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• VCFRU014

  Understand that language is organised as ‘texts’, which take different forms and use different structures and features to achieve their purposes

  Elaborations

  • understanding that texts can be spoken, written, digital, visual or multimodal and that they can be very short (Stop! or a hand gesture to signify Arrête!) or much longer (Il était une fois…)
  • recognising that different types of text have different features (for example, rhythm and repetition in action songs and rhymes) and use different language, for example, formal or informal forms of address (Bonjour, Monsieur; Merci beaucoup, Madame; Salut, Annie!)
  • comparing similar texts in French and English such as counting games or street signs, identifying elements in the French texts which look or sound different
  • developing a language to talk about language and texts (metalanguage), and naming familiar types of text (story, poem, recipe, list) and talking about how they work, for example, using the story-starter Il était une fois…; rhyming and repeating words in songs such as Trois p’tits chats…

  VCFRU014 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCHIC006

  Participate in imaginative texts such as stories, rhymes, puppet shows, lullabies or action songs, and respond through singing, dancing, drawing, movement and action

  Elaborations

  • participating in songs, rhymes, lullabies, and poems, for example, लल्ला लल्ला लोरी, दूध की कटोरी, चंदा है तू मेरा सूरज है तू, हम होंगे कामयाब, राष्ट्रीय गान, using facial expressions and gestures to convey meaning
  • listening to and viewing Hindi versions of familiar English-language stories, such as खट्टे अंगूर, लालची बिल्लियाँ, गांधी जी के तीन बन्दर, comparing words and expressions in each language at key points of the story
  • responding to stories, rhymes, puppet shows and songs, such as कछुआ और खरगोश; चंदा मामा दूर के, गाँधी जी के तीन बंदर through drawing or painting, facial expression or movement
  • comparing their responses to favourite characters or events in stories, rhymes or songs by making simple evaluative statements, such as मुझे 'चालाक बन्दर' कहानी में बन्दर पसंद है क्योंकि उसने बिल्लियों को चालाकी से मूर्ख बना दिया
  • responding to rhythmic features by using movement, facial expressions and gestures to convey meaning, for example, by learning and performing the Indian and Australian national anthems जन गण मन

  VCHIC006 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Creating

• VCHIU012

  Recognise the relationship between the sounds and patterns of pronunciation and elements of the Devanagari script, including the representation of long and short vowels, consonants and conjuncts

  Elaborations

  • recognising and reproducing the sounds and letters of spoken and written Hindi
  • building phonic awareness by recognising and experimenting with sounds and focusing on those that are new and initially difficult, such as त, थ, ग, घ, ट, द, ध।
  • learning how the Hindi sound system is conventionally represented in the Devanagari system by the use of 13 letters classified as vowels (अ-अः) and 33 consonants (क-ह and ड़-ढ़)
  • developing pronunciation skills by singing, reciting, reproducing and mimicking alphabetic elements in context
  • understanding how vowels are pronounced without any obstruction of air coming out of the mouth and consonants are pronounced with obstruction of air by different parts of the mouth
  • recognising that a line on the top of written letters joins them to make words and establishes spaces between words बस, घर। अब घर चल।
  • practising the writing of Devangari letters ‘hanging’ from a line, noticing the difference between this and English, where letters are written above the line क ख ग - a, b, c
  • recognising the matra form of vowels, such as ि, ी, and distinguishing long and short vowel sounds, such as ि, ी
  • identifying and practising pronunciation of vowel sounds with consonants, for example, कइ/कि, कई/की
  • understanding the formation of conjunct consonants such as क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ

  VCHIU012 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCIDU017

  Notice that the languages people use and the way they use them relate to who they are and where and how they live

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Indonesian is the language spoken in Indonesia, a country that is one of Australia’s neighbours in a region known as ‘Asia’
  • noticing similarities and differences between Indonesian and Australian lifestyles and language use, for example, tidur siang, bantal guling, bringing hands to forehead when greeting the teacher
  • exploring different cultural practices and related language use through games, for example, suten/suwitan, Semut, gajah, orang, and Hom Pim Pah
  • recognising words that reflect aspects of culture, for example, the names and sounds of distinctive flora and fauna such as orangutan, komodo and cicak, and artefacts such as the flag (sang merah-putih) and national emblem (garuda)
  • noticing that particular Australian-English terms and expressions have no equivalent in Indonesian, for example, ‘koala’, ‘meat pie’, ‘farm’

  VCIDU017 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHC009

  Notice aspects of Chinese language and culture that are ‘new’ or ‘interesting’, and observe how relationships influence language use and own identity

  Elaborations

  • examining the meanings behind Chinese family names and other related vocabulary
  • having a shared meal of 饺子，春卷 etc. and appreciating cultural diversity in the school community
  • responding to questions by sharing with students in Chinese sister school personal information related to identity, for example, name, family name, zodiac sign, family members
  • comparing learning in English with learning in Chinese, for example, learning about syllables and components
  • presenting a collage or poster which represents aspects of their identity, using text and images
  • observing interactions to notice cultural aspects such as use of voice to show courtesy, how disagreement is expressed, or smiling so as not to offend while saying ‘too expensive’
  • expressing personal responses to aspects of culture encountered when viewing images, such as of classrooms, home environments or street scenes in diverse contexts, responding to teacher prompts (for example, What do you see …? What do you notice …? How do you celebrate …?), and relating to own experience

  VCZHC009 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHU011

  Recognise Chinese characters as a form of writing and Pinyin as the spelled-out sounds of spoken Chinese

  Elaborations

  • differentiating Chinese characters from other forms of written expression, for example, the Roman alphabet, visual images (drawing)
  • recognising that each character has meaning, and exploring the connection between meaning and form, for example, pictographs such as 人 (‘person’), 日 (‘sun’)
  • examining which initials and finals can be guessed from English, for example, ‘mama’ as opposed to ‘gege’
  • copying or tracing characters with attention to stroke order and direction
  • identifying syllables that make up Chinese words, such as 小/老/鼠 (xiǎo/lǎo/shǔ), and understanding that words such as 熊猫 (xióng māo) have two syllables, with each syllable having a meaning
  • making connections between words sharing a common syllable/morpheme, for example, 小狗、小猫、小朋友
  • building new words by combining familiar meanings such as 红+苹果

  VCZHU011 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU140

  Recognise that groups of words are combined to make a clause and that Auslan has word classes such as nouns, adjectives or verbs, and distinguish between statements and questions

  Elaborations

  • categorising noun signs into those for people, animals, places or things
  • learning that proper nouns can have a sign name or be fingerspelled
  • knowing that adjectives describe nouns in different ways, such as how they look (BIG or RED), feel (SOFT or HOT), smell (SMELLY) or sound (LOUD)
  • identifying verb signs (SIT, EAT, FEEL, WONDER, HAVE) and recognising that they are central to a clause
  • noticing there is no equivalent of the verb ‘to be’ in Auslan, which is a significant difference to English
  • understanding that a clause is one or more signs expressing a single idea and that a clause has at least one verb, but often one or more nouns as well, for example:
    CALL-_him
    I called him.
    MAN THERE GO-TO POSS3 HOUSE
    That man went to his house.
    BIG MONSTER SCREAM
    A big monster screamed.
    
  • recognising different nouns in clauses, including those that are shown with a pointing sign, such as GIRL READ versus PRO3 READ, or VISIT FRIEND versus VISIT PRO3
  • noticing that Auslan has more flexibility in word order than in English
  • distinguishing between clauses that are statements and those that are questions

  VCASFU140 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFC137

  Notice what is similar to or different from their own language and culture when interacting with stories, games and different forms of artistic expression in Auslan and from Deaf culture

  Elaborations

  • responding to teacher prompts in Auslan or English to capture their impressions when viewing images, video clips or stories in Auslan, for example:
    PRO2 LOOK VIDEO. LOOK WHAT?
    You saw the video. What did you notice?
    HAVE SAME? HAVE DIFFERENT? WHAT?
    What’s the same? What’s different?
    
  • comparing aspects of their own lives with those of deaf children represented in digital images, video clips and stories, for example, ways of playing games, telling stories or interacting at school, home and in the community
  • describing how it feels to use Auslan to communicate or to watch Auslan being used by others, for example by responding to questions such as What are the main differences you notice when observing conversations between hearing people and between deaf people?
  • discussing changes or adaptations they make to their communicative style when using Auslan, for example waiting until they have a deaf person’s visual attention before signing to them, maintaining eye contact when the other person is signing to them

  VCASFC137 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCASFU013

  Recognise that signing happens in a finite space that can be used meaningfully within individual signs, learning in particular how depicting signs, some verbs, pronouns and enacting make use of spatial relationships

  Elaborations

  • realising that meaning is communicated through the use of signs, pictures, written or spoken words or miming
  • describing the range of signing space in normal signed discourse
  • noticing that single-digit numbers can be separate lexical items or merged into other signs (numeral incorporation) such as those for ages (for example, 5-YEARS-OLD) or adverbs of time (for example, 3-WEEKS-AGO) or pronouns (WE3, WE4)
  • noticing that Auslan pronouns are different from English ones because they don’t show gender but they can show location and a specific number of referents, for example, WE2 (inclusive) and WE3 (inclusive) or WE2-NOT-INCLUDING-YOU (exclusive)
  • noticing that enacting a role or modifying the beginning and end locations of some verbs can show the referents involved, for example:
    PRO1 ASK PRO3 versus PRO1 ASK-_her
    PRO3 ASK-_me CA:I-was-shocked
    
  • identifying what sort of things can be represented in a DS by a particular handshape, for example a distant person, pole or tree can be represented by a point handshape, and a cylinder can be traced by a C handshape

  VCASFU013 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU114

  Recognise and reproduce the sounds and letters of the Greek alphabet, identifying how they are represented in words, and read vowel–consonant combinations, including the most common digraphs/diphthongs such as oυ and μπ

  Elaborations

  • building phonic awareness by pronouncing and writing alphabet letters with familiar sounds, for example, Οο, Ιι, Εε, Αα, Κκ, Ττ, Λλ, Ππ, Σσς, Μμ, Νν, Ηη, Υυ, Ωω, Ββ, Ζζ, Φφ, and building to more unfamiliar sounds, for example Γγ, Ρρ, Δδ, Θθ, Ξξ, Ψψ, Χχ
  • experimenting with sounds, rhythms, intonation and stress
  • noticing that there are 24 letters in the Greek alphabet with individual names and that there are upper case and lower case letters, seven vowels and 17 consonants, and that ‘ς’ (τελικό σίγμα) only appears on the ends of words
  • locating and highlighting specific alphabet letters and accent marks in names, and categorising names according to their first consonant
  • developing pronunciation and intonation skills by singing, reciting and repeating alphabet names in context, for example, songs
  • focusing on those letters that are different and initially difficult and correctly pronouncing words starting with the sounds Ψψ and Ξξ (ψάρι, ξύλο), recognising that these two sounds only appear in the middle or at the end of words in English
  • recognising and making simple syllables from vowel–consonant combinations, for example, μα, με, μη, μι, μο, μυ, μω and understanding that syllables can be joined together to make words such as α-λά-τι and μά-τι
  • recognising the most common digraphs, including ου as in μου and μπ as in μπαμπάς

  VCELU114 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCITU014

  Notice and use some aspects of the Italian language system, including gender forms, simple sentence structures and the placement of adjectives

  Elaborations

  • noticing definite and indefinite articles with nouns, for example, la casa, una casa; il giardino, un giardino
  • noticing that Italian words end mostly with vowels to mark gender and number; observing that some words which do not end with a vowel are the same in English, for example, computer, robot, yogurt, sport
  • noticing that adjectives are used to describe people, objects or places and are usually placed after the noun, for example, la penna rossa
  • observing gender in patterns of naming, for example, Paolo/Paola, Alessandro/Alessandra
  • exploring how to use singular and plural forms
  • understanding different words for asking questions, for example, Chi? Quando? Quanti?
  • identifying people using pronouns, for example, io, tu, lui, lei
  • noticing that the verbs essere and avere are used when giving personal information about state or identity, for example, Ho due fratelli, sono basso, Ho 6 anni, Ho gli occhi verdi, sono alto
  • learning simple verbs to describe actions and using them in formulaic expressions, for example, Mi piace cantare/giocare; Ti piace questo giocattolo?
  • understanding and responding to imperatives, for example, Vieni qui!
  • learning the structure of simple statements and questions based on models, for example, lo sono Anna. Non sto bene. È un gatto? Sìcomptue è un gatto
  • expressing negation, for example, Non mi piace, Non ho un cane.

  VCITU014 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU121

  Recognise and copy some hiragana and a few high-frequency kanji

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the Japanese language uses three different scripts depending on word origins and the context of language use
  • understanding that one kana represents a basic unit of Japanese sound
  • understanding that each individual kanji represents meaning as well as sounds, for example, 日(ひ)、日(び)、日(にち), whereas one kana or one letter of the English alphabet does not represent individual meaning
  • recognising some kanji, for example, numbers and 象形文字(しょうけいもじ) (pictographs) such as 山(やま)、川(かわ)、口(くち)、目(め)、上(うえ)
  • recognising the 46 basic hiragana, using supports such as mnemonic clues
  • tracing and copying kanji and kana
  • tracing and copying their own name in katakana or hiragana
  • identifying known hiragana within a word and using that to predict the meaning
  • noticing that Japanese can be written vertically or horizontally

  VCJAU121 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRC006

  Listen to, view and participate in readings of stories, rhymes or action songs, and respond through singing, drawing, gesture and action

  Elaborations

  • participating in shared readings of Turkish versions of familiar stories, such as Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız (Little Red Riding Hood) or Aç Tırtıl (The Very Hungry Caterpillar), Çirkin Ördek Yavrusu (The Ugly Duckling), Kül Kedisi (Cinderella) Pinokyo (Pinocchio), comparing with English versions and re-enacting favourite elements with puppets, props or actions
  • responding to stories such as Arı Maya, rhymes such as Komşu komşu hu hu and songs such as Küçük Kurbağa, Ali Baba’nın Çiftliği, through actions, drawings and simple statements and expressions
  • viewing scenes of the shadow puppet play Karagöz ve Hacıvat, repeating key words and expressions and drawing and describing the characters, for example, Hacıvat akıllı, bilgili ve kurnaz birisidir. Hacıvat’ın sivri sakalı vardır. Karagöz bilgisiz ve komik birisidir. Karagöz top sakallıdır
  • performing rhymes, tongue twisters, poems and songs that use repetition, gestures, mime and finger puppet play to support language development, for example, Ben bir küçük insanım, Hem aklım var hem canım … Portakalı Soydum, O piti piti karamela sepeti!
  • building vocabulary skills and developing appreciation of language by participating in shared readings of simple stories that use repetition and recycling of phrases or actions, such as Cin Ali, Keloğlan
  • performing marching songs, for example, Türk Çocukları, Sol sağ sol sağ yarın bayram olsa, Hoş gelişler ola, Dağ başını duman almış
  • viewing children’s TV programs, such as Sevimli Dostlar, Pepe, Biz İkimiz, Niloya, and responding by singing, chanting, mimicking and acting out favourite moments

  VCTRC006 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Creating

• VCVIU118

  Understand some first elements of Vietnamese grammar, such as personal pronouns, frequently used nouns, adjectives, verbs and prepositions, and basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • noticing that there are multiple forms of personal pronouns in Vietnamese compared to English, for example, con, cháu, em, tôi, mình, anh, chị versus ‘I’ and ‘you’
  • using common adjectives such as to, nhỏ, cũ, mới, ngắn and dài to describe people, animals and objects, noticing that nouns come before adjectives, for example, áo xanh
  • using common verb forms, for example, ăn, uống, chơi, ngủ, đọc, nghe, viết, hỏi, trả lời, nói, thích
  • recognising common prepositions relating to location, for example, trong, ngoài, trên, dưới, ở giữa
  • using vocabulary relating to time, such as days of the week (thứ Hai, thứ Ba, thứ Tư), months of the year (tháng Giêng/tháng Một, tháng Hai, tháng Tư, tháng Chạp/Mười hai) and ‘o’clock time’ (một giờ, hai giờ)
  • developing vocabulary knowledge relating to the school context, for example, cái bảng, lớp học, giờ ra chơi, ăn trưa, sân chơi, cổng trường, thư viện
  • recognising basic structures of closed and open-ended questions, for example, Em thích nghe truyện cổ tích không? Tại sao em thích truyện ‘Cô bé quàng khăn đỏ’?
  • using some question words in familiar contexts, for example, ai, cái gì, ở đâu, bao nhiêu
  • recognising word order in simple sentences, noticing that the subject is placed before the predicate, for example, Em + đi học

  VCVIU118 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU014

  Recognise that groups of words combine to make clauses and include nouns and pronouns (people, places, things), adjectives (qualities) and verbs (happenings, states); and distinguish between statements and questions based on non-manual features

  Elaborations

  • categorising noun signs into those for people, animals, places or things
  • understanding that proper nouns can have a sign name or be fingerspelled
  • knowing that adjectives describe nouns in different ways, such as how they look (BIG or RED), feel (SOFT or HOT), smell (SMELLY) or sound (LOUD)
  • identifying verb signs (SIT, EAT, FEEL, WONDER, HAVE) and recognising that they are central to a clause
  • recognising that there is no verb ‘to be’ in Auslan
  • understanding that a clause is one or more signs expressing a single idea and that a clause has at least one verb, but often one or more nouns as well, for example,
    CALL-_him
    I called him.
    MAN THERE GO-TO POSS3 HOUSE
    That man went to his house.
    BIG MONSTER SCREAM
    A big monster screamed.
    
  • recognising different nouns in clauses, including those that are shown with a pointing sign, such as GIRL READ versus PRO3 READ, or VISIT FRIEND versus VISIT PRO3
  • noticing that Auslan has more flexibility in word order than English
  • distinguishing between clauses that are statements and those that are questions
  • knowing that signing involves either telling with signs or showing with DSs and periods of constructed action (CA)
    MAN WALK SLOW
    DS(point):man-walks-slowly
    CA:man-swinging-arms-nonchalantly
    

  VCASFU014 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language