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• VCLVU167

  Understand that speakers vary language forms according to kin relationship and context of situation

  Elaborations

  • observing how language is used to establish, maintain and reflect kin-based relationships
  • noticing word taboo in Aboriginal languages
  • observing that expressions can be made more or less formal or casual to suit the relationship between speakers
  • reflecting on how they communicate with their own family and friends and with people less close to them, noticing differences in language use and communicative behaviour

  VCLVU167 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU164

  Expand vocabulary in the language through word-formation processes and recognise and use simple language structures

  Elaborations

  • exploring known word formation processes, for example, changing a word with the addition or change of a suffix or prefix to convey different meanings
  • constructing expressions that refer to people, places, things and events using:
    • nouns and adjectives in phrases, for example, compound nouns, reduplications and nominalisations, adjectives without an associated noun
    • sentences without verbs, for example, ‘This (is) my bag’
    • pronouns, for example, personal, kinship, demonstrative and interrogative in all persons and numbers
    • determiners and quantifiers, for example, ‘some’, ‘every’, ‘other’, ‘few’, ‘much’, ‘all’, and words for groups
    • marking to indicate possession and other types of association, for example, ‘Let’s go for water’
    • transitive and intransitive verbs
    • verbs of stance used in existential expressions, for example, ‘There is a creek lying near the road’
    • verbs to talk about actions, processes, thoughts and feelings
    • moods of verbs, including statements, questions, imperatives, commands, intention, purpose, likelihood, reported speech
    • negation
  • expressing time, manner, attitude and place according to available language resources, such as:
    • tenses, including past, present and future/non-past
    • temporal expressions, for example, day–night cycle, lunar and seasonal cycles, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘soon’, ‘recent’, ‘long ago’, expressions for cosmological time
    • expressions of frequency, for example, ‘often’, ‘always’, ‘once’, ‘briefly’
    • attitudinal particles, for example, ‘maybe’, ‘it is said’, ‘what do you say?’, ‘would you mind?’, ‘you see’
    • locational cases, for example, ‘in’, ‘an’, ‘at’, ‘near’, ‘besides’, ‘to’, ‘towards’, ‘from’
    • adverbs of manner, location and time, for example, ‘again’, ‘more’, ‘in turn’, ‘too late’, ‘as well’
    • structuring and linking clauses, for example, using coordination, subordination, embedding
  • understanding that rules vary between languages, for example, in relation to word-formation, word order at phrase and sentence level
  • making comparisons and identifying patterns in and between languages, for example, free and fixed word order, tenses in verbs, use of affixes versus prepositions
  • noticing similarities between particular vocabulary sets in languages from the same region, such as words for body parts, kinship terms
  • developing metalanguage for talking about language, for example, noun phrases, suffixes, prefixes, tense, transitivity, using resources from both the language and English

  VCLVU164 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU165

  Understand that texts such as stories, paintings, songs and dances have distinct purposes and particular language features

  Elaborations

  • distinguishing the purpose and characteristic features of different types of texts, for example, stories are usually about journeys across Country and convey explanations about why features of Country exist and are important
  • understanding that for many Aboriginal languages conventions of written text are in the process of being developed
  • recognising language features typically associated with familiar texts, for example, the use of imperatives in games, instructions and procedures, and the use of past and habitual tenses in stories
  • linking ideas using appropriate grammatical forms and processes, for example, connectives, serialisation, embedding
  • recognising the role played by different elements in texts to contribute to meaning-making, for example, the layout, title, illustration and use of punctuation in a picture book or the use of speech bubbles in a cartoon
  • investigating the purpose and use of sign language in various Aboriginal languages, for example, for hunting, for recent bereavement, for communicating at a distance, for restricting who can understand the message

  VCLVU165 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU163

  Distinguish and produce the speech sounds of the language, understanding how these are represented in writing

  Elaborations

  • identifying meaningful sounds, syllables and morphemes in words and phrases
  • confirming sound–symbol correspondences in the language by reading syllables, morphemes and words for meaning
  • using conventions of the written language, for example, punctuation, capitalisation, diacritics, digraphs, to support links with the spoken language
  • identifying morphemes, words and phrases in speech and matching these with their written forms
  • paying attention to consistency in the spelling of the language, with direct reference to the sound system of the language
  • noticing variations in pronunciation of the same word by different speakers and discussing whether this can be reflected in the spelling of the word
  • recognising that in some cases the original sound/parts of the sound of some words in the language may be unknown, considering possible reasons for this
  • understanding that other languages may suggest historical pronunciations for the language
  • learning that very similar languages may have different spelling systems, and how this may mask similarities of their sound systems
  • recognising which speech sounds are not typical for the language, and which sounds are very common, identifying where these can occur in words
  • using knowledge of sound–symbol correspondences to read familiar and new words out aloud from their written forms
  • noticing the various roles of the speech organs in the production of sounds in the language, and comparing these with English and other known languages

  VCLVU163 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU166

  Recognise how kin relationships link people, Place and story

  Elaborations

  • interpreting kinship charts to identify kin terms for wider family groupings, and comparing these with terminology used in other languages and cultures, for example, for maternal versus paternal grandparents, the presence or absence of birth order names
  • discussing links between people, stories and Country/Place and the social importance of connections to history
  • recognising that certain places have historical and contemporary significance to the community, representing special bonds between people, Place and story
  • understanding that songs, stories and other forms of artistic expression can be recreated/traced and contextualised in contemporary circumstances

  VCLVU166 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU169

  Explore the language situation of language communities and the diversity of language contexts in Australia

  Elaborations

  • investigating the nature and state of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages across Australia and in their region
  • recognising that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are multilingual, and discussing reasons for this
  • learning about the current language situation in the language: its state of health, the nature of the speech community and generational differences, and discussing reasons for these characteristics
  • recognising that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are in various states of maintenance, development and revival, and investigating the diversity of historical causes for this
  • recognising how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages have been transmitted and recorded across generations
  • exploring how physical and biological environments affect linguistic ecology
  • recognising shared vocabulary across Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, and understanding why there might be variations in spelling
  • recognising dialectal differences and similarities within languages
  • investigating ways in which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are used in the local region and in the wider Australian community, for example, in the media, in art galleries, festivals, on public transport

  VCLVU169 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language awareness

• VCLVU171

  Explore connections between identity and cultural values and beliefs and the expression of these connections in Aboriginal languages

  Elaborations

  • understanding the role of Aboriginal languages and cultures in caring for Country/Place and the environment
  • investigating how Aboriginal peoples express their relationship with the natural environment through language, for example, words/expressions associated with seasons, stars, winds, reefs, rivers, waterholes, plants and animals
  • gaining understanding through discussions with respected community members of the importance and significance of Welcome to Country/Place
  • understanding that Aboriginal languages are keeping places for cultural, environmental and social knowledge
  • recognising that song and song language play a central role as keeping places of knowledge
  • understanding that Aboriginal languages have a rich oral literature, which recounts epic journeys and events associated with totemic ancestors/cultural heroes, and that these stories map the land and embody values and mores of Aboriginal cultures
  • understanding and discussing the importance of story and the role of story-telling in transmitting language and culture
  • recognising ways in which cultural values are expressed in language, for example, through forms of address, speech prohibitions and styles, language of respect, land–language associations and non-verbal communicative behaviours
  • observing that concepts may be culture-specific, for example, expressing spatial awareness, how relationships are structured, how time and quantity are expressed, how land, water, sea and sky are viewed
  • recognising that Aboriginal languages have various social, spiritual and cultural functions within communities

  VCLVU171 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCLVU173

  Understand how the language has been recorded in the past, and how this affects language building processes

  Elaborations

  • understanding how the language was recorded in the past, by whom and for what purposes
  • understanding the techniques of how the language was recorded in the past, what this means to the language and how it has affected current representation of the language
  • understanding reasons for different spellings of words within the language, for example, how sounds may have been misheard, meanings been misunderstood and other unintentional errors introduced in the documentation process of the language
  • understanding how language resources such as living speakers, recorded texts and archival information are used in the language building process
  • identifying gaps in the vocabulary of the language, considering what responses may be necessary
  • helping to build a community of learners–speakers who use the language, for example, by teaching younger members of the school community and/or classes in local primary schools

  VCLVU173 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Role of language building

• VCLVU168

  Recognise that languages change over time

  Elaborations

  • identifying words that are the same as or similar to neighbouring languages
  • understanding ways in which languages influence one another, for example, language shifts, shared writing systems, loan words
  • discussing loan words that have been incorporated from other languages to describe new concepts, for example, words for new things, including technological innovations
  • understanding that language and culture together continually change as a result of contact with other languages and cultures

  VCLVU168 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VC2M4A01

  find unknown values in numerical equations involving addition and subtraction, using the properties of numbers and operations

  Elaborations

  • demonstrating the commutative properties of addition using materials, diagrams and number lines; for example, using number lines to demonstrate that 5 + 2 = 2 + 5, and demonstrating that 2 + 2 + 3 = 7 and 2 + 3 + 2 = 7 and 3 + 2 + 2 = 7
  • using balance scales and informal uniform units to create addition or subtraction number sentences showing equivalence, such as 7 + 8 = 6 + 9, and to find unknowns in equivalent number sentences, such as 6 + 8 = □ + 10
  • using relational thinking and knowledge of equivalent number sentences to explain whether equations involving addition or subtraction are true; for example, explaining that 27 − 14 = 17 − 4 is true and using a number line to show the common difference is 13

  VC2M4A01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Algebra

• VC2M4A02

  recall and demonstrate proficiency with multiplication facts up to 10 × 10 and related division facts, and explain the patterns in these; extend and apply facts to develop efficient mental and written strategies for computation with larger numbers without a calculator

  Elaborations

  • using arrays on grid paper or created with blocks or counters to develop, represent and explain patterns in multiplication facts up to 10 × 10; and using the arrays to explain the related division facts
  • using materials or diagrams to develop and record multiplication strategies such as doubling, halving, commutativity and adding one more or subtracting from a group to reach a known fact; for example, creating multiples of 3 on grid paper and doubling to find multiples of 6, and recording and explaining the connections to the × 3 and × 6 multiplication facts: 3, 6, 9, … doubled is 6, 12, 18, …
  • using known multiplication facts for 2, 3, 5 and 10 to establish multiplication facts for 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in different ways; for example, using multiples of 10 to establish the multiples of 9 as ‘to multiply a number by 9 you multiply by 10 then take the number away’: 9 × 4 = 10 × 4 − 4, so 9 × 4 is 40 − 4 = 36; or using multiples of 3 as ‘to multiply a number by 9 you multiply by 3, and then multiply the result by 3 again’
  • using arrays and known multiplication facts for twos and fives to develop the multiplication facts for sevens, applying the distributive property of multiplication; for example, when finding 6 × 7, knowing that 7 is made up of 2 and 5, and using an array to show that 6 × 7 is the same as 6 × 2 + 6 × 5 = 12 + 30, which is 42

  VC2M4A02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Algebra

• VC2M4M03

  solve problems involving the duration of time including situations involving ‘am’ and ‘pm’ and conversions between units of time

  Elaborations

  • calculating the amount of time between 2 events, such as the start and finish of a movie, a bus journey or a flight, including cases where the starting and finishing times are written using ‘am’ and ‘pm’ notation
  • converting units of time using relationships between units, such as 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute, to solve problems; for example, creating a daily timetable for an activity such as an athletics carnival or planning an exercise routine with activities and rests
  • exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ explanations of the passing of time through cultural accounts about cyclic phenomena involving the sun, moon and stars

  VC2M4M03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Measurement

• VC2M4M02

  recognise ways of measuring and approximating the perimeter and area of shapes and enclosed spaces, using appropriate formal and informal units

  Elaborations

  • recognising that perimeter is the sum of the lengths that form the boundary of a shape or enclosed space; choosing suitable units from a range of objects to measure around the boundary of a shape such as a garden bed; comparing the results to say which unit was an appropriate choice for the context; and using a piece of string or rope to measure the perimeter of irregular shapes and enclosed spaces, including those that have curved sections
  • creating a range of rectangles representing ‘paddocks’ on grid paper and establishing different methods of working out the length of the boundary fences; and explaining that the more efficient methods involve adding the side lengths rather than counting squares
  • recognising that area is the space enclosed by the boundary of a shape or the surface of an object; measuring and comparing the area of shapes using an array of paper tiles or mosaic squares, including part units to fill gaps at the edge of the shapes; and comparing the total areas by combining the fractional parts to make whole units
  • demonstrating how to use one unit repeatedly to measure the area of a shape (for example, using one paper square to measure and compare the area of a rectangle and a triangle) and recording and explaining how they used part units to give a more accurate measure, and why they needed to ensure there were no gaps or overlaps
  • investigating the ways Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander ranger groups and other groups measure areas of land to make decisions about fire burns to care for Country/Place

  VC2M4M02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Measurement

• VC2M4M04

  estimate and compare angles using angle names including acute, obtuse, straight angle, reflex and revolution, and recognise their relationship to a right angle

  Elaborations

  • classifying the interior angles of a range of shapes, using examples of angles to identify acute, obtuse, right and reflex angles
  • identifying angles within the environment and estimating whether they are acute, obtuse, right or reflex
  • creating a right-angle template using cardboard or a double-folded piece of paper and using it to compare angles in the environment, commenting on whether they are smaller than or greater than a right angle
  • using different measuring tools such as a spirit level or set squares to determine whether lines or objects are straight, square or perpendicular (at right angles)

  VC2M4M04 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Measurement

• VC2M4M01

  use scaled and digital instruments to interpret unmarked and partial units to measure and compare lengths, masses, capacities, durations and temperatures, using appropriate units

  Elaborations

  • reading the mass of objects measured with digital and analog kitchen scales and explaining what unit of mass the lines on the analog scales refer to
  • deciding on which attribute, unit and measuring instrument to use to compare the length and mass of various things, such as the distance travelled by an object in a science investigation; and explaining the use of units such as grams or millimetres to give accurate measures when needed
  • using scaled instruments such as tape measures, measuring jugs, kitchen scales and thermometers to record measures using whole units (for example, 560 millimetres) or whole and part units (for example, 5.25 metres, 1.75 litres, 2.5 kilograms, 28.5° Celsius)
  • reading and interpreting the scale of an analog clock without marked minutes to estimate the time to the nearest minute and to determine the duration of time between events
  • using the timer or alarm function of a clock to alert when a specified duration has elapsed from a given starting time, for example, for the different activities of an exercise routine
  • making a scaled measuring instrument such as a tape measure, ruler, sand timer, sundial or measuring cup using scaled instruments and direct comparisons
  • exploring the different types of scaled instruments used by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander ranger groups and other groups to make decisions about caring for Country/Place, and modelling these in local contexts

  VC2M4M01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 4 | Measurement

• VCMMG173

  Create symmetrical patterns, pictures and shapes with and without digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • using stimulus materials such as the motifs in Central Asian textiles, Tibetan artefacts, Indian lotus designs and symmetry in Yolngu or Central and Western Desert art

  VCMMG173 | Mathematics | Level 4 | Measurement and Geometry | Location and transformation

• VCMMG172

  Use simple scales, legends and directions to interpret information contained in basic maps

  Elaborations

  • identifying the scale used on maps of cities and rural areas in Australia and a city in Indonesia and describing the difference
  • using directions to find features on a map

  VCMMG172 | Mathematics | Level 4 | Measurement and Geometry | Location and transformation

• VCMMG165

  Use scaled instruments to measure and compare lengths, masses, capacities and temperatures

  Elaborations

  • reading and interpreting, to the nearest graduation, the graduated scales on a range of measuring instruments

  VCMMG165 | Mathematics | Level 4 | Measurement and Geometry | Using units of measurement

• VCMMG174

  Compare angles and classify them as equal to, greater than or less than a right angle

  Elaborations

  • creating angles and comparing them to a right angle using digital technologies

  VCMMG174 | Mathematics | Level 4 | Measurement and Geometry | Geometric reasoning

• VCMMG168

  Use am and pm notation and solve simple time problems

  Elaborations

  • calculating the time spent at school during a normal school day
  • calculating the time required to travel between two locations
  • determining arrival time given departure time

  VCMMG168 | Mathematics | Level 4 | Measurement and Geometry | Using units of measurement