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• VCKOC009

  Create bilingual texts that refer to experiences, objects or events commonly encountered in both Australian and Korean contexts, considering how easily words or expressions translate and why some are more difficult to translate than others

  Elaborations

  • creating bilingual resources such as picture dictionaries or photo stories, including those in digital form, with bilingual captions and labels, for example, comparing photos of Korean and Australian classrooms for exchange students to each country and highlighting differences in the arrangement of furniture and wall displays
  • designing bilingual signage, for example, names of school facilities for school maps (화장실, 매점, 교실, 음악실, 수영장, …), explaining how well the translated labels represent the attributes of their designated items
  • creating and using bilingual texts, including those in digital form, for specific audiences (for example, a Big Book or game for young learners of Korean, invitations to a class event or posters for a performance), noticing how meanings need to be tailored to take account of intended audience and cultural perspectives

  VCKOC009 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCLVU173

  Understand how the language has been recorded in the past, and how this affects language building processes

  Elaborations

  • understanding how the language was recorded in the past, by whom and for what purposes
  • understanding the techniques of how the language was recorded in the past, what this means to the language and how it has affected current representation of the language
  • understanding reasons for different spellings of words within the language, for example, how sounds may have been misheard, meanings been misunderstood and other unintentional errors introduced in the documentation process of the language
  • understanding how language resources such as living speakers, recorded texts and archival information are used in the language building process
  • identifying gaps in the vocabulary of the language, considering what responses may be necessary
  • helping to build a community of learners–speakers who use the language, for example, by teaching younger members of the school community and/or classes in local primary schools

  VCLVU173 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Role of language building

• VCVIC127

  Present information relating to familiar contexts in modelled spoken, written and visual texts in different modes, including digital and multimodal

  Elaborations

  • gathering information from a range of sources and reporting it in a different mode, for example, captioned photographs, drawings and posters sharing information orally about routines and interests, for example, giving a short speech about their daily life at home or their favourite songs or movies
  • presenting information about familiar topics using modelled language, such as a recount of a recent school excursion or a set of instructions on pet care
  • conveying information about school and community events in written and multimodal texts, such as annotated posters or digital storyboards, through scaffolding and guidance
  • reporting information to others, for example, presenting the results of a class survey on likes and dislikes in relation to food and drink or leisure activities through a picture graph with annotations (Nhiều bạn trong lớp mình thích ăn phở. Có 12 bạn thích ăn chả giò. Có vài bạn thích chơi quần vợt)

  VCVIC127 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Informing

• VCASFU228

  Identify and describe all elements of sign production, including handshape and its orientation, movement, location and non-manual features, and look at the link between signs and their referents in terms of iconicity

  Elaborations

  • realising that meaning is communicated through the use of signs, pictures, written or spoken words or miming
  • identifying a sign's handshape and its orientation, for example, COCKATOO (hs:5, palm left) and SOCCER (hs:fist)
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in handshape, for example FIND or BEST
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in orientation, for example CAN-NOT or HOW
  • noticing the path movement of a particular sign and identifying signs associated with the major types of path movements, for example, THROUGH (forwards) or FULL (down to up)
  • noticing the five major locations of signs on the body or in space, and identifying signs associated with each, such as SEE (head/face), SAY (mouth/chin), WHY (chest), TALK (hand) and ONE (signing space)
  • thinking of body-anchored signs, such as HEAD or WHY, and signs that are not body anchored, such as HAVE or STOP, and recognising that non-body anchored signs can be located in space around the signer
  • understanding that NMFs can also be an element of a sign and can show emotional states such as a happy expression, or grammatical information, for example, a frown to mark a negative, and identifying examples of NMFs in a text
  • noticing that in a stretch of connected signing a sign will often be produced differently to the way it is shown in a dictionary
  • distinguishing between single, double and two-handed signs, and identifying which hand is dominant and which is non-dominant in two-handed signs
  • noticing that in signed languages meaning can be expressed through whole signs or through fingerspelling
  • comparing iconic signs that provide visual images of referents, such as DRINK, ELEPHANT with English words that map to the sound images of the referents, such as animal noises, or words for sounds such as bang or woof woof
  • identifying signs with different levels of iconicity, for example, those that are fully transparent, translucent or arbitrary
  • experimenting with different methods of capturing signed languages, such as: a class-invented script, drawing pictures, videoing, English glosses or ASL-phabet

  VCASFU228 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU158

  Understand that clauses can be enriched through the use of adjectives and adverbs (when, where, how), often produced with non-manual features

  Elaborations

  • exploring different semantic types of verbs in a text, for example by showing how:
    • doing (WALK, WRITE) and saying (TELL, CALL-OUT ANNOUNCE?) verbs in narrative texts give information about a characters’ actions
    • sensing (SEE, THINK) or possessing (BELONG, OWN) verbs indicate what characters think, feel or own
    • relating verbs identify or describe a noun, for example, HAVE in PRO3 HAVE LONG-HAIR
  • understanding how DSs and adverbs can give extra information about an activity
  • noticing that some signs modify the meaning of verbs, such as READ CAREFUL and that these are called adverbs
  • contributing examples of signs that tell
    • when a verb happens (IN-2-WEEKS PRO1 HOLIDAY or WANT LUNCH NOW)
    • where a verb happens (PRO3 RUN FAR or COME HERE)
    • how a verb happens (FAST or SLOW or PRO2 QUICK FINISH)
  • understanding that, in terms of meaning, a basic clause represents: a happening or a state (verb), who or what is involved (noun or nouns) and the surrounding circumstances (adverb or adverbs)
  • knowing that signing involves either telling with signs or showing with DSs and periods of CA
    MAN WALK SLOW
    DS(point):man-walks-slowly
    CA:man-swinging-arms-nonchalantly
    

  VCASFU158 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU032

  Understand that clauses can be enriched through the use of adjectives and adverbs (when, where, how), often produced with non-manual features

  Elaborations

  • exploring different semantic types of verbs in a text, for example by showing how:
    • doing (WALK, WRITE) and saying (TELL, CALL-OUT, ANNOUNCE) verbs in narrative texts give information about a characters’ actions
    • sensing (SEE, THINK) or possessing (THAT’S-TYPICAL-OF-THEM, OWN) verbs indicate what characters think, feel or own
    • relating verbs identify or describe a noun (for example, HAVE in PRO3 HAVE LONG-HAIR)
  • noticing that some signs modify the meaning of verbs, such as READ CAREFUL and that these are called adverbs
  • contributing examples of signs that tell:
    • when a verb happens (IN-2-WEEKS PRO1 HOLIDAY or WANT LUNCH NOW)
    • where a verb happens (PRO3 RUN FAR or COME HERE)
    • how a verb happens (FAST or SLOW or PRO2 QUICK FINISH)
  • noticing that sometimes Auslan signers have information about how a verb happens through NMFs rather than separate signs, for example, WRITE -_carelessly
  • noticing that clauses can be made more vivid by integrating CA or DSs to show with body or hands or by showing adverbial or adjectival meanings
  • understanding that, in terms of meaning, a basic clause represents: a happening or a state (verb), who or what is involved (noun or nouns) and the surrounding circumstances (adverb or adverbs)
  • distinguishing between yes/no questions and wh- questions and noticing that each type of question has different NMFs

  VCASFU032 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCE001

  Read, comprehend and discuss Classical Greek texts, using vocabulary, grammar and textual cues, to explore the ancient Greek world

  Elaborations

  • developing an initial sense of the structure and content of texts by inferring meaning from textual cues, for example, titles, headings, images or captions to images, maps
  • listening to simple sentences in Classical Greek to infer meaning, using aural cues such as ἆρα ἤδη πονεῖτε ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς; ἐλθὲ δεῦρο
  • determining the general sense of texts through initial holistic reading, by identifying familiar people, vocabulary, places or topics, for example, ὁ Λεωνίδας μάχεται ἐν ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις, recognising modern editors’ use of punctuation to guide readers
  • analysing sentences, identifying and explaining the function of inflected forms, for example, ὁ δεσπότης καλεῖ τὸν δοῦλον (subject + verb + object)
  • identifying and discussing linguistic features in narratives, such as word order, use of interrogative particles, striking word choice, for example, καὶ μὴν καταβαίνει έκ τοῦ ὄρους κένταυρος μέγιστος
  • interpreting and commenting on language choices, such as patterns and length of simple and compound sentences, or use of direct speech, for example, ὁ δὲ Κύκλωψ τόν τ’ Ὀδυσσέα καὶ τοὺς ἑταίρους ὁρᾷ καί, «ὦ ξένοι» βοᾷ, «τίνες έστὲ καὶ πόθεν πλεῖτε;»
  • explaining cultural references embedded in texts, for example, μηδὲν ἄγαν
  • discussing cultural information implicit in Classical Greek vocabulary, for example, ἀνήρ, ἄριστος, σοφός, δεινός, ἥρως
  • exploring cultural elements implicit in language use, for example, vocabulary and expressions particular to specific gods and festivals, such as ὧ Ζεῦ Σῶτερ/Βρόντιε/Ξένιε, ὦ Βάκχε/Βρώμιε, ὦ Φοῖβε, ὦ Ἀθήνη Πρόμαχε
  • discussing cultural representations such as symbols, for example, the owl (Athena), trident (Poseidon), olive wreath (Olympic victory), the letter lambda (Spartans)
  • interpreting stated and implied meanings in texts and supporting an opinion with evidence from the Classical Greek, such as relationships between characters

  VCGRCE001 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the ancient Greek world through Classical Greek texts

• VCITC039

  Interact to share interests, leisure activities, feelings, opinions and preferences

  Elaborations

  • contributing ideas and opinions in interactions by acknowledging, replying, agreeing/disagreeing and concluding, for example, E tu? È vero. Davvero? Va bene. Non sono d’accordo. Mi dispiace ma non capisco. Allora ci vediamo dopo. Arrivederci, Giorgio, a domani! Ho dimenticato … Sei molto gentile. Penso di sì. Penso di no.
  • asking and responding to questions that elicit personal information about themselves and others, for example, Da dove vieni? Vengo da Melbourne. Sei australiana? No, non sono australiana, sono cinese. Sì, e sono di origine greca. Quanti siete in famiglia? In famiglia siamo in sei. È/non è interessante … Che bello!
  • writing short texts such as emails, letters and text messages to interact with others, for example, to invite, congratulate or thank someone
  • using formal and informal greetings and forms of address when opening and closing conversations and written correspondence, for example, Pronto, chi parla? Ciao mamma. ArrivederLa. Mio caro fratello/Carissima nonna/ Gentile signora. Bacioni/Distinti saluti
  • asking about personal preferences, for example, Quale materia ti piace? Mi piace … /Non mi piace …, È facile/È difficile. Quale sport fai? E tu? Bravissimo! Eccezionale!
  • expressing feelings, such as about a singer or sports figure, for example, È simpatico e bravo, mi piace tanto. Vorrei...Mi piacerebbe …
  • describing a person’s physical state, for example, Ha fame/sete/freddo/caldo; Ho mal di … Sono stanco/sono rilassato
  • expressing preferences, for example, Mi piace il caldo. Mi piace/non mi piace la musica rock/pop/classica …
  • talking about the local environment and expressing opinions, for example, Qui c’è molto verde. A/In … c’è tanto inquinamento
  • providing options and choices, inviting, accepting or refusing, for example, Vuoi venire a …? D’accordo/No, non posso … un’altra volta. Vuoi il CD di … o di …? Che buona idea!

  VCITC039 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCITU109

  Understand and use key features and patterns of the Italian grammatical system, including definite and indefinite articles, gender and agreement, present tense of regular and common irregular verbs, and simple sentence construction

  Elaborations

  • learning how to use:
    
    • nouns to identify people and objects — singular and plural regular forms, gender, some exceptions; developing awareness of various categories of nouns with common endings such as -ista, -zione, -tore and -trice (for example, il/la dentista, la stazione, il vincitore/la vincitrice) and comparing them to their English equivalents
      
    • definite and indefinite articles — use and omission
      
    • adjectives to describe things (including agreement and exceptions); and possessive adjectives, for example, Il mio libro
      
    • demonstratives, for example, Questo è il libro
      
    • interrogatives, for example, Chi, che, cosa, quale, come?
      
    • subject pronouns, for example, io, tu, lui, lei
      
    • numerals — cardinal, ordinal, dates, time
      
    • prepositions of time and place to describe when and where
      
    • articulated prepositions with a, da, in, di, su (for recognition only)
      
    • commonly used adverbs to qualify verbs and adjectives
      
    • verbs describing state (essere), possession (avere) and regular verbs describing actions in the present tense (for example parlare, cantare)
      
    • sentence structure to construct simple sentences in Italian ([subject]–verb–object); making statements, asking questions and giving/receiving instructions (verb + object), for example, Chiudi il libro!
      
    • negation to form negative statements and questions, for example, Non ti piace il gelato

  VCITU109 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU165

  Understand and use aspects of the Korean grammatical system such as verb conjugations, suffixes, some particles, basic conjunctions and the honorific system, building a metalanguage to talk about basic grammatical features in Korean

  Elaborations

  • expressing simple events occurring in the past using –었/았–, for example, 캔버라에 살았어요
  • making simple negation using 안 and 못, for example, 비가 안 와요, 김치를 못먹었어요
  • expressing events occurring in sequence by using:
    • conjunctive adverbs such as 그리고 at the beginning of thesecond of two sentences, for example, 밥을 먹어요. 그리고 운동해요
    • a conjunctive suffix (clausal connective) in a coordinative structure –고, for example, 밥을 먹고 운동해요
  • using particles –하고 (as a meaning of ‘together with’) and–에서, for example, 친구하고 쇼핑했어요, 학교에서 공부해요
  • using a structure, a noun + –(으)로, as a set phrase and understanding the meaning of the particle–(으)로, for example, 펜으로 쓰세요. 한국어로 뭐예요?
  • using the complex structures –(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 and –도 되다 in the informal polite style ending –‍어/아요 to express opinions and give/request permission, for example, 맞는 것 같아요; 가도 돼요?
  • using question words to ask about reasons and prices in set phrases 왜요? and 얼마예요? and asking about states, feelings or opinions using 어때요, for example, 영화가 어땠어요?
  • recognising the formal polite ending –ㅂ/습니다 and the intimate ending –어/아, 해, and understanding the different contexts where different levels of politeness and formality are indicated by verb endings, for example, 미안합니다/미안해요/미안해
  • recognising how word ordersare different and syntactic functions are realised differently in simple sentences in Korean and English, for example,‘저는 (subject) 사과를 (object) 먹어요 (verb)’ versus ‘I (subject) eat (verb) an apple (object)’

  VCKOU165 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC162

  Respond to different types of imaginative texts by explaining themes, messages and plot, and commenting on characters and events

  Elaborations

  • listening to, viewing and reading a range of narratives, including multimodal and digital narratives, such as cartoons, films, comics, stories, poems and songs, and identifying and analysing themes, messages and plot
  • comparing different expressive forms of the same story, event, character or place, to consider how form affects meaning and creates effects, for example, comparing the way the same story is expressed in the film Ăn Khế Trả Vàng and in the folk tale Ăn Khế Trả Vàng
  • reflecting on the ways in which people, places and experiences are described in Vietnamese imaginative texts, and comparing representations with those expressed across cultures, for example, comparing Vietnamese and Australian folk songs (hò leo núi/kéo gỗ/cấy lúa and ‘Waltzing Matilda’) or Vietnamese and Western folk tales (Tấm Cám and Cinderella), and discussing the reasons for similar or different values, practices and beliefs
  • comparing key messages and beliefs from Vietnamese stories (Sự Tích Trái Dưa Hấu, Sơn Tinh Thủy Tinh) and imaginative texts in the Australian context, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander texts such as ‘The Rainbow Serpent’
  • responding to different expressions of humour in Vietnamese comedies and comparing them with Australian/Western expressions of humour, for example, comparing comedies by Thúy Nga, Asia with Anh Do/Mr Bean
  • commenting on and stating personal preferences relating to characters, actions and events in texts, using descriptive and evaluative language, including antonyms such as hiền lành/hung dữ, thành thật/gian xảo, rộng rãi/keo kiệt, thiện/ác, and relevant idioms or proverbs such as ở hiền gặp lành, gieo gió gặt bão, có chí thì nên, ăn quả nhớ kẻ trồng cây
  • comparing contemporary music popular among Vietnamese and Australian teenagers by listening to radio music stations and albums and viewing video clips, identifying similarities and differences in themes, messages, expression, styles of performance and singers’ fashion

  VCVIC162 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCASFC153

  Create bilingual versions of texts such as English captioned recordings of Auslan phrases

  Elaborations

  • creating captions in English for short recorded signed phrases
  • creating bilingual texts for the classroom or school community, for example, posters, library displays or digital newsletter items, discussing how to represent meaning in each language for different audiences
  • developing a simple handshape dictionary
  • creating cards for use by younger children that include pictures, labels and signs, such as a transport-themed card game

  VCASFC153 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCELC128

  Create simple bilingual resources such as picture dictionaries, action games or labels for the classroom

  Elaborations

  • creating handmade or digital greeting cards in both Greek and English for different celebrations and traditions, for example, Καλά Χριστούγεννα, Καλό Πάσχα
  • creating bilingual texts for different audiences, for example, signs for the school community, a bilingual class digital dictionary, a word chart, a board game for a younger class
  • creating simple bilingual story books that include captions and images modelled on familiar texts, for example, Spot the dog

  VCELC128 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCELC143

  Create and perform imaginative texts such as stories, skits or rap, using familiar language

  Elaborations

  • producing short scripted plays with teacher support, to perform to class, younger students or the school community
  • creating and performing simple songs, rhymes and rap to teach vocabulary and word patterns to younger Greek language classes
  • creating and using own texts, such as storyboards, digital stories, booklets or board games, based on characters, settings and events from a myth or commonly relayed story, for example, a story based on one of the gods of Olympus, Aesop’s fables, or a fairytale such as Τα τρία γουρουνάκια ...

  VCELC143 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Creating

• VCELU116

  Recognise features of familiar spoken, written and visual texts, such as songs, labels and captions

  Elaborations

  • listening to, reading and viewing different simple texts in Greek, understanding that texts can be short or long; and spoken, written, digital, visual or multimodal; for example, songs, chants, labels, captions, stories and dialogues
  • identifying Greek from a selection of spoken or written texts from other languages represented in the classroom or in the school
  • comparing similar texts in Greek and English and noticing how they are the same or different, for example, a counting song, street signs or labels at a market

  VCELU116 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU118

  Recognise that Australia has speakers of many different languages, including Greek, and that languages borrow words from each other and sometimes use the same alphabet symbols and vocabulary

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the 26 English alphabet letters (Latin/Roman alphabet), have their roots in the Ancient Greek alphabet, recognising the similar order of letters and comparing lower and upper case Greek and English alphabet letters
  • understanding that there are many everyday words and names in English that have Greek origins, for example, alphabet, Chloe, disco, echidna, eucalyptus, hippopotamus, mathematics, school, story, telephone, Timothy, Zoe
  • understanding that there are many technical/scientific words in English that have Greek origins, for example, astronaut, chemist, dentist, disc, physiotherapist, telescope, thermometer

  VCELU118 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESC154

  Compare ways of communicating in particular Australian and Spanish-speaking contexts

  Elaborations

  • identifying features of observed interactions between Spanish and English speakers in specific contexts such as the classroom, the home or the shops, noticing similarities and differences
  • planning a virtual or actual visit to a school in a Spanish-language environment, deciding on strategies for successful communication, for example, how to interpret cultural information and how to be flexible in own ways of communicating
  • reflecting on instances when interactions in Spanish have felt challenging or awkward, and explaining why this might have been the case

  VCESC154 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCFRU090

  Understand that language and culture are interrelated, that they shape and are shaped by each other

  Elaborations

  • comparing definitions of ‘language’ and of ‘culture’, and explaining how they relate to each other
  • considering how language both reflects and shapes cultural distinctions such as community, social class, gender and generation
  • reflecting on the experience of moving between cultures in and out of school, in local and virtual environments, and through the experience of learning and using French
  • exploring the reciprocal element of intercultural communication, considering how own cultural ways of thinking and behaving affect attitudes and interactions and influence other people’s responses or interpretations

  VCFRU090 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCHIC045

  Create bilingual texts such as websites, posters, games and word banks to support their own and others’ learning

  Elaborations

  • creating bilingual learning resources for shared use in the classroom, for example, glossaries of Hindi terms that have no direct translation in English
  • creating bilingual texts for specific audiences, for example, a Big Book or interactive digital game for younger learners of Hindi
  • creating short animations in Hindi with subtitles in English
  • creating bilingual brochures or posters to promote school or community events
  • creating and performing short bilingual chants, songs or raps that move between Hindi and English

  VCHIC045 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIU035

  Understand that Hindi is an important regional and international language used by speakers who are often multilingual in different contexts around the world

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Hindi is used by communities of speakers in many regions of the world beyond their immediate and extended family
  • talking to people they know in their families, at school and in the wider community about the languages they speak and how they use them
  • understanding that Hindi is one of many languages spoken in India and other communities around the world, and that most Hindi speakers also speak other languages
  • recognising that there are many different Indian languages spoken in India and other regions of the world, involving different dialects, accents and vocabulary

  VCHIU035 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change