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• VCIDC112

  Engage with Indonesian peers and texts, recognising how own cultural assumptions, practices and beliefs influence language and content, and choosing whether and how to make adjustments

  Elaborations

  • interacting with Indonesians, noticing social norms and practices such as personal space, gender roles, having a boyfriend or girlfriend, same-sex hand-holding, religious artefacts (jilbab and kerudung for women, taqiyah (skullcap) and peci/kopiah for men), and acceptable topics of conversation (for example, Kamu sudah mandi?), and considering own reactions to these
  • sharing experiences with Indonesian peers through shared digital spaces, text messages and conversations, modifying own language when meaning is not understood, such as explaining an idea or expression that may be culturally specific, for example, canang sari (Balinese daily offerings) or ‘outback’
  • recognising that social values such as politeness can be expressed differently in different cultures, and understanding features of Indonesian etiquette such as avoiding direct refusal; aiming to please by answering a question even if they don’t know the answer; expressing gratitude through actions, not necessarily language (for example, limited use of terima kasih); and waiting to be invited to eat or drink, for example, silakan makan/minum
  • monitoring, recording and reflecting on intercultural experiences, examining aspects that were unexpected, comfortable or uncomfortable, successful or unsuccessful, and considering possible reasons for this

  VCIDC112 | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCESU198

  Understand and describe ways in which language and culture are interrelated and influence each other

  Elaborations

  • participating in guided discussion and reflection on the nature and role of culture and its relationship with language, noting any shifts in own attitudes, values or understandings about culture, identity and diversity as a consequence of learning and using Spanish
  • developing language for thinking and talking about cultural representation and expression, for example, perspectives, values, images, stereotypes, inclusion and exclusion
  • examining how a concept such as humour is conveyed in Spanish in ways that reflect lifestyles, values or traditions, and discussing how this may be perceived by non-native Spanish speakers
  • exploring language and communicative behaviours associated with particular Spanish-speaking regions or geographic locations to understand how factors such as geography, climate and economic situation shape language practices

  VCESU198 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students recognise and use intonation patterns to express different meanings. They apply their knowledge of sound–letter associations to spell new words. They recognise and use elements of grammar such as gender and singular/plural forms, simple verb forms, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence

• Modern Greek - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students recognise and approximate the pronunciation, rhythms and intonation patterns of extended phrases and compound sentences. They use vocabulary with more complex syllable combinations and become more fluent and accurate in spoken and written language production. They gain greater control...

  Level description | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence

• Languages | Hindi: Learning in Hindi

  Hindi language learning

  Hindi is an official language of India and Fiji. It is the most widely spoken language of the Indian subcontinent and is also widely spoken throughout the world in countries that include the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mauritius, the Gulf countries and Australia.

  Overview material | Hindi

• VCLVU190

  Describe and reflect on how languages change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring form, usage, history and impact of contact languages, including creoles, pidgins and Aboriginal Englishes
  • investigating and describing how the language has changed over time
  • observing changes to language that reflect changing lifestyles, cultural trends and emerging needs, for example, youth language, the language of new technologies, the impact of music, media and technology on communication
  • reflecting on changes in their own use of their first language(s) over time, noticing how and when new ways are adopted or existing ways adapted
  • exploring changes in language over time, for example, by reviewing old films from state archives or early television shows that include Aboriginal actors

  VCLVU190 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• Auslan - First Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students exchange information, ideas and opinions on a broad range of social, environmental, educational and community issues. They summarise and justify points of view and use reflective language to respond to others’ opinions and perspectives, for example, RIGHT-YEAH,...

  Level description | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• VCIDU081

  Analyse complex noun and verb forms, and recognise when and how to use object-focus construction

  Elaborations

  • describing people and things using, for example:
    • compound nouns (sayur-mayur, merah darah)
    • acronyms (puskesmas) and abbreviations (SMU, hp)
    • indicators of groups or plurals (kaum, para, kalian)
    • terms of address (Kak, Dik, Mas, Mbak, bang) and particles (diminutive Si and honorific Sang)
    • classifiers (buah, helai, potong, ikat)
  • expressing possession using word order, for example, siswa pertukaran, kartu telepon
  • describing the qualities of people and things using, for example:
    • adjectives using me-/me-kan (menarik, menakjubkan, mengesankan)
    • adjectives using the prefix pe- (to describe enduring attributes of behaviour or character: pemalu, pendiam, pemarah, pemalas)
    • comparatives (kurang, tidak begitu, agak, se-) and superlatives (ter-)
  • referring to abstract ideas by nominalising using prefixes and suffixes, for example, pe-an, per-an (pendidikan, pelajaran, pertandingan, pengetahuan), ke-an (kebersihan, kesehatan, kedatangan, kecantikan)
  • indicating action using, for example:
    • transitive verbs, me- verb system (-kan or -i suffix) in subject- and object-focus form (with di- prefix)
    • duplication of verbs (duduk-duduk, jalan-jalan, lihat-lihat)
    • adverbs as modifiers (kurang, cukup, cuma, agak, hanya, makin…makin, baik…maupun…)
  • recognising syntactic differences between subject- and object-focus construction, for example, Dia menjual minuman itu di toko-toko, Minuman itu dijual di toko-toko
  • referring to the past, present and future, and relating events in time using adverbs, for example, dulu, yang lalu, yang akan datang, dua minggu lagi
  • contrasting ideas using conjunctions, for example, sehingga, sementara, sedangkan, sambil, oleh karena itu, andaikata, jika, bila
  • indicating register using colloquial (for example, nggak, gimana, kok, deh, lho/lo) and formal language, for example, yang terhormat, sekian
  • expressing opinions, for example, yang saya rasa, saya lebih suka, lebih…dibandingkan…, pertama-tama…sekarang…
  • influencing others by persuading using superlatives (paling…, ter-), encouraging (cobalah, mari, ayo) and advising (sebaiknya, seharusnya, mesti)
  • evaluating by using, for example, pada pendapat saya, menurut saya, di satu pihak…di pihak lain…, sebaliknya
  • expressing imagination by using imagery (angin bertiup kencang, bunga-bunga berwarna-warni), metaphor (adalah; burung bernyanyi di pohon) and simile (Matanya seperti bintang kejora, Kata-katanya bagai air mengalir)
  • using idiomatic language, for example, idioms (masuk angin, panjang tangan) and proverbs (Datang sahabat, pulang saudara; Tak kenal maka tak saying; Ada gula ada semut)
  • maintaining interaction using rhetorical devices (for example, betul?, bukan?) and verbal fillers such as kalah saya tidak salah, omong-omong, begini…
  • expressing emphasis, for example, bukan main [adjective] nya

  VCIDU081 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCHIU106

  Recognise that the Hindi language has evolved and developed through different periods of time and as a result of different influences and interactions, that it is related to many other languages used in India and in the Australian community, and that it has influenced/influences other languages

  Elaborations

  • understanding that all languages are dynamic, continuously changing over time, that some grow, adding new words and borrowing from other languages, as in the case of both Hindi and Australian English, while others are no longer spoken (often referred to as ‘sleeping’ by owners) as in the case of many Indigenous languages of Australia and North America
  • recognising connections between language families and individual languages, such as that between Hindi and Punjabi, including the practice of adopting and adapting words and expressions from each other, for example, the use of Hindi words that originated in languages such as Persian, Arabic and English
  • identifying Hindi words derived from other languages, such as दफ़्तर, borrowed from Arabic, क्षेत्र (field in an abstract sense) directly from Sanskrit versus खेत (field as in for farming) from Hindi via Pali/Prakrit, मेज़ via Persian from Portuguese
  • exploring the relationship between Hindi and English language systems and practice and identifying changes to Hindi that have come about as a result of processes such as globalisation, technological change and intercultural exchange
  • identifying Hindi words and expressions used in English and other languages, such as pyjamas, bungalow, sorbet, avatar, cashmere, juggernaut, yoga, sari researching their origins and comparing original and current meanings
  • finding examples of Hindi words that retain their identity as non-English words but are increasingly incorporated into English and understood by bilingual speakers, for example, the familiar, affectionate use of यार and देसी

  VCHIU106 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• Latin: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use their knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and textual cues to identify and interpret information in Latin texts, such as narratives, about the daily life and attitudes of the Romans. They interpret grammatical structures such as inflected forms; identify linguistic...

  Level description | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8

• VCIDU050

  Recognise that Indonesian contains influences from other languages, such as regional and foreign languages

  Elaborations

  • noticing how Indonesian is influenced by other languages and cultures, such as the influence of foreign languages in words for food, music and sport, for example, wortel, bakso, kriket, tenis, musik pop, musik klasik
  • keeping a class record of borrowings from regional languages, such as hangat (Minangkabau), batik (Javanese), juara (Sundanese)
  • noticing the use of loan words from English in texts such as advertisements and television programs to suggest values such as ‘modern’, ‘sophisticated’ and ‘educated’, for example, paket family, berinternet, koneksi bisnis

  VCIDU050 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHU176

  Explain how communicative practices are influenced by engagement with different languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • exploring uses and meanings of word categories (such as colours, celebrations, animals) across languages and cultures, for example, the assumption in Australia that a cake with candles must be a birthday cake; the use of colours to reflect mood
  • analyse culture-specific values in Chinese (such as face, harmony, group identity), and explore how these are applied in own language use, for example expressing modesty and respect through the expression 多多指教
  • identifying words used with specific assumptions, for example, gender (英俊 is used to describe males), significance (会见 versus 见面), formality (光临 versus 来到)

  VCZHU176 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCNRC095

  Engage with speakers of the language being studied, recognising that interaction involves the expression of cultural experience and values as well as language

  Elaborations

  • participating in and discussing experiences in intercultural interactions, for example, using appropriate greetings, terms and non-verbal gestures and explaining why they vary in different cultural and social settings and contexts
  • researching language used in different contexts, for example, informal texts such as text messages, recognising elements that reflect cultural attitudes and trends
  • reflecting on choices made when using the language to interact with others, considering the relationship between language and culture, for example, when speaking in the formal and informal register
  • participating in intercultural experiences, for example, visiting a cultural establishment, reflecting on etiquette, cultural expressions and language choices

  VCNRC095 | Languages | Non-Roman Alphabet Languages | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCFRU089

  Identify examples of French language used to influence social and cultural relationships and practices

  Elaborations

  • finding examples of language used for social commentary or to influence actions or beliefs, (for example, emotive language and images in reports on cruelty to children or to animals [la violence, la négligence, l’intimidation, l’abus; menacer, blesser, battre])
  • understanding how language variation can reflect cultural and social identity, inclusion or exclusion, (for example, inclusive language of political speeches (Nous les pères et les mères des futurs citoyens de notre belle France…), or inclusion and exclusion through the use of langage codifié (le verlan d’une sous-culture: zyva — vas-y; ouf — fou; zarbi-bizarre)
  • examining how specialised language associated with professional, commercial or cultural ways of speaking or writing can create barriers for some members of a language community, (for example, legal or medical terms, arts-related expressions, or bureaucratic language)

  VCFRU089 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHC164

  Plan and convey key points of information and opinions based on information drawn from a range of sources

  Elaborations

  • engaging with different representations of ideas, comparing perspectives and developing an informed position on issues relevant to their life, for example, 在中国有人说移民澳洲好，因为生活轻松； 也有人说移民澳洲不好，因为没有熟悉的家人朋友。我觉得… 因为…
  • discussing perspectives and comparing experiences and opinions relating to issues such as 独生子女政策, noting how some people focus on positive effects on society while others focus on their own personal experiences of being a 独生子女
  • collaborating to produce multimedia displays to share with readers overseas to provide a local insight into issues such as international students in Australia
  • collating information from personal research and writing reports on issues relevant to young people across cultures, for example, pressure to follow fashions and trends, bullying in schools, and inspirational people

  VCZHC164 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Informing

• Classical Greek: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use their knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and textual cues to identify and interpret information in Classical Greek texts, such as narratives, about the daily life and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. They interpret grammatical structures such as inflected forms...

  Level description | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8

• VCARC177

  Create and present imaginative texts to express ideas, attitudes and values through characters, events and settings for a range of audiences, contexts and purposes

  Elaborations

  • creating various types of imaginative texts, such as songs, stories or video clips for video-sharing websites, to convey messages that reflect own perspectives on Arabic values and practices such as traditional filial piety or the value of education in modern society
  • creating imaginative texts in print, digital or online formats, such as short stories, video clips or plays, and building characters, themes and settings to entertain a specific audience, such as younger learners of Arabic
  • composing and presenting imaginative poems and songs that relate to significant celebrations or events in both Australia and the Arabic-speaking world, for example,

    الأعياد الوطنية؛ عيد المعلم؛ العيد الوطني الأسترالي ؛ عيد شهداء الأنزاك

  • creating reflective and critical texts such as diaries, blogs and articles to express own opinions on imaginative texts such as films, stories or poems, using expressions such as

    يا إلهي كم كان الفيلم مملّاً؛ دور الأم في الفيلم كان قاسياً جداً؛ لم أستمتع بقراءة القصة أبداً؛ لقد كانت أحداثها غير منطقية؛ قافية القصيدة جيدة لكنّ تعابيرها متكررة

  VCARC177 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Creating

• VCASFC077

  Prepare and present researched information on a range of issues, considering the context in which the information will be received

  Elaborations

  • presenting a sustained signed explanation on a given topic, using information selected from a range of sources to suit the intended audience
  • using evidence selected from independent research sources and evaluative or persuasive language to respond to arguments about issues such as eugenics, deaf technology or interpreter ethics
  • presenting information on current affairs or news items, identifying bias and the effect of context on the shaping of texts
  • arguing a predetermined, evidence-based position in a panel discussion/debate on controversial questions, for example, the inclusion of deaf members of a jury
  • designing the presentation of an Auslan text for a vlog that requires voice interpreting with notes to indicate emphasis and to clarify meaning
  • providing explanations of abstract or technical concepts, such as poverty or radiation from uranium, shaping the style of the presentation to suit the intended audience, for example through significant use of depicting signs
  • presenting an interpretation of graphs and statistics that provide information relating to the Deaf community, discussing findings and making predictions about future changes or patterns

  VCASFC077 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCLVU192

  Understand and apply cultural norms, skills and protocols associated with learning, using and researching Aboriginal languages

  Elaborations

  • using culturally appropriate protocols when engaging with and learning from Aboriginal peoples and communities
  • acknowledging cultural and intellectual property rights and copyright over language work, including song holders, story keepers, language informers, composers and choreographers

  VCLVU192 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Language awareness

• VCITU075

  Understand the value of communicating within and across languages, and discuss the interrelationship between Italian, English and other languages

  Elaborations

  • discussing how loan words in both Italian and English have come from other from other languages such as Latin and Greek, for example, agenda, census, via, metafora, stigma
  • understanding differences between standardised language and dialects, comparing words used in the home and/or community to those used in formal settings such as school, for example, guaglione or toso and ragazzo
  • reflecting on the history of Italian migration to Australia, the formation of communities of speakers of Italian in specific cities and suburbs, and the resulting regional variations of language, such as Australo-Italian, and the impact of Australian English on the local Italian community
  • analysing the influence of the Italian language on English in areas such as food, music and fashion, and considering the value of this influence

  VCITU075 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change