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• VCZHU188

  Understand and apply complex grammatical structures and features to achieve particular effects, and explore grammatical features of classical Chinese

  Elaborations

  • comparing how ideas are ordered and substantiated across genres and languages, for example, in Chinese essay-writing the author’s position is generally stated at the end, whereas in Australian academic writing it is stated at the beginning
  • describing the purpose and features of genres that are uniquely important in Chinese literature, and exploring their origin in classic literature, such as 小品文，散文

  VCZHU188 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU224

  Explain how languages shape the communicative practices of individuals and groups and identify ways to enhance understanding across cultures

  Elaborations

  • considering ways in which being a bilingual speaker of Chinese and English could impact on and enhance their future life and career
  • examining how language is used to marginalise groups in society, such as how labels are used to simplify identification of groups and influence how such groups are perceived by others, for example, 蚁族、80后/90后
  • considering their own perceptions of the Chinese-speaking world and identifying the influences on their perceptions, for example, trips to China when younger; stories from grandparents
  • exploring how concepts such as modesty, individual responsibility and respect for authority influence communication styles, and how they may be interpreted by English speakers as lack of confidence, engagement or initiative
  • exploring what assumptions are inherent in one language and how the same cultural assumptions may not exist in another language, for example, analysing how the terms for ‘getting married’ differ for women (嫁出去) and men (娶妻) and the gender-neutral 结婚

  VCZHU224 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHU192

  Explain how languages shape the communicative practices of individuals and groups, and identify ways to enhance understanding across cultures

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on how attitudes or values they consider normal in one language may not feel or be viewed in the same way when discussed in a different language, for example humility is a value often conveyed in Chinese but not in English
  • exploring what assumptions are inherent in one language and examining how they might talk differently about the same things in a different language
  • exploring how concepts such as modesty, individual responsibility and respect for authority influence communication styles, and how they may be interpreted by English speakers as lack of confidence, engagement or initiative

  VCZHU192 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• Chinese - Second Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students reflect on their understanding of and responses to their experiences when communicating across cultures. They use creative, expressive and persuasive language. They work collaboratively to exchange information and ideas and to share their experiences with other Chinese speakers.

  The systems...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence

• Chinese - Background Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students elaborate messages, nominalise, and add complexity to the expression of their ideas. They apply their understanding of appropriate register in a widening range of interactions, and experiment with increasing sophistication in writing, through the use of idiom and references to classical...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence

• Chinese - First Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students learn how to write objectively in simplified and traditional characters and substantiate their ideas and perspectives in appropriate ways. They learn to transcribe complex spoken texts and develop skills in listening to diverse speakers of Chinese who vary in rhythm and pitch. Students...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence

• Chinese - First Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students sustain extended interactions with diverse individuals and groups, selecting spoken and written language for precision and for effect on participants. Students collate and evaluate a range of spoken, written and multimodal sources to convey different perspectives...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Chinese - Background Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Year 10, students use spoken and written Chinese to initiate and sustain extended interactions with others in their social world and in the Chinese-speaking community, for example, 我的学校生活，澳大利亚的运动，我最喜欢的春节活动. They ask questions (for example, 你真的认为…吗？请想一想…) and adapt language...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• VCZHC245

  Plan and negotiate actions to contribute to their local and global community, and suggest alternatives when planning and negotiating

  Elaborations

  • displaying respect for others’ ideas in interactions, agreeing to disagree, or negotiating to achieve agreement, for example, 要么这样吧…; 你看怎么样…; 你说的很有道理，但是…
  • discussing multiple perspectives on topics such as 独生子女政策，言论自由，贫富差距，经济发展与环境保护, and raising awareness among peers and members of school community to enhance mutual understanding of others’ perspectives
  • comparing different learning environments and approaches to learning, for example, reflecting on prior learning experiences and suggesting the advantages and disadvantages of different educational systems (中国的教育是应试教育，注重死记硬背，澳洲的教育是启发式教育，培养的是学生的独立思考能力)
  • discussing issues encountered in their daily life when communicating across cultures, such as specific ‘cultural barriers’ and misunderstandings in communication, for example, 家长应不应该尊重孩子的个人隐私？
  • understanding the history of their local Chinese community and the multicultural nature of Australian society, for example, interviewing older migrants about their experiences as Chinese Australians (老一代的华人在餐饮、 木工、 香蕉种植等方面为澳洲做出了贡献，新一代的华人更多的是在金融、法律、医生等行业发展)
  • identifying areas of need within the local community and collaborating with others to provide support, for example, visiting aged-care facilities or helping to organise a cultural event to enhance understanding of Chinese culture within their own school and local communities (我们上个周末去华人养老院做义工，接触了很多很有意思的老人)

  VCZHC245 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCZHC246

  Identify and analyse the effects of how information is organised in authentic texts, and apply this knowledge to create purposeful texts that persuade and inform

  Elaborations

  • examining the ways in which information is presented across diverse Chinese-speaking communities, for example, viewing news reports of world events from Beijing, Taiwan and Singapore
  • evaluating how information is presented in diverse forms of media across cultures, for example, comparing the impact of live news reports involving interviews with witnesses, and newspaper articles on the same event
  • applying understanding of news articles and other formal text types to create own response to contemporary issues in Chinese-speaking communities

  VCZHC246 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCZHU109

  Compare the purposes, text structures and language features of traditional and contemporary Chinese texts

  Elaborations

  • analysing and explaining the organisation and development of ideas or an argument in a range of genres, including textual features such as paragraphing
  • applying understanding of genre to determine the purpose and intended message of a text, for example, the use of markers 第一步 and 第二步 in a recipe for fried rice
  • recognising the purposes of texts and analysing features of format and language used, for example, in a diary, letter or advertisement
  • comparing features of narrative, recount, report and procedural texts to identify ways in which information is structured and sequenced for particular purposes

  VCZHU109 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU187

  Infer possible sounds and meanings of unfamiliar characters encountered in a range of contexts by identifying and explaining the role of semantic and phonetic sides

  Elaborations

  • inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words containing a familiar character morpheme
  • inferring the meaning of terminology in other subjects based on analysis of characters such as 螺旋桨
  • applying understanding of word formation to identify the word best suited to the required context and use by comparing translations for words in a bilingual dictionary
  • appreciating that the precise meanings of character morphemes are determined by context, for example, 一封信 and 相信；企图 and 地图

  VCZHU187 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU107

  Relate prior knowledge of character form and function to infer information about sound and meaning of unfamiliar characters

  Elaborations

  • analysing sequences of characters containing a common component or side to determine the features of form, function and predictability within the group, for example, explaining the features of position, phonetic function and range of sounds in the characters 请 清 情 晴 精 睛 猜
  • using understanding of familiar radicals and phonetic sides to estimate the sound and meaning of characters when reading aloud
  • describing characters to others by naming their components or sides in sequence, for example, ‘standing man’ (亻) on the left, ‘words’ (言) on the right ＝ 信
  • discussing the use of 繁体字 and 简体字 in Chinese-speaking communities today, including the revival of 繁体字 and the spread of 简体字 in diverse communities
  • recognising traditional characters encountered in their local Chinese communities and noting their simplified character version
  • exploring examples of types of simplifications and ways of associating traditional characters with known simplified forms, for example, whole simplifications (为-為), part substitutions (汉-漢) and half simplifications (说-說)
  • exploring the use of diverse character-morphemes to express similar ideas, for example, identifying multiple characters for ‘food’ (饭、菜、食、餐) and organising and classifying words containing these characters to understand their context of use
  • recognising the two-syllable preference in Chinese nouns and applying this understanding when reading texts

  VCZHU107 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Chinese - Second Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use spoken and written Chinese to initiate and sustain interactions in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. They exchange information, ideas and opinions and enquire into the experiences and opinions of others, using question words such as 为什么，怎么，怎么样 to elicit more...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• VCZHC066

  Sustain and extend written exchanges about places, future plans, and contemporary social issues and activities

  Elaborations

  • introducing a topic or issue for discussion with others (for example, the importance of China to Australia’s economy, the growth of Chinese tourism in Australia, or ways to promote a better understanding of China in Australian schools), and leading the discussion in a manner likely to elicit ideas related to possible scenarios or outcomes
  • referring to information stated, or requesting or providing further details in order to clarify or confirm the ideas or views of others, for example, 你说澳洲人对中国的印象是…
  • discussing issues, suggesting alternative solutions and making decisions using levels of formality and respect appropriate to audience and purpose, for example, 我觉得这样做更适合；…可以吗？
  • following online media conventions and experimenting with terms such as 楼主 to refer to participants of the shared digital space

  VCZHC066 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCZHC184

  Create and adapt bilingual texts for different settings and audiences, identifying the contextual and cultural challenges

  Elaborations

  • experimenting with different options, rephrasing until the most suitable meaning is conveyed, for example, translating 同学 as ‘classmate’ then changing it to ‘student’ or ‘peer’ as appropriate in the context （这是我的同学。 and 同学们好）
  • analysing information presented in context and being aware that what is not said also matters （言外之意), for example, 该来的人来了, implying that those who turned up earlier are 不该来的人
  • developing a deep understanding of the subtle meanings and uses of new words/phrases encountered, by comparing the ways in which words, grammar and idioms are explained in different reference sources, for example, how a 成语 is explained in English, compared to in a Chinese dictionary 成语字典 and on a 成语故事 website

  VCZHC184 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC071

  Translate a range of Chinese texts and identify how some concepts can be readily translated between Chinese and English and some do not

  Elaborations

  • identifying core values implicit in interactions in Chinese and explaining these to English speakers, for example, describing the language of celebration, including the origins, significance and meanings of commonly used expressions such as 福如东海、年年有余
  • describing interactions, showing consideration of 面子, and discussing the differences in the significance of 面子 when the interaction occurs interculturally
  • interpreting key ideas conveyed in Chinese texts, discussing how to maintain the sentiment and intention of authors when retelling or summarising these in English, and understanding why this is important in translation
  • reading everyday Chinese texts encountered in shop brochures, product packaging and advertising; identifying challenges involved in conveying meaning in English; and explaining word choices and textual features employed to enhance meaning

  VCZHC071 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC072

  Create bilingual texts, identifying similarities between Chinese and English syntax and vocabulary, and explaining how these similarities can be used when transferring culture- or context-specific ideas from Chinese into English

  Elaborations

  • producing bilingual displays about Chinese language, culture or contemporary society to share learning and knowledge with the whole school community, for example, a poster display on Chinese characters, on earthquake-prone areas such as Sichuan, on youth cultures in China, or on the Chinese community in Australia
  • creating own texts in Chinese and exploring how word choices impact on the subtlety or accuracy of intended meaning
  • considering ways of exemplifying ideas to ensure effective mediation of ideas or information as opposed to word for word translation, for example, 谢谢您！— 不谢！(‘Thank you!’ — ‘You’re welcome!’)
  • using alternative ways of expressing meanings when communicating complex ideas, for example, 一个孩子 for 独生子女
  • using print and online dictionaries to expand their own linguistic repertoire and convey subtle meanings when creating own texts, understanding the risks of word-for-word translation

  VCZHC072 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC253

  Reflect on the language choices they make when expressing their points of view to others and connect these choices to their identities in Chinese and Australian communities

  Elaborations

  • discussing available choices in how they present their own identity to others and identifying times when they choose to express one aspect of their identity over another
  • reflecting on how their language choices, including the use of English, Chinese, a dialect or accent, are indications of their sense of identity within a particular context
  • considering the differences in their own sense of identity in Australia and when they ‘return home’ (回国) in terms of changes in social contexts and in their relationships with other participants in interactions
  • describing examples of when changes in identity are more evident, such as when they are compared to friends ‘back home’
  • identifying meanings implied in facial expressions, gestures, interjections and exclamations, for example, 哎 can be used to express surprise or dissatisfaction
  • reflecting on how one’s own world view is conveyed through language choices, for example, ‘naming’ China 华夏、九州、神州大地、中原 which reflects their understanding of their history, geography, ethnicity and place in the world

  VCZHC253 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHC183

  Participate in reading Chinese literature in original and in translation, and explain assumptions or implied meanings which inform how ideas have been translated from Chinese into English

  Elaborations

  • identifying superfluous or language-specific information that impedes rather than supports understanding when moving between languages, for example, 雷锋其人其事,在中国几乎人人知道
  • using suitable equivalents or providing new culturally appropriate examples to explain concepts or ideas specific to another language or culture, for example, explaining English terms ‘chilling’ or ‘hanging’ in Chinese; expressing 百年树人 as ‘Rome wasn’t built in a day’
  • noticing deliberate word choices (such as 人民、大众、居民、人们、老百姓) suited to a particular purpose or style
  • identifying the use of sarcasm (for example, 哟， 今天这么早来学校， 太阳打西边出来了) and how it is transferred across languages
  • experimenting with ‘word play’, for example, 谐音秃子打伞----无法无天（无发无天), and discussing how this might be transferred into English

  VCZHC183 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating