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• VCFRC024

  Participate in interactive stories and performances, acting out responses, identifying favourite elements, and making simple statements about characters or themes

  Elaborations

  • interacting with characters in stories, songs or cartoons such as Samsam or Titou, for example, by writing invitations, paying simple compliments (Viens chez moi! J’adore ton chapeau!) or preparing questions for an interview (Tu as quel ȃge? Est-ce que tu aimes le fromage?)
  • viewing excerpts from imaginative texts such as Ratatouille, listening for key words and phrases, picking up cultural cues, and choosing vocabulary to describe key characters, for example, Rémi: un rat, gastronome, chef, intélligent; Emil: un rat, le frère, gros, gourmand; Linguini: jeune home, timide, maladroit, bête
  • collecting and using favourite exclamations, words or expressions from different imaginative and expressive texts, for example, Terrrrible! Ça y est! Pas vrai!
  • reading simple narratives and responding to images that evoke positive or negative emotions such as affection, sadness or anger, and making connections with their own experiences by using stem statements such as Je suis folle quand…; Je suis contente si…; J’ai peur de…

  VCFRC024 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Creating

• VCHIC082

  Reflect on the nature of bilingual/multilingual communication and experience

  Elaborations

  • exploring the concept of translanguage in relation to mediating thought, action and communication in situations that involve two or more languages
  • reflecting on how speakers of more than one language draw strategically on a wide range of linguistic and cultural resources to make meaning of experience and to communicate with others
  • considering whether thinking or communicating in one language rather than another affects the ways ideas or attitudes are understood or expressed
  • identifying benefits associated with bilingualism/multilingualism, drawing examples from their personal experience
  • comparing assumptions sometimes made when communicating with speakers of different languages, identifying instances when they consciously adjust how they communicate due to personal assumptions or attitudes
  • identifying cultural cues in intercultural interactions that signal variations in expectations, values or traditions that may complicate communication
  • monitoring their use of Hindi and English in different domains, for example, by keeping a record of when they use each language, for which language functions and in which contexts
  • considering how their language and interactional behaviour might be interpreted or responded to by people from different language backgrounds

  VCHIC082 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCHIC028

  Recognise that ways of communicating in different languages reflect ways of behaving and thinking

  Elaborations

  • recognising differences in attitudes or ways of expressing feelings when using Hindi or English, for example, when being polite and respectful, when thanking or sympathising with people or when exchanging wishes on special occasions
  • identifying non-verbal aspects of communication in Hindi that may be unfamiliar to non-Hindi speakers, such as the way that older relatives greet children by holding their hand over the child’s head and saying जीते रहो, or shaking the head from side to side or back and forth to show varying levels of agreement
  • recognising how the Hindi language reflects traditions and social distinctions to do with how people are regarded in society, how old they are or what religion they practise, for example, the use of the honorific particle जी after a surname to show respect or after an individual name to show affection
  • discussing how Australian behaviours and expressions might be understood or misunderstood by newcomers to the language and culture, for example, the use of terms such as ‘bushwalking’ or ‘arvo’, or expressions such as ‘she’ll be right’ and children’s use of first names with some adults
  • comparing how they communicate in Hindi, English or other languages when they are interacting with different people, such as elders, friends, strangers, parents, small children

  VCHIC028 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCHIU033

  Understand that the way the Hindi language is used varies according to the age, gender and background of speakers and that it involves different dialects and accents

  Elaborations

  • understanding that there is a standard form of Hindi called मानक हिंदी which is used in writing and spoken by many people, and also many spoken dialects that differ from region to region, for example, ब्रज भाषा, अवधी
  • reflecting on how they communicate with family and friends and people less close to them or in authority, noticing differences in word choice, gestures and communicative behaviour
  • comparing language used among different family members, such as grandparents, parents and siblings, noticing words that reflect status or position in the family, for example, addressing older siblings as आप rather than तुम
  • comparing language use at home and school, for example, by identifying differences in ways of thanking someone or asking for help; the use of nicknames or terms of affection such as राजा बेटा, रानी बिटिया
  • making personal connections with different language dialects spoken in regions of India, in Fiji, Mauritius and other parts of the world
  • understanding the importance of using appropriate language when interacting with different people, for example, the use of ultra-formal language such as बैठिएगा when speaking with elders or strangers

  VCHIU033 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU169

  Explore the language situation of language communities and the diversity of language contexts in Australia

  Elaborations

  • investigating the nature and state of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages across Australia and in their region
  • recognising that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are multilingual, and discussing reasons for this
  • learning about the current language situation in the language: its state of health, the nature of the speech community and generational differences, and discussing reasons for these characteristics
  • recognising that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are in various states of maintenance, development and revival, and investigating the diversity of historical causes for this
  • recognising how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages have been transmitted and recorded across generations
  • exploring how physical and biological environments affect linguistic ecology
  • recognising shared vocabulary across Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, and understanding why there might be variations in spelling
  • recognising dialectal differences and similarities within languages
  • investigating ways in which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are used in the local region and in the wider Australian community, for example, in the media, in art galleries, festivals, on public transport

  VCLVU169 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language awareness

• VCTRC113

  Reflect on the relationship between language, culture and identity, and how this shapes and reflects ways of communicating and thinking

  Elaborations

  • discussing the inter-relationship of language, culture and identity, referencing their own relationship with different languages and with elements of Turkish and Australian cultural experience
  • considering the dynamic nature of both identity and culture, and reflecting on how identification with different communities and languages affects their sense of individual or group identity
  • comparing choices they consciously make in relation to values or practices typically associated with either Turkish or Australian traditions and priorities, such as social interactions with friends, relationships, educational experience, and considering how these choices both reflect and contribute to their sense of identity
  • exploring how ways of thinking, communicating and behaving reflect cultural identity, considering, for example, in what respects they identify as Turkish or Australian, and whether these ways shift over time and according to context and situation
  • analysing the relationship between culture, identity and representation, for example, by comparing responses to media representations of cultural difference or diversity
  • reflecting on the experience of learning and using their home language in school, considering whether it impacts on their relationship with the language in out-of-school contexts or on their degree of identification with language communities
  • identifying elements of their personal worlds that contribute to their sense of community and identity, including their use of different languages and involvement in different cultural practices, for example, aile yaşamı, düğünler, futbol maçları

  VCTRC113 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCTRC095

  Consider similarities and differences in ways of communicating in Turkish and English, noticing how/when they choose to use either language or both languages

  Elaborations

  • identifying instances when they switch between or mix Turkish and English, considering why they do this in particular situations or interactions, comparing their observations with those of their peers
  • reflecting on the experience of using Turkish and English with a particular person, such as a parent or older relative, noticing which topics or interactions fit more easily into one language than the other and considering reasons for this
  • reflecting on experiences of feeling either comfortable or uncomfortable when switching between languages, explaining why this might have been the case, for example, when translating for parents or other family members or interpreting for visitors
  • considering how and why they adjust their ways of using Turkish or English when interacting with older people, friends of the same or different gender, people in authority, small children or close friends, for example, using different forms of address or ways of showing respect or affection
  • discussing whether they feel different when using Turkish in the classroom to how they feel when using it at home, for example, using standardised forms of Turkish in school
  • reflecting on ways in which different languages provide alternative ways of thinking or speaking about ideas or experiences

  VCTRC095 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCTRU114

  Understand and apply features of the Turkish sound and writing systems, including pronunciation and spelling patterns, to produce different types of texts and to participate in extended interactions

  Elaborations

  • recognising and applying the vowel elision rule to suffixes of multisyllabic words, understanding how this is related to the spelling and pronunciation of words, for example, oğul-oğlu, burun-burnu, beyin-beyni, göğüs- göğsü and karın-karnı
  • using homophones such as gül, yüz, dolu, yaz, kır, ekmek, Pazar, ben, aç and çay in spoken and written texts, and learning how homophones affect meaning in sentences and in familiar idioms, for example, Gülü seven dikenine katlanır, Güle güle gidin and Gülmekten kırılıyordum
  • developing understanding of and applying the principles of word stress when pronouncing unfamiliar words and phrases, for example, stressing the first syllable of each word in the sentence Atatürk, cumhuriyeti kurdu
  • developing a glossary of ICT terms and meanings, and using these in their own sentences and texts, for example, bilgisayar, fare, yükleme/indirme, ağ, e-posta, biligisayar korsanı, yazıcı and aktarma
  • varying the use of tone for emphasis during extended interactions and to contribute to the cohesion of longer spoken texts

  VCTRU114 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC133

  Explore their own sense of identity, including elements such as family, background, experiences, and ways of using language in Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts

  Elaborations

  • discussing the groups they belong to, including their family and Vietnamese cultural and language groups, and reflecting on how membership of these groups affects their own sense of identity
  • creating texts that express their identity, including as a member of different cultural and/or language groups, for example, their name in English and/or Vietnamese, their age in Vietnam and Australia (Mai lên chín, tuổi ta. Mai mới tám tuổi tây)
  • mapping their personal profile by creating a chart, timeline or web document to highlight significant experiences or events, for example, marking an event when they identified as Vietnamese, such as Lunar New Year (Tết Nguyên đán)
  • noticing how they communicate with one another, their family, teachers and other adults, identifying differences in behaviour in different contexts and with different people, and suggesting reasons for these differences

  VCVIC133 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCASFU103

  Recognise and restrict signing to the standard signing space, and understand that particular signs, depicting signs, some verbs, enacting and pronouns make use of spatial relationships

  Elaborations

  • describing the range of signing space in normal signed discourse
  • recognising that non-body-anchored nouns can be located in the signing space and identifying instances of this
  • noticing that Auslan pronouns are different from English because they don’t show gender but they can show the location and a specific number of referents, for example, WE2 (inclusive) and WE3 (inclusive) or WE2-NOT-INLCLUDING-YOU (exclusive)
  • noticing that a point can refer to a person, place or thing
  • noticing that enacting a role or modifying the beginning and end locations of some verbs can show the referents involved, for example:
    PRO1 ASK PRO3 versus PRO1 ASK-_her
    PRO3 ASK-_me CA:I-was-shocked
    
  • identifying what sorts of things can be represented in a DS by a particular handshape, for example a distant person, pole or tree can be represented by a point handshape, and a cylinder can be traced by a C handshape

  • distinguishing between entity, handling or SASS DSs by looking at what the handshape represents in each type:

    • entity: the handshape is an object or person
    • handling: the handshape represents a person’s hands touching or moving another object
    • SASS: the handshape traces the shape or size

  VCASFU103 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Auslan - First Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 2, students interact with the teaching team, class visitors and each other to share information about themselves, their families, friends, routines, pastimes and experiences. They use fingerspelling or sign names as appropriate and lexical adjectives or size and shape specifiers...

  Level description | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2

• VCASFU072

  Reflect on how language use is influenced by communities’ world views and sense of identity and on how language and culture influence each other

  Elaborations

  • exploring the nature of culture and how it is related to ways of thinking and using language, for example by comparing the cultural concept of Deaf identity with a medical model of deafness
  • exploring ways in which language choices, such as sign choices, reflect attitudes towards certain topics, for example, oralism
  • analysing how concepts related to cultural practices are expressed through language, for example, by identifying particular elements of naming systems, such as the use of pointing, NMFs and name signs, as in the case of number name signs of older deaf people who attended the Victorian School for Deaf Children
  • identifying and discussing core cultural concepts reflected in Auslan such as the collective nature of the Deaf community, the importance of respect for elders and of reciprocity and responsibility, for example, how signing TAP-MANY, TAP-2H++ reflects understanding of responsibility to share information and pass on knowledge, or greater use of the ‘flat hand’ rather than the ‘point hand’ and use of full titles in acknowledgements and forms of address when introducing an esteemed Deaf elder
  • investigating how Auslan users interact with their social and physical environment, for example, locating other signers, gravitating to spaces that are visually accessible
  • identifying culturally significant attitudes and beliefs conveyed through Auslan that relate to history, significant individuals, places or events, for example, attitudes to spoken language that reflect the history of suppression of signed languages, as in the use of signs that reference tensions between oral and signing deaf people or between hearing and deaf people, such as the sign for communication breakdown which infers lack of awareness or understanding of cultural values, beliefs and language on the part of the other party
  • comparing elements of communication in different contexts and exchanges that are culturally specific, such as back-channelling, the use of silence or eye contact, head nodding to indicate understanding rather than agreement, and the implications of such cultural variability in contexts such as courts of law
  • observing that concepts may be culture and language specific, for example, in relation to time and space, as in the spatial mapping for timelines in Auslan
  • understanding how developing sign language literatures which recount significant journeys and events associated with the beginnings of Deaf education and the development of Deaf communities not only map history but also embody values and mores of Deaf cultures, for example, accounts of the Gallaudet and Clerc reciprocal relationship, or the US Civil War deaf soldiers’ story as told by Ben Bahan
  • exploring ways in which the production and affect related to the sign for COCHLEAR-IMPLANT have evolved over time due to shifting values and perceptions of the Deaf community in relation to the implant, noting, for example, the transition from a negative affect to more neutral production of the sign
  • researching examples of deaf leaders who have established organisations or services which met the cultural needs of their community, for example, Dorothy Shaw and Deaf Action Books, Nola Colefax and the Australian Theatre of the Deaf

  VCASFU072 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• Chinese - Second Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use spoken and written Chinese to sustain extended interactions with familiar and unfamiliar participants in a range of contexts (for example, interacting with Chinese-speaking students online; using Chinese to ask about items in a local Chinese grocery). Students...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Italian - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students understand a range of spoken, written, and multimodal texts on familiar topics, including home life, friends and classroom activities. They use Italian to communicate and to interact, for example, to exchange greetings and to address people, using appropriate language...

  Level description | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Modern Greek - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 description

  Students become familiar with the sound system of the Modern Greek language, such as syllables using consonants and vowels, and new sounds, such as the guttural γ, ρ and γκ and ξ and ψ in words. They learn to identify and write letters, words and simple sentences using...

  Level description | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence

• VCDEU149

  Develop and apply knowledge of German grammatical elements such as verb tenses, modal verbs and case, combining them with an increasing range of nouns, adjectives and adverbs to construct sentences

  Elaborations

  • referring to a person, place or object using the nominative and accusative definite and indefinite articles, for example, Das Mädchen hat einen Hockeyschläger. Der Film hat ein Happy End.
  • noticing how articles and pronouns change after certain verbs (Ich danke dir.) and after particular prepositions associated with location, for example, Wir sind in der Stadt. Die Party ist bei Stefan im Garten.
  • understanding and describing current, recurring and future actions, including by using common separable verbs such as aufstehen, ausgehen, aussehen, fernsehen, mitkommen and mitnehmen
  • understanding the concept of regular and irregular verbs and noticing that this is a feature of both German and English (and other languages, such as French, Italian and Spanish)
  • understanding and expressing obligation and permission using the modal verbs müssen and dürfen, such as in descriptions of school rules, for example, Wir dürfen in der Klasse nicht texten. Wir müssen eine Uniform tragen.
  • comparing the meaning of the modal verbs wollen, sollen, mögen and können with their English equivalents
  • making comparisons using simple structures such as Ich mag Erdbeeren lieber als Kiwis. Radfahren ist besser als Autofahren.
  • giving instructions to one or more peers, for example, Trink(t) mehr Wasser!
  • understanding and speaking about past events by adapting modelled sentences in the present perfect tense and using knowledge of common verbs in the simple past tense, for example, Ich habe heute meine Hausaufgaben nicht gemacht. Wir sind nach Bali geflogen. Früher konnte ich Klavier spielen.
  • noticing that some verbs can be combined with a separable or inseparable prefix which alters the meaning of the base verb, for example, Er kommt um 17.15 Uhr. Kommst du mit? Ich bekomme $50 zum Geburtstag.
  • describing frequency using adverbs and adverbial expressions such as oft, manchmal, jeden Tag, ab und zu and nie
  • understanding the meaning of the conjunctions dass and weil
  • understanding questions using warum and responding with a simple sentence, for example, Warum bist du müde? Ich habe heute Fuβball gespielt.
  • referring to a date, including the year, for an event such as a birth date, for example, Meine Oma ist am elften April 1956 geboren.
  • understanding and locating events in time, including the use of the 24-hour clock, prepositions such as nach and vor, and formulaic expressions such as früher, später, am Wochenende, in den Ferien
  • referring to quantities of people and things (including Meter, Kilometer; Quadratmeter, Quadratkilometer for length/height/distance and area) using cardinal numbers up to 10 000 including decimals, common fractions and negative numbers, for example, 85,5 Prozent haben ein Handy. Die Tagestemperatur liegt bei minus 8 Grad. Ich habe eine Halbschwester.
  • building metalanguage to comment on grammar and vocabulary (for example, Substantive/Nomen, Verben, Ordinalzahlen, Präpositionen, Fragewörter, groβ/klein schreiben), comparing with equivalent English terms

  VCDEU149 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU013

  Develop knowledge of common grammatical elements and structures such as nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives, verbs, compound words, adverbs of frequency, conjunctions, statements, negations and questions, to describe events, actions and qualities of people and objects, and to express courtesy...

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Vietnamese has multiple words for personal pronouns, for example, con, cháu, em and tôi can be used to indicate both first and second person depending on relationships
  • using appropriate terms of address for diverse speakers in different contexts, for example, ông, bà, anh, chị, em
  • understanding that personal pronouns in Vietnamese do not change according to their grammatical function as in English, for example, Anh ta biết tôi nhưng tôi không biết anh ta (‘He knows me but I don’t know him’)
  • exploring and using pluralisation of nouns, for example, hai cái áo (‘two shirts’), những/nhiều/các ngôi nhà (‘houses’), making connections and comparisons between Vietnamese and English
  • understanding the position of nouns and adjectives in Vietnamese compared to English, for example, một học sinh giỏi versus ‘a good student’
  • using concrete nouns related to self, family, home, school and the local environment, including loan words from other languages, for example, thức ăn, quần áo, gia đình, cha mẹ, trường học, học sinh, thầy cô, bạn bè, chợ, nhà hàng, trạm xe lửa, tivi, game, internet, email, canteen, gara sale, online shopping, sushi, pizza, McDonald, chocolate, cà rốt, ya-ua, nhẩm xà/yumcha
  • using adjectives to describe the appearance and personality of people, places, events, actions and objects, for example, già, trẻ, rộng lớn, chật hẹp, quan trọng, thú vị, anh hùng, mắc, rẻ, tốt, xấu
  • exploring and using synonyms, for example, chăm chỉ = siêng năng; ngăn nắp = gọn gàng, and antonyms, for example, tốt ≠ xấu; mới ≠ cũ; ngày ≠ đêm; nóng ≠ lạnh
  • recognising and using Vietnamese prefixes such as vô and bất to form antonyms, for example, lễ phép ≠ vô phép; có duyên ≠ vô duyên; lịch sự ≠ bất lịch sự; cẩn thận ≠ bất cẩn
  • using adverbs to modify verbs and adjectives, and to indicate time, for example, chạy nhanh, học giỏi, hát hay, đẹp lắm, hay quá, hôm qua, ngày mai, tuần rồi, tháng tới
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, ở giữa), for example, ở trên trời, ở trên bàn, ở dưới đất, ở nhà, ở thành phố, ở ngoài đường
  • recognising possessive cases using formation of noun + pronoun/noun or của, for example, ba mẹ (của) tôi, anh/chị (của) tôi, nhà/trường/lớp (của) tôi
  • using some honorific words to express courtesy, for example, dạ, dạ thưa, kính thưa, kính chào
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using common simple conjunctions, for example, Tôi và bạn, Cuối tuần bạn thường đi bơi hay đi xem phim? Tôi thích ăn phở nhưng chị tôi thích ăn mì
  • understanding that Vietnamese does not conjugate verbs according to number, gender and/or tense, for example, Tôi/Bạn tôi thích phim hoạt họa
  • understanding and describing past, current and future events using appropriate terms for time expressions such as đã, sẽ, đang, chưa, rồi, for example, Tôi ăn rồi. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Ngày mai tôi sẽ đi coi phim
  • using simple sentence structures (subject + predicate) to construct affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions with ai, cái gì, gì, nào, ở đâu, thế nào, tại sao, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Tôi không thích ăn cháo. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tại sao bạn thích bộ phim này? Bạn thích ca sĩ nào?
  • understanding word order in questions, noticing that question words are placed at the end of sentences in Vietnamese, for example, Tên em là gì? Nhà em ở đâu?
  • understanding and using a range of Vietnamese comparative and superlative forms, for example, đẹp, đẹp hơn, đẹp nhất
  • understanding and applying the rules of compound word formation, for example, trường + học = trường học; học + hành = học hành, to generate words for enhancing conversations
  • understanding the use of appropriate punctuation in writing, for example, full stops, commas and exclamation marks

  VCVIU013 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU079

  Explain how language defines people’s roles as outsiders or insiders in groups and cultures

  Elaborations

  • experimenting with internet language to communicate with peers in a class blog and recognising the value of technology in exploring and constructing own texts
  • considering how they can be more inclusive in their own language use, for example: What questions can I ask to understand others better? What words are best to be avoided? How can I express my opinion without causing offence?
  • examining the use of inclusive language and how ideas are framed, for example, the impact of positive versus negative framing on how meaning is interpreted across languages and cultures, such as 足下留情，小草常青 versus ‘Keep off the grass’
  • exploring the contexts and implications of terms used to identify others, for example, 老外、 华侨、 华裔、 大陆人、 华人、 中国人、 少数民族

  VCZHU079 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCGRCE020

  Translate a range of texts that incorporate complex sentence structures and extensive vocabulary from Classical Greek into Standard English, representing the style and purpose of the texts

  Elaborations

  • reading holistically to deduce the context and content of Classical Greek texts, by identifying key words and phrases
  • applying expanded knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and problem-solving skills to translate compound sentences and complex sentences with nested clauses
  • conveying shades of meaning of a range of subtle vocabulary, for example, inferring the different connotations of a word in a particular context, such as δίκη
  • inferring the meaning of new words and expressions, using knowledge of the text type and the author’s purpose and technique, for example, ὁ λόγος (word, speech, argument, reasoning, story, computation)
  • expanding the variety of English translations for verb tenses or moods, for example, to express aspect in a command, παύου (general/ongoing) compared to παῦσαι (once)
  • deducing the meaning of new words, by drawing on prior knowledge, derivatives and connections with familiar words, for example, σαρκοφάγος, κακοδαίμων
  • recreating mood, tone and dramatic impact in English translations by selecting appropriate vocabulary, comparing and contrasting potential choices, for example, τύχη (chance, luck, fortune), συμφορά (event, circumstance, mishap, misfortune)
  • refining translations by exploring print and online Classical Greek and English dictionaries and thesauruses to consider a variety of meanings and synonyms
  • conveying emphasis and tone, such as indignation, anger or suspense, embedded in Classical Greek word order, for example, χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον φέρει ὁ Ὀδυσσεύς ἐν τῷ ἀσκῷ
  • translating complex sentence structures, such as subordinate clauses and indirect speech, for example, causal, purpose, result, indirect questions, commands, conditionals
  • rendering the precise meaning of tenses in Classical Greek into idiomatic English, for example, ἐλάμβανον/ἔλαβον
  • conveying the meaning of idiomatic expressions and culturally specific terms, for example, ἀρετή, δαίμων/δαιμόνιον/εὐδαιμονία, τα πρόβατα θόρυβον ποιεῖ, γλαύκ’Ἀθήναζε/γλαύκας εἰς Ἀθήνας, by choosing appropriate English terms and expressions
  • constructing and editing translations collaboratively with peers, using a range of ICT
  • correcting own translations to increase accuracy and better reflect register, tone and relationships
  • translating, independently or in collaboration with peers, unseen texts with compound or complex sentences, drawing on familiarity with the style and language of texts already studied

  VCGRCE020 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Translating

• VCLAE016

  Read, analyse and interpret Latin texts, using vocabulary, grammar and textual cues, to engage with the Roman world

  Elaborations

  • predicting the context and content of Latin texts through initial holistic reading, by identifying key words and phrases, for example, Romani Carthaginienses valde timebant
  • inferring the meaning of new words, using knowledge of the text type and the author’s purpose and technique, for example, res, gero, rem gerere
  • investigating and explaining the effect of word order in Latin in producing emphasis and tone, such as indignation, anger, suspense, for example, qualis vir? conclamant omnes; miser Catulle
  • examining and interpreting complex sentence structures, such as conditional sentences, indirect speech and subordinate clauses, for example, adjectival, causal, purpose or result clauses, indirect questions or commands
  • reflecting on the precise use of tenses in Latin and making comparisons with English, for example, cotidie ibat; si veneris
  • explaining how the coherence of complex texts relies on devices that signal text structure and guide readers, for example, paulisper … dum … interea …; primo … deinde … tandem; non solum … verum etiam
  • investigating how different conjunctions are used in complex sentences to extend, elaborate and explain ideas, for example, in periodic sentences using quod, quamquam, cum
  • explaining allusions to historical or mythological characters which exemplify Roman values and attitudes, such as Romulus and Remus, Lucretia, Horatius, Cloelia
  • discussing conventions of Latin texts, such as letter format, for example, Marcus Quinto SPD … cura ut valeas, or metre in poetry, for example, acknowledging quantities
  • recognising positive and negative cultural connotations of concepts implicit in Latin vocabulary, for example, rex, imperium
  • analysing cultural values and attitudes embedded in language use, for example, vocabulary and expressions particular to festivals and ceremonies such as Io triumphe; ave Caesar
  • discussing the function and power of cultural representations such as symbols, for example, SPQR, aquila, fasces
  • justifying interpretations of texts, using examples or quotations from or references to the text, such as line numbers or a paraphrase of a longer section of text
  • constructing, editing and presenting interpretations of and responses to literary Latin, using ICT collaboratively

  VCLAE016 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the Roman world through Latin texts