to reflect relationship, age and intention, for example, the use of the pronoun siz and the second plural indicator -iz indicates more politeness in requests such as gelir misiniz lütfen? compared with gelin lütfen
  • recognising that written forms of Turkish vary depending on levels of formality and informality, for example, formal letters adopt the use of -iz and of titles such as Hanım/Bey sayın instead of sevgili, canım, compared to the use of first names to address family and friends in informal letters
  • understanding that the use of honorifics such as Ali Ağabey (Abi) , Fatma Abla, Mehmet Amca, Mustafa Dayı, Ahmet Bey, Nazmiye Hanım can be varied when speaking to older people who are less familiar, depending on their age and degree of closeness
  • recognising characteristic differences between spoken and written forms of Turkish, for example, by identifying colloquialisms and expressions used mainly in spoken conversation, for example, the non-standard abi in place of the more formal ağabey or the use of ya at the beginning of spoken utterances
  • knowing that meaning is shaped not only by words but also by expression, gestures and use of voice, and that these elements also vary in formal and informal language
  • recognising how variations in language use reflect different feelings, moods or attitudes, for example, the respectful tone of devotional texts compared to the liveliness, humour and colour of Nasrettin Hoca fıkraları, Temel fıkraları, Çizgi filmler, fabllar

  VCTRU049 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCTRU031

  Notice characteristic features of simple spoken, written and multimodal texts that they use in their home and community and of similar texts in English

  Elaborations

  • recognising features of familiar texts that they interact with at home and in school, such as digital books, puppet shows, rhymes or children’s songs, for example, how Karagöz ve Hacıvat talk, rhyming words in the song Küçük Kurbağa
  • recognising differences between the layout, language features and formats of different types of texts such as masal, şarkı, şiir, mektup, makale, haber metni
  • identifying and comparing characteristic elements in texts such as poems or fables, for example, kuklalar ve gölge oyunları, şiirde kafiye, dize ve dörtlük, masallardaki insanüstü kişiler ve olaylar
  • recognising differences between spoken and written versions of texts such as greetings or farewells, merhaba, hoşça kal; or how güle güle can be used in spoken texts, but Sevgili Ayşe Teyze and görüşmek dileğiyle would be used in written texts
  • comparing familiar texts in Turkish and English and noticing features they have in common, for example, the start of fairytales in English, ‘Once upon a time …’ compared to Bir varmış, bir yokmuş, evvel zaman içinde ... in Turkish; rhymes, lines and verses in English and Turkish poems
  • distinguishing between different types of texts based on identified purpose and intended audience, for example, differences between SMS mesajı-telefon görüşmesi, yazılı piyes-kukla oyunu, masal-fıkra.

  VCTRU031 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRU046

  Understand the relationships between intonation and stress in Turkish, and apply this understanding to their own written and spoken language and meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • recognising differences in the pronunciation of long and short vowels with and without accent, and understanding that the length of a vowel and accent can change meaning, as in hala-hâlâ, and palatalise the previous consonant, as in kar-kâr
  • understanding sound assimilation, for example, how in words ending in k, the k softens to become yumuşak g (soft g), ğ before suffixes starting with a vowel, for example, kulak – kulağıma, küçük-küçüğüm
  • understanding how to use emphasis to enhance meaning, for example, using high-pitch tone and primary stress at the end of words, as in gel′dim ya!
  • understanding how stress is usually placed on the last syllable in Turkish, except in the case of some question words, compounds and place names, such as ′Ankara, ′Türkiye but Bulgaris′tan, Gürcis′tan, ′hangi, ′niçin
  • applying the principles of vowel harmony and sound assimilation of consonants and grammatical knowledge to the spelling and writing of unfamiliar words, for example, suffixes such as -cı, kapkaççı, bankacı, yolcu, oduncu, examples of sound assimilation, sokak+-da = sokakta, süt+-de = sütte, kebap+-cı = kebapçı, simit+-ci = simitçi
  • noticing the pronunciation of loan words, including vowels and consonant clusters, for example, plaj, spor, tren
  • recognising the effect of non-verbal language and tone in reinforcing meaning in spoken Turkish, for example, Buyrun! Vay be! Mahvoldum ya!, İnanmıyorum! Git yaa! Eeee, başka? Hadi be! Öf ya!

  VCTRU046 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC164

  Translate and interpret texts, compare own translation of a range of texts with others’, and explore differences and strategies to overcome challenges in translation

  Elaborations

  • interpreting and translating a range of texts from English to Vietnamese and vice versa, using and evaluating translation resources such as web-based translation tools and print and digital dictionaries
  • comparing and discussing various translations (including print and electronic translations, own and peers’ translation work) of common words, phrases, expressions and texts, explaining the possible reasons for differences and similarities, selecting the most appropriate translation and negotiating adjustment if necessary
  • discussing and amending inaccurate translations of public signs or notices in Vietnam and in Australia
  • identifying and discussing strategies for translating difficult words and concepts or instances of non-equivalence, such as expanding descriptions or explanations, providing examples to assist meaning, or connecting to context to identify the meaning of a word, for example, ‘a strong person’ (một người mạnh khỏe) versus ‘strong tea’ (trà đậm); ‘hot weather’ (thời tiết nóng nực) versus ‘a hot issue’ (vấn đề gây tranh cãi) or ‘a hot zone’ (khu vực nguy hiểm)
  • recognising changes required to sentence structure or word use in English–Vietnamese translation, for example, ‘This lesson is too hard to understand’ = Bài học này khó quá, tôi không hiểu được; ‘I can’t help laughing’ = Tôi không thể nhịn cười được
  • observing peers working as interpreters in the classroom in different contexts, identifying challenges in language mediation and exploring strategies to overcome these challenges

  VCVIC164 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIU168

  Apply Vietnamese pronunciation, spelling and intonation patterns in a range of sentences such as statements, questions and exclamations

  Elaborations

  • distinguishing and making nuances in pronunciation and spelling between some similar diphthongs and triphthongs, for example, chiều cao and cây cau, lổ mũi and con muỗi, chúi nhủi and trái chuối
  • applying Vietnamese pronunciation and spelling rules to own speech and writing to pronounce and spell new words encountered in interactions and texts, for example, if the spelling of the word mười is known, then the spelling of the word người can be determined without knowing its meaning
  • experimenting with intonation patterns to distinguish different types of sentences, for example, a statement (Con không đi chơi đâu.), a question (Con không đi chơi đâu?) and an exclamation (Con không đi chơi đâu!)
  • comparing own Vietnamese speech patterns with standard Vietnamese pronunciation, and making adjustments to their pronunciation of certain sounds or tone markers as necessary, for example, g and r, s and x, ch and tr, or d and gi and v
  • developing strategies to understand meaning when listening to diverse regional Vietnamese accents, for example, inferring meaning from the context of communication

  VCVIU168 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHC055

  Translate texts for different audiences varying the language to explain key points for these different audiences

  Elaborations

  • identifying the challenges of translating some concepts (for example, ‘descendant of dragon’, 龙的传人), and developing strategies to overcome these challenges, for example: What is lost in translation? Why can’t we just translate word for word? Why does context matter?
  • translating short phrases or texts, noting culture-specific words and phrases and discussing alternatives, equivalence or non-equivalence
  • discussing reasons for producing different versions of texts for different audiences
  • describing the impact of subtle differences in language use and the way meanings are implied rather than explicitly stated, for example, the use of 吧 to indirectly reject or refuse others in 我能来看看你吗？ --- 不太好吧？
  • avoiding literal (word-for-word) translations when trying to convey the intended meaning, for example, mediating a response to a compliment such as 你的衣服真漂亮。 ---- 哪有啊?
  • reading bilingual signs in places such as restaurants, shops, pools, schools, hospitals and construction sites (for example, 出口 — ‘exit’, 入口 — ‘entrance’), determining the effectiveness of the English translations and analysing possible reasons for such interpretations
  • comparing word choices for warnings across languages, and discussing ways language is used to convey rules, expectations and permission, for example, comparing 闲人免进 to ‘Staff Only’
  • exploring a range of dictionaries, including online translation tools, and considering how these tools help or hinder in Chinese learning

  VCZHC055 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VC2M7N02

  represent natural numbers in expanded notation using powers of 10, and as products of powers of prime numbers using exponent notation

  Elaborations

  • relating the sequences 10, 100, 1000, 10 000 … and 10¹, 10², 10³, 10⁴ …
  • applying and explaining the connections between place value and expanded notations, for example, 7000=7×103 and 3750=3×103+7×102+5×101
  • applying knowledge of factors to strategies for expressing natural numbers as products of powers of prime factors, such as repeated division by prime factors or creating factor trees, for example, 48=6×8=2×3×2×2×2=31×24=3×24
  • developing familiarity with the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and powers of 2; the sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729 and powers of 3; and the sequence 1, 5, 25, 125, 625 and powers of 5
  • solving problems involving lowest common multiples and greatest common divisors (highest common factors) for pairs of natural numbers by comparing their prime factorisation

  VC2M7N02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Number