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• VCZHU076

  Analyse and examine how effective authors control sentence structure and use language to engage their audience

  Elaborations

  • comparing the use of words that rely on interpretation of context to convey the intended meaning (such as 让、给), for example, listening to and reading several extracts from texts which use the same word in a different way
  • expressing conditions (for example, 如果…就); expressing cause and effect (for example, 为了…); and expressing the condition, quality or result of an action, for example, 坐得下、 说得对、 做完、买到
  • justifying opinions and building logical arguments by expressing additional information and providing reasons (for example, using 不但…而且…；除了…以外；另外), and introducing contrasting views to others using elements such as cohesive devices, for example, 不是…而是…；不过；虽然…但是…
  • exploring the ways in which language can be manipulated to make ideas more objective, for example, removal of personal pronouns and opinions
  • examining the use of noun phrases in Chinese and experimenting with omitting nouns (zero subjects) in their own communication
  • experimenting with the use of 成语 and famous sayings to substantiate ideas in Chinese
  • experimenting with 的 as a subject modifier to express ideas that would contain relative clauses in English, for example, 我昨天买的书不太贵

  VCZHU076 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFC181

  Interact appropriately with people in different contexts, sharing experiences, interests and opinions about current events or school and community experience

  Elaborations

  • using signs to agree or disagree on relevant topics, such as:
    AGREE YES HOMEWORK SHOULD
    Yes, I agree we should do homework.
    PRO1 KNOW WHAT MEAN, BUT….
    I know what you mean, but …
    PRO1 DOUBT
    I’m not sure.
    AGREE-NOT, PRO1 THINK…
    I don’t agree; I think …
    
  • participating in videoconferencing exchanges with deaf children or other Auslan students from another state to compare and contrast aspects of their school and learning experiences
  • contributing to online videoconferencing with other Auslan users to compare and contrast aspects of their school and learning experiences
  • using appropriate NMFs when turn-taking, for example:
    HOLD
    Hold that thought.
    QUICK INTERRUPT
    Can I just interrupt you quickly?
    WAIT….COME
    Can you just wait a moment … Right, what did you want?
    
  • clarifying meaning, for example by using fingerspelling to explain unfamiliar vocabulary, as in, PRO2 MEAN [fingerspell word]?
  • using appropriate protocols to join or leave conversations, for example, waiting for eye gaze or for the signer to finish and not asking for a full recount
  • engaging with deaf visitors from different groups and backgrounds and creating a vlog about the visits

  VCASFC181 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCGRCU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex sentences in Classical Greek, including subordinate clauses, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • using the indefinite adjective τις with nouns to supply the meaning of the indefinite article in English, for example, κακόν τι πάσχει, νῆσόν τινα
  • conjugating -ω verbs in perfect and pluperfect tenses, active and middle, indicative, imperative and infinitive forms, for example, εἴρηκα/εἴρημαι, ἑόρακα/ἑώραμαι
  • conjugating -ω verbs in the passive voice in all applicable tenses including first and second aorist and future, for example, ἐλύθην/λυθήσομαι, ἐφάνην/φανήσομαι
  • conjugating contract verbs in all tenses and voices, including verbs in –οω, for example, δηλῶ, ἐλευθερῶ
  • conjugating -μι verbs, including δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, ἵημι, δείκνυμι, φημί
  • conjugating common irregular verbs, for example, oἶδα, ἒοικα
  • forming the comparative and superlative degrees of common irregular adjectives, for example:
    • ἀγαθός/ἀμείνων/ἄριστος, ἀγαθός/βελτίων/βέλτιστος, ἀγαθός/κρείττων/κράτιστος
    • κακός/κακίων/κάκιστος, κακός/χείρων/χείριστος
    • καλός/καλλίων/κάλλιστος
    • μέγας/μείζων/μέγιστος
    • πολύς/πλείων/πλεῖστος
  • identifying the use of participles with the genitive absolute and the accusative absolute, for example, ἡμέρας γενομένης, ἔδοξεν ταῖς κόραις πρὸς τὸν κρήνην βαίνειν and δέον τὴν πόλιν ἀμύνεσθαι, οἱ ἄνδρες τὰ ὅπλα ἔφερον
  • recognising the forms and uses of the subjunctive mood, for example, ταχέως ἵωμεν (exhortation), τί ποιῶμεν; (deliberation), μὴ δέξησθε τὰ δῶρα (prohibition), οἱ στρατιῶται φεύγουσιν ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ληφθῶσιν (purpose clause), φοβοῦμαι μὴ ὁ δεσπότης οὐκ ἐθέλῃ παῦσαι τὸν πόνον (clause of fearing)
  • recognising the forms and uses of the optative mood, for example, εἴθε τὴν πατρίδα σῴζοιμεν (wish), βουλοίμεθα ἄν τοῦ ἀοιδοῦ ἀκούειν (potential optative)
  • understanding the structure and use of indirect statements with ὅτι, the infinitive or the participle, for example, ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ἤδη προσχωροῦσιν/ὁ πάτηρ ἔφη ἀνάγκην εἶναι οἴκαδε ἐπανιέναι/οἱ παῖδες εἶδον λύκον μέγαν πρὸς τὴν οἰκίαν προσιόντα
  • understanding the structure and use of conditional clauses, for example, ἐὰν τῷ δημαγωγῷ πιστεύῃς, μῶρος εἶ/ἐὰν τὸν δοῦλον καλέσῃς, βραδέως ἀφίξεται/εἰ ὁ παῖς τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, ἐδέξατο ἄν τον ἔπαινον
  • understanding the structure and use of indefinite clauses, for example, ὅστις ἄν ἔξω τῶν τῆς πόλεως ὁρῶν εὑρεθῇ, ἐν κινδύνῳ μεγάλῳ ἔσται/ἐπειδὰν γένηται ἡ πανήγυρις, πάντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν σπεύδουσιν
  • identifying the articular infinitive, for example, ἀγαθὸς εἰς τὸ λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν
  • identifying the verbal adjective in –τέος, for example, οὐ λεκτέοι εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι
  • identifying verbs that take supplementary participles, for example, ἔτυχον παροῦσαι αἱ γυναῖκες/οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐφαίνοντο οὐ βουλόμενοι ἀγορεύειν
  • understanding the sequence of tenses and moods in complex sentences (primary and secondary sequences), for example, λέγει ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἶπεν, ἐψεύδετο/εἶπεν ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἴποι, ψεύδοιτο ἄν
  • recognising creative variations in Classical Greek word order to focus on action, or to create suspense by delaying a key word, phrase or clause
  • elaborating strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCGRCU023 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCE016

  Read, analyse and interpret Classical Greek texts, using vocabulary, grammar and textual cues, to engage with the ancient Greek world

  Elaborations

  • predicting the context and content of Classical Greek texts through initial holistic reading, by identifying key words and phrases, for example, οἱ βάρβαροι μάλα φοβούμενοι
  • inferring meaning using knowledge of the text type and the author’s purpose and technique, for example, νῦν οὖν ἀτεχνῶς ἥκω παρασκευασμένος/βοᾶν, ὑποκρούειν, λοιδορεῖν τοὺς ῥήτορας/ἐάν τις ἄλλο πλὴν περὶ εἰρήνης λέγῃ. (Aristophanes’ Acharnians)
  • investigating and explaining the effect of word order in Classical Greek in producing emphasis and tone, for example, indignation, anger, suspense
  • examining and interpreting complex sentence structures, such as the use of the optative mood in indirect statements, for example, ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ σύμμαχοι δ’ ὁλίγου νικήσοιεν
  • reflecting on the particular use of tenses in Classical Greek and making comparisons with English, such as use of aspect, vivid use of the present in indirect speech, or use of the aorist in gnomic statements, for example, παθὼν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω
  • explaining how the coherence of complex texts relies on devices that signal text structure and guide readers, for example, οὖν, γάρ. μέντοι, δήπου
  • discussing conventions of Classical Greek texts, such as the inclusion of speeches in historiography
  • investigating how different conjunctions are used in complex sentences to extend, elaborate and explain ideas, for example, εἴχομεν ἡμεῖς Πύδναν καὶ Μεθώνην καὶ πάντα τὸν τόπον τοῦτον
  • explaining allusions to historical or mythological characters who exemplify Greek virtues, such as Achilles, Hector, Theseus, Solon, Socrates
  • recognising positive and negative connotations implicit in Classical Greek words, for example, τύραννος, δαίμων
  • examining cultural assumptions that influence ways in which meanings are expressed or interpreted, for example, the use of pompous or tragic language for comic effect in Aristophanes’ plays
  • discussing the function and power of cultural representations such as symbols, for example, the gorgon/aegis, the omphalos, Asclepius’ wand, the owl
  • justifying interpretations of texts, using examples or quotations from or references to the text, such as line numbers or a paraphrase of a longer section of text
  • constructing, editing and presenting interpretations of and responses to literary Classical Greek, using ICT collaboratively

  VCGRCE016 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the ancient Greek world through Classical Greek texts

• VCASFC037

  Interact with people for different purposes, using descriptive and expressive language to give opinions, talk about themselves and show interest in others

  Elaborations

  • comparing personal experiences and opinions and expressing agreement or disagreement in a respectful manner, for example:
    AGREE YES or PRO1 AGREE
    Yes, I agree.
    PRO1 KNOW WHAT MEAN, BUT…
    I know what you mean, but …
    DOUBT
    I’m not sure
    AGREE-NOT
    I don’t agree …
    
  • using NMFs and eye gaze to gain, hold or finish a turn when communicating in pairs or groups
  • discussing school experiences or events, for example:
    THEATRE GOOD, LONG-_really
    I liked the theatre performance but it was soo long.
    SCHOOL SWIMMING RACE, GOOD BAD, PRO2 THINK WHAT?
    What did you think about the swimming carnival?
    
  • using interactional strategies such as paraphrasing, questioning and interpreting non-verbal cues when communicating with their peers or teacher
  • participating in online exchanges such as vlogs with deaf Auslan users in other contexts to discuss topics of shared interest, such as peer pressure or family expectations
  • exchanging views with their peers to identify values that they hold as important, for example, caring for the environment or providing support resources for the deaf community such as subtitles on TV/movies

  VCASFC037 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCKOC192

  Arrange and manage shared activities such as problem-solving and different types of transactions, adopting different roles to present diverse views and perspectives

  Elaborations

  • solving problems by explaining discoveries and results, discussing ideas, suggesting a range of options with specific information such as roles of participants, locations, time, methods and reasons, for example, 한국에 갔더니 아름다운 산이 아주 많았어요. 다음에 갈 때 같이 갑시다; 언제 …–겠어요?; 누가 …–(으)ㄹ래요?; 어떻게 …–(으)ㄹ계획이에요?; 왜 그렇게생각해요? 어디에서 …–(으)면 좋을까요?; 선생님께 여쭤 봅시다
  • planning and negotiating collaboratively in scenarios or events related to travelling or living in Korea, such as living with a host family, seeking medical treatment, or using transport, for example, 안녕히 주무세요/잘 자; 팔을 다쳤는데 병원에 가야 할까요?; 지하철을 타면 5시까지 도착할수 있을 거예요
  • comparing the quality of goods and taking action, for example, 이것이 저것보다 훨씬 더 신선해요. 그러니까 이것을 사요; 기차가 버스보다 더 편리하니까 기차로 가요
  • making complaints and recommendations, for example, 그 식당은 서비스가 친절하지 않으니까 가지 맙시다
  • sharing experiences and transactions, for example, 주말에 영화를 같이 보러 갈래요?; 무슨 영화가 좋아요?; 영화가 몇 시에 시작해요?; 입장권이 얼마 정도 해요?;비행기표를 겨우 샀어요; 하마터면 부산에 가지 못할 뻔했어요
  • planning shared events or activities, using online and digital forms of communication such as emails, chat forums and community websites, for example, intercultural components of 호주 한국 국제 영화제, 한국 문화원, 관광명소, 자매학교
  • presenting views and perspectives at real or simulated forums, protests or rallies to raise awareness of environmental, social or ethical issues such as 쓰레기 분리수거, 청소년 실업 문제, 환경보호 캠페인, 절약, 낭비, 지구 온난화, using language, for example, 쓰레기 분리수거에 대해서 …; 청소년실업 문제가 심각하다고 합니다 …; 호주에는 여름에 비가 자주 오지 않기 때문에 물을 아껴야 해요; 물을 절약하는 방법은…; 에너지를 낭비하면…; 깨끗한 환경 …
  • transacting for goods and services, considering concepts such as value, availability, competition and ethics, for example, 세 시 전에 출발하는 버스가 있어요?; 환경보호 캠페인에 참가하고 싶은데 누구한테 연락해야 해요?

  VCKOC192 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCVIC176

  Extend classroom interactions by offering, elaborating on, justifying and eliciting opinions and ideas

  Elaborations

  • extending interactions by inviting others to contribute to discussions or provide feedback on own ideas, for example, Các bạn nghĩ sao về việc học thêm cuối tuần? Chúng ta nên làm sao để giữ cho tình bạn được lâu dài? Các bạn nghĩ sao về ý kiến của mình?
  • using evaluative language to acknowledge strengths in others’ arguments or provide evidence to justify, contradict, challenge or rebut alternative views in a courteous manner, for example, Tôi rất thích cách giải thích của bạn, rõ ràng và hợp lý lắm. Bạn nói có lý nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng … Lý thuyết thì như vậy, nhưng trên thực tế thì… Hay là mình thử làm thế này/cách khác xem sao?
  • debating with peers on social, environmental or educational issues with reference to Vietnamese and Australian views and values, for example, Có nên bắt buộc học sinh học ngoại ngữ không? Có phải vào đại học là cách tốt nhất để thành công ngày nay?, using evaluative language such as hay/đúng/thú vị/hợp lý/công bằng lắm. Giới trẻ ngày nay rất giỏi sử dụng nhưng cũng bị lệ thuộc quá nhiều vào khoa học kỹ thuật
  • exchanging ideas and justifying and elaborating on opinions in class discussions about issues associated with the school or local community, such as school facilities, local services or environmental issues, for example, Chúng em đề nghị căn-tin nhà trường nên bán nhiều thức ăn bổ dưỡng hơn cho học sinh với giá rẻ hơn. Chúng em mong nhà trường nên sửa sang lại các phòng vệ sinh cho sạch sẽ hơn. Có tình trạng xả rác bừa bãi trong các công viên ở địa phương mình
  • using Vietnamese idioms and proverbs to illustrate ideas and opinions about learning, for example, Không thầy đố mày làm nên, Học thầy không tầy học bạn

  VCVIC176 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC020

  Contribute to class activities and shared learning tasks that involve transacting, planning and problem-solving, using collaborative language

  Elaborations

  • working together in shared tasks such as cooking, craft activities or creating displays, signing questions or statements, for example:
    BOOK WHICH WANT MAKE WHICH? PICK.
    Which recipe do you want to make? You choose.
    PLEASE PRO2 BRING SCISSORS PLUS PAPER?
    Can you please bring scissors and paper?
    
  • negotiating roles and responsibilities and expressing preferences when working on shared projects, using expressions such as I would prefer to do that; What job do you want to do?
    PRO1 FILM PRO2 QUESTION-_her
    I’ll film; you ask her the questions.
    
  • contributing to the development of a set of class rules
  • engaging in activities such as treasure hunts that involve making choices, solving problems and giving and following directions, for example:
    LIBRARY IN DS:turn-right AUSLAN DICTIONARY DS:fat-book SHELF++ THAT. PLEASE BRING-_me
    Go into the library, turn right and the Auslan dictionary will be on the second shelf. Bring that back to me.
    
  • playing games that involve the exchange or discovery of hidden information, using descriptive language and appropriate questioning, for example:
    HAVE BROWN EYES CURLY HAIR?
    Does he have brown eyes and curly hair
    CAN COOK WITH?
    Can you use it for cooking?
    
  • checking on understanding when completing learning activities, for example:
    KNOW WHAT PRO1 MEAN?
    Do you know what I mean?
    THIS PRO2 FINISH THIS?
    Do you think that’s finished now?
    
  • participating in games that involve turn-taking, active watching, memory and information exchange
  • working together in design projects such as short films or displays to demonstrate content knowledge from different curriculum areas, sharing decisions about content, vocabulary and sequencing

  VCASFC020 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC182

  Engage in different processes of collaborative learning, including planning, problem-solving, task completion and evaluation

  Elaborations

  • working in pairs or small groups to design and create visual resources that promote Auslan as an important area of study
  • brainstorming, planning and working together to advertise and present an intercultural event for their year-level peers
  • working collaboratively to create instructional or procedural texts for younger learners
  • preparing for the visit of a member of the Deaf community, discussing how to ensure effective communication between the visitor and deaf and hearing members of the class
  • providing feedback on completed events or activities, exchanging reflections such as:
    FIRST PRO1 DOUBT I-F WILL GO-WELL, HAVE-A-LOOK GO-ALONG GOOD
    At the start, I wasn’t sure it would work, but after a while I thought it went well.
    PRO1 WRONG NEVER AGAIN DO SAME
    I won’t do that ever again.
    
  • problem-solving around collaborative activities such as website design, science experiments or model-building, using wh- questions such as:
    WHY FAIL WHY?
    Why isn’t it working?
    WHO THINK CAN FIX?
    Who thinks they can fix it?
    FINISH, NEXT WHAT?
    What do we do next after we finish this?
    
  • giving directions for outdoor activities such as an obstacle course or bushwalk, including expressions such as:
    HAVE DS:round-oval FIRST RUN DS:draw-line THEN STOP. NEXT CLIMB DS:climb-over DS:land-on-feet THEN CRAWL DS:crawl-under-flat-thing
    There’s a big oval. First you will run along one side of it. Then stop at the wall. Next you will climb over the wall then crawl under the net.
    

  VCASFC182 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCTRU081

  Analyse how grammatical elements, such as rules of agglutination and cohesive devices, impact on more complex elements of text construction and word formation, such as mood, register and tense variation

  Elaborations

  • analysing functions of affixation through the identification of adverbial, adjectival and noun phrases in Turkish idioms and proverbs
  • using compounds in different cases, for example, cep telefonları, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni, Ağrı Dağı’na, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun
  • learning about nominalisation to form complex words such as iş deneyimleri in a range of sentence structures
  • identifying how adverbs/determiners are used for describing people, places and objects in texts, for example, Çamaşırlar kar gibi beyaz oldu, turp gibi bir çocuk, Çocuk gibi ağladı, Buz gibi su içtim, İnci gibi dişleri var, saray gibi bir ev, pamuk gibi bulutlar
  • analysing how some adverbs derived from verbs and adverbial phrases can modify time and manner of action, for example, the adverb /-arak indicates whether the action expressed by another verb is taking place at the same time or before the action it denotes, for example, Koşarak geldi, gülerek gitti; adding the suffix –ce/-ca to the adjective as in dikkatlice and hızlıca
  • distinguishing the two different uses of de/-de as a suffix and as a conjunction, noting the impact on meaning if they are used inaccurately, for example, Araba da ev de İstanbul’da kaldı and Arabada ve evde sigara içmek yasaktır have totally different meanings
  • explaining different uses of the suffix -ki as a relative pronoun in relative clauses, such as Yunus’unkinden, benimki; as a locative suffix, yanımdaki and evdeki, for idiomatic use as in halbuki, mademki, oysaki; and as a conjunction meaning ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ as in görüyorum ki, biliyorum ki, tabii ki
  • analysing the use of optative endings -(y)eyim, -(y)elim, -(y)in and -sin in first person, for example, alayım, alalım, alın and alsın in different tenses and in sentences to express a request
  • distinguishing between the use of the simple past perfect -di, as in, geldi, gitti and the evidential past perfect tense -miş, as in gelmiş and gitmiş and uyuyormuş
  • comparing the use of the progressive form -(i)yor and the simple present -(i)r and past tense -d(i) of verbs that describe actions
  • understanding when to use formal and informal registers ın dıfferent contexts
  • using a range of complex and complex-compound sentences in different tenses, for example, Ali eşyalarını toplayıp, odasını temizledikten sonra yola çıktı, Ali yola çıkmadan önce eşalarını topladı ve odasını temizledi
  • analysing how a range of noun, verb and adjective endings, such as -daş, -lik and –cı,-li can be used to form new words, for example, tarayıcı, yoldaş, demlik, kirli

  VCTRU081 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU135

  Develop knowledge of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs to describe actions, people and objects, and express possession

  Elaborations

  • exploring different types of nouns such as common nouns (bàn, tủ, mèo, chó), proper nouns (Hoa, Hải, Việt Nam), single nouns (gà, bò, bàn), and compound nouns (đất nước, nhà trường, học sinh)
  • expressing possessive cases by using của + noun/pronoun, for example, con mèo/cái bàn/căn phòng của tôi, cây thước/cái áo của bạn, and noticing cases when của can be omitted, for example, ba tôi, mẹ tôi, bạn tôi, nhà tôi, phòng ba mẹ tôi
  • creating plural forms of nouns by adding another word in front of the stem word according to context, for example, hai cái áo, những cái áo, nhà nhà, người người
  • understanding how time expressions are formed through the use of đang, đã, rồi, sẽ or hôm qua, ngày mai, for example, Tôi đang ăn. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Tôi ăn rồi. Ngày mai tôi (sẽ) đi coi phim
  • using adverbs to modify actions, for example, chạy nhanh, đi chậm, học giỏi, hát hay
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong ngoài, ở giữa), for example, Con chim bay trên trời means ‘The bird flies in the sky’, rather than the literal translation, ‘The bird flies above the sky’
  • understanding and applying appropriate word order in sentences, for example, recognising that adjectives follow nouns (áo trắng), and experimenting with word order to see how meaning changes, for example, Lan hay hát ≠ Lan hát hay
  • creating affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Ba mẹ không thích tôi coi phim nhiều. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tạo sao mình phải uống nước nhiều?
  • noticing that interrogatives (khi nào, ở đâu, bao nhiêu) can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of questions, for example, Khi nào em đến? or Em đến khi nào?; Bao nhiêu tiền một nải chuối? or Một nải chuối giá bao nhiêu tiền?

  VCVIU135 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC006

  Participate in imaginative experience by listening to, viewing and reading texts, such as songs, cartoons, folk tales and other stories, and sharing opinions, ideas and responses relating to characters, settings and events

  Elaborations

  • participating in shared reading of imaginative texts, sharing opinions and responding to questions
  • responding to imaginative texts such as stories, rhymes and songs through play-acting, or using illustrations, captions and movement, or miming favourite characters
  • listening to, reading and viewing a range of texts in print, digital and oral formats, and participating in guided discussion, for example, by responding to questions about characters, ideas and events
  • discussing imaginative texts and making short statements about aspects such as characters, settings or events
  • listening to and viewing imaginative texts such as folk tales and fables and sharing opinions or feelings about them using expressions such as

    أحبّ قصة علاء الدين لأنها مسلية؛ قصة علاء الدين مملّة لأنها قديمة

  • describing characters, events or contexts in different types of imaginative texts such as films and cartoons, and listing words or expressions associated with a character’s personality and explaining how they can relate to them, for example,

    أنا أحبّ دور الولد في الفيلم لأنّه شقيّ مثلي؛ البنت غيورة جداً؛ الأب في الفيلم حنون مثل أبي

  • comparing favourite characters or events in imaginative texts such as cartoons, stories or digital games using expressions such as

    البنت في القصة أفضل من أخيها لأنها صادقة ولا تكذب؛ عادل صديق مخلص أكثر من سمير

  VCARC006 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCASFC098

  Translate familiar words and phrases from Auslan to English and vice versa, noticing similarities and differences in meaning

  Elaborations

  • recognising that every language uses words or signs to make meaning
  • identifying aspects of Auslan which are the same in English, such as the fingerspelled alphabet
  • participating in shared reading of age-appropriate high-interest, low-readability books containing images and plain English text, asking and answering questions about unfamiliar words and phrases, working collaboratively to produce an Auslan version of the text
  • comparing key signs used in Auslan versions of familiar and simple texts, such as stories from the Auslan Storybooks site, to words used in written English texts, and noticing how signs can convey rich, multilayered meaning, which might not have a direct match in English captioning
  • playing matching-pair games with Auslan sign flashcards and English word cards, matching cards in each language associated with concepts such as weather or animals
  • identifying examples of words and signs that seem to have direct matches/equivalents in Auslan and English and examples of those that do not, such as GO-TO in Auslan requiring more than one English word
  • finding and using phrases that have direct sign-for-word translations between Auslan and English, such as Goodnight, Happy birthday and Happy New Year and others that do not, such as None of your business!
  • identifying challenges associated with Auslan–English translation, such as multiple meanings for words like run, the fact that meaning is not always literal and that sign translations of a word will vary according to the meaning in context
  • paraphrasing and summarising short Auslan texts containing familiar content, providing simple translations in written English, and following the reverse process working from texts in written English into Auslan

  VCASFC098 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFC026

  Translate high-frequency signs/words and expressions in simple texts such as repeated lines in a story or captions, noticing similarities, differences and instances of equivalence

  Elaborations

  • comparing key signs in Auslan used in versions of children’s stories, for example, ‘Jack and the Beanstalk’, to English words used in written texts, and noticing how signs can convey rich, multilayered meaning which might not have a direct match in English captioning
  • playing matching-pair games with Auslan sign flashcards and English word cards, matching cards in both languages associated with concepts such as weather or animals
  • discussing the types of words/signs that seem to have direct matches/equivalents and those that equate to chunks of English in a single sign, for example GO-TO meaning to travel to/to attend/to go to in English
  • identifying the iconicity of some signs, such as RAINBOW or DRINK, and how similar they are to the object/referent, and discussing how this transparency might help ‘translatability’ of concepts for non-signers
  • identifying a list of gestures used by deaf people that might be easily understood by hearing people, for example, head nodding and shaking, pointing to the wrist for time, shrugging shoulders for don’t know
  • creating a class signed translation of repeated lines in familiar children’s stories, such as I’ll huff and I’ll puff and I’ll blow your house down and filming segments of such stories to screen to younger children in story reading sessions

  VCASFC026 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFC218

  Collaborate with peers to plan and conduct shared events or activities such as presentations, demonstrations or transactions

  Elaborations

  • participating in games and activities such as enacting scenarios involving being lost and asking for or giving directions
  • following and giving instructions in groups on topics such as how to use video chat, Signbank or Auslan dictionaries
  • working collaboratively on learning activities that involve organising, negotiating and prioritising tasks, for example, in devising an activity or game for the class
  • working collaboratively on tasks that involve assigning and reviewing roles and responsibilities, offering feedback, support and encouragement, for example:
    PRO2 TYPE PRO1 WRITE
    You type and I’ll write.
    GOOD TYPING-_hard WORK-_hard
    Great typing up; looks like lots of work.
    G:FLOP-HAND DOESN’T MATTER NOT WORRY
    Oh, it doesn’t matter, don’t worry about it.
  • giving, accepting or declining invitations, including making excuses to avoid causing offence or embarrassment, such as:
    SORRY PRO1 STUCK, BASKETBALL TRAINING
    Sorry, I can’t go because I have basketball training.
  • participating in hypothetical scenarios that involve transactions, for example, preparing for or participating in a Deaf World workshop

  VCASFC218 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCDEC010

  Engage with German speakers and texts, noticing how interactions involve culture as well as language

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on choices made when using German to interact with others, considering the relationship between language, culture and behaviour, for example, the use of family names with titles (Guten Tag, Frau Stein) and formal/informal register (du/ihr/Sie), and comparing these with English and other known languages
  • observing interactions between German speakers in different contexts, noticing and recording elements that reflect cultural attitudes or behaviours, such as language associated with politeness or emotion (bitte schön; Entschuldigung; Wie schön!; Du bist gemein!), gift-giving customs, or ways of showing collective appreciation or approval, for example, applauding by rapping on surface
  • participating in cultural experiences, such as eating at a German/Swiss/Austrian restaurant or café in Australia or watching a German music performance, soccer match or skiing competition, and reflecting on cultural similarities and differences that are manifested through language
  • reflecting on how some personal or community ideas and actions in the Australian context may be perceived by German speakers, for example, being able to go camping all year round, or taking into account the vastness of Australia when planning a holiday, and discussing possible implications
  • comparing the use and cultural significance of gestures and body language in German and other languages and selecting those that can be easily incorporated into own interactions when communicating in German, for example, shaking hands as a common greeting, not putting hands in pockets while talking with someone (as this may be considered rude), and maintaining eye contact

  VCDEC010 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCELU148

  Identify and reproduce letter clusters, the digraphs/diphthongs, reproduce key features of intonation and pronunciation, experiment with the spelling of common words and apply basic punctuation rules

  Elaborations

  • applying different intonation for statements, questions, interjections, exclamations and commands, for example, Είναι εδώ, Τι κάνεις; Ποπό! Σταμάτα! Άντε! Κρίμα!
  • reading simple texts and highlighting digraphs/diphthongs, including ου, μπ, ντ, αι, ει, οι
  • applying and using accent marks on all words which have more than one syllable and on a few monosyllable words, for example, πού; πώς; ή, and recognising that the position of the accent mark can change the meaning, for example, μάτια, ματιά, γέρος, γερός
  • experimenting with spelling simple words, for example, the spelling of verbs in the first person ending in ω, verbs in the third person ending in ει, the most common noun and adjective endings including ος, ας, ης, οι, η, α, ες, ι, ο, α, plural articles οι, τα, for example, θέλω, θέλει, ο άντρας, οι άντρες, η ντομάτα, οι ντομάτες, το παιδί, τα παιδιά, καλός, καλή, καλό
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to spell and write unfamiliar words
  • understanding and applying punctuation marks in writing, for example, full stop, comma, exclamation mark, apostrophe, speech marks and question mark

  VCELU148 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU121

  Recognise and copy some hiragana and a few high-frequency kanji

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the Japanese language uses three different scripts depending on word origins and the context of language use
  • understanding that one kana represents a basic unit of Japanese sound
  • understanding that each individual kanji represents meaning as well as sounds, for example, 日(ひ)、日(び)、日(にち), whereas one kana or one letter of the English alphabet does not represent individual meaning
  • recognising some kanji, for example, numbers and 象形文字(しょうけいもじ) (pictographs) such as 山(やま)、川(かわ)、口(くち)、目(め)、上(うえ)
  • recognising the 46 basic hiragana, using supports such as mnemonic clues
  • tracing and copying kanji and kana
  • tracing and copying their own name in katakana or hiragana
  • identifying known hiragana within a word and using that to predict the meaning
  • noticing that Japanese can be written vertically or horizontally

  VCJAU121 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU178

  Explain variations in Japanese language use that reflect different levels of formality, authority and status

  Elaborations

  • explaining variation in language use between people of different ages and relationships, for example, 母(はは), お母(かあ)さん and ～先生, ～さん; avoiding あなた when showing politeness; the frequent use of わたし to avoid foregrounding oneself; using ～くん or ～さんwhen speaking with close friends, family members or other young people; and using surnames ～さん or ～先生 for adults
  • understanding that Japanese expressions can be made more or less formal with very slight changes, for example, the presence or absence of formal endings, such as the difference between 先生、ありがとう。 先生、ありがとうございました。 and おやすみ。おやすみなさい 。
  • analysing language used to express different levels of formality in a variety of texts such as conversations, letters, emails and text messages, noting differences between written and spoken texts
  • finding examples of informal forms of language used by young Japanese speakers, such as the use of abbreviations or emoticons when texting and the use of loan words when talking about popular culture, for example, ‘J-rock’, ‘J-pop’, ‘fast food’

  VCJAU178 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCJAU140

  Understand and identify elements of basic grammar and sentence structure and interaction patterns

  Elaborations

  • developing metalanguage for communicating about language, using concepts such as parts of speech, for example, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and ‘adjective’
  • understanding the rules of Japanese word order (subject + object + verb), the use of associated particles は、を、と、も、に, and the use of が in formulaic expressions, for example, noun　が　すき　です。
  • describing actions using verb ます form, for example, すし　を　たべます。
  • understanding the rules for conjugating verbs, such as ～ます、～>ましょう、～ました、～ません
  • understanding that Japanese uses name + suffix instead of pronouns when referring to other people, for example, Johnくん、はなさん、Grant せんせい
  • indicating time and frequency using expressions such as まいにち、ときどき
  • describing people, animals, places and things using adjective–noun phrases, for example, 大きい　目、おいしい　もも
  • understanding time words associated with days of the week, months of the year and seasons
  • building vocabulary that relates to familiar environments in daily life and personal worlds and that can be used for cross-curricular content learning
  • beginning to use counters in Japanese, for example, ～人、～さい、～月
  • telling time using ～じ/ ～じはん　です。なんじ　です　か。
  • seeking information using question words such as なに、なん、いつ、どこ and だれ and the sentence-ending particle か, for example, なに　が　すき　です　 か。なんさい　です　 か。なんにん　です　 か。いつ　です　か。

  VCJAU140 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language