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• VCZHU159

  Explore the impact of English on everyday communication in Chinese and the impact of Chinese on English

  Elaborations

  • exploring language ‘borrowing’, such as English words ‘borrowed’ from Chinese (for example, ‘yum cha’ and ‘kung fu’) and the impact of English on Chinese language use today, for example, 考拉、汉堡包
  • analysing the impact of languages on one another such as 他写着作业 （他在写作业。） and 白了 which sounds like ‘bye’
  • exploring the impact of English on Chinese language use, such as recognising transliteration in Chinese, for example, 可口可乐

  VCZHU159 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHC153

  Reflect on the benefits of learning Chinese and English

  Elaborations

  • noticing and reflecting on how interacting in Chinese feels different to interacting in English, and identifying ways of communicating or behaving that appear culturally specific
  • discussing language choices expected or required in diverse contexts across languages, for example, apologising, congratulating, expressing thanks, declining, rejecting, complaining
  • engaging with Chinese peers in diverse contexts, identifying situations in which misunderstanding or miscommunication occurs and exploring strategies to overcome these
  • recognising signals within an interaction that require adjustment of language choices

  VCZHC153 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCRAU046

  Notice pronunciation of the sounds of the language and the difference in pronunciation of loan words from English

  Elaborations

  • comparing different pronunciation and intonation
  • recognising the pronunciation of loan words from English and applying conventions to unfamiliar loan words
  • understanding how to use emphasis to enhance meaning

  VCRAU046 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC146

  Reflect on their experiences of interacting in Arabic- and English-speaking contexts, discussing adjustments made when moving between languages

  Elaborations

  • explaining changes they make when moving between English- and Arabic-speaking contexts, for example, adjusting the way they communicate to adults and authority figures in Arabic by using لو سمحت؛ من فضلك؛ أرجوك, or how they use different introductions depending on the audience, such as using بالإذن يا أبي ؛ هذا سليم صديقي من المدرسة to introduce friends to their parents and عادل؛ تعال؛ هذا ماهر صديقنا الجديد to introduce friends to each other
  • identifying changes they make when interacting in an Australian-English context, for example, using different forms of address, or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these adjustments are appropriate
  • reflecting on instances when moving between Arabic- and English-speaking contexts has felt comfortable, awkward or difficult and explaining why this might be the case, for example, translating to parents what the teacher is saying, helping an elderly person who cannot speak English find the bus stop
  • discussing the ways in which they communicate with Arabic speakers, for example, making appropriate eye contact, allowing for personal space, and respecting elderly people, parents and teachers, and making comparisons with the ways in which they communicate with English speakers

  VCARC146 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCASFC170

  Translate familiar texts from Auslan to English and vice versa, noticing which words or phrases require interpretation or explanation

  Elaborations

  • finding and using phrases that have direct translations between Auslan and English, for example, Goodnight, Happy birthday
  • shadowing a story in Auslan as a pre-interpreting skill, noticing which phrases and concepts need more unpacking
  • demonstrating the use of a bilingual online dictionary (Signbank), for example by looking up various meanings of the word run and comparing variation in signs for the concept in different contexts, and using it to translate Auslan texts into English and vice versa
  • using resources such as Signbank to identify words which might not have a direct sign equivalent, for example, jewellery, pets and other collective nouns
  • translating segments from popular children’s texts such as fairytales or short stories into Auslan, considering why some elements cannot be translated literally

  VCASFC170 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCDEC144

  Explain aspects of German language and culture for family or peers, noticing that there are not always equivalent expressions in English

  Elaborations

  • identifying when literal translation is or is not possible, for example, in idiomatic expressions such as Bist du satt? (not voll) or Es geht mir gut. (not Ich bin)
  • using German–English cognates to predict meaning, for example, Brot/‘bread’, kalt/‘cold’, Maske/‘mask’, trinken/‘to drink’
  • recognising long compound words, collecting and analysing interesting examples (das Schlagzeug, babyleicht, abenteuerlustig), and discussing how best to translate them into English
  • explaining in English the use and meaning of German expressions such as Gesundheit, Hals und Beinbruch, Toi, toi, toi!

  VCDEC144 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCDTCD032

  Design, modify and follow simple algorithms represented diagrammatically and in English, involving sequences of steps, branching, and iteration

  Elaborations

  • following a diagram of a simple method of sorting numbers or words
  • following, modifying and describing the design of a game involving simple algorithms represented diagrammatically or in English, for example creating a flowchart with software that uses symbols to show decisions, processes and inputs and outputs
  • experimenting with different ways of representing an instruction to make a choice, for example branches in a tree diagram or using an ‘IF’ statement to indicate making a choice between two different circumstances using a spreadsheet or a visual program
  • experimenting with different ways of representing an instruction to make a repetition, for example loops in a flowchart diagram or using a ‘REPEAT’ statement
  • designing the instructions for a robot vacuum cleaner to clean a room
  • using different design tools to record ways in which digital solutions will be developed, for example creating storyboards or flowcharts to record relationships or instructions about content or processes

  VCDTCD032 | Technologies | Digital Technologies | Levels 5 and 6 | Creating Digital Solutions

• VCFRC044

  Translate simple texts from French to English and vice versa, noticing which words or phrases require interpretation or explanation

  Elaborations

  • finding and using phrases that have direct translations between French and English, for example, Bonsoir/ ‘good evening’, un beau jour/ ‘one fine day’, Messieurs-Dames/ ‘Ladies and Gentlemen’
  • creating French versions of Australian school signs and notices, considering why some words or expressions require freer translation than others, for example, the swimming pool, the sports oval, the tuck shop, the library, the office
  • interpreting expressions in familiar texts such as greeting cards or story titles that do not translate easily into English (for example, bonne fête! Quelle porcherie!), and considering how these expressions reflect aspects of French language or culture
  • translating and explaining the meaning of words or expressions associated with celebrations in French-speaking regions of the world, for example, le poisson d’avril, la bûche de Noël, le Ramadan, Aïd el-Fitre, la Toussaint, la Fête de la Musique

  VCFRC044 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIC047

  Compare their experiences of moving between Hindi and English, considering advantages and challenges involved in using more than one language

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on the experience of being bilingual or multilingual, identifying ways in which they draw upon different language and cultural resources to make meaning
  • identifying benefits of knowing more than one language and considering whether moving between languages affects their sense of identity or ‘belonging’
  • comparing their family cultures, considering how their family and community life shape their sense of identity and how culture is reflected in their daily activities and interests
  • evaluating their ability to communicate across and through different languages and to use their language and cultural skills in Hindi and English to best effect
  • comparing observations about how interacting in Hindi feels different to interacting in English, identifying ways of socialising or communicating that they see to be culture-specific

  VCHIC047 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCIDC042

  Translate texts from Indonesian to English and vice versa, selecting from possible choices to create appropriate meaning

  Elaborations

  • comparing translations of written texts from English into Indonesian and from Indonesian into English, such as advertisements, websites, food packaging and menus, and considering how meanings may be interpreted from a different cultural perspective
  • suggesting ways to modify some terms and expressions that do not translate directly and considering how this may affect text length, style and word choices
  • interpreting meanings in Indonesian texts by ‘reading’ the context, for example, the phrase Ayo cepat! may be encouraging or scolding depending on who uses it and why

  VCIDC042 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCRAC042

  Translate texts from the language to English and vice versa, selecting from possible choices to create appropriate meanings

  Elaborations

  • comparing translations of written texts from English into the language and from the language into English, such as advertisements, websites, food packaging and menus, and considering how meanings may be interpreted from a different cultural perspective
  • suggesting ways to modify some terms and expressions that do not translate directly and considering how this may affect text length, style and word choices
  • interpreting meanings in texts by ‘reading’ the context

  VCRAC042 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCTRC045

  Compare their experiences of moving between Turkish and English, identifying advantages and challenges in respect to being bilingual or multilingual

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on the experience of being bilingual or multilingual, discussing the benefits of knowing more than one language and considering whether moving between languages affects their sense of identity
  • comparing family cultures, considering how their own upbringing has shaped their sense of identity, for example, how Turkish and Australian cultural influences are differently reflected in their daily lives, interests and social activities
  • reflecting on how interacting in Turkish feels different to interacting in English and identifying elements that feel culturally specific
  • considering how identity is expressed across languages and cultures, discussing the idea of belonging as expressed in different languages

  VCTRC045 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC147

  Translate and interpret texts from Vietnamese into English and vice versa, noticing which words or concepts are easy or difficult to translate

  Elaborations

  • identifying words or phrases that are hard to translate, for example, food items (bánh chưng, bánh tét, bánh xèo, phở) or traditional customs (cúng ông bà, xin xăm, coi ngày, coi tuổi), and explaining possible reasons for difficulty of translation
  • translating and interpreting a range of simple texts, including idioms, from Vietnamese into English and vice versa, and developing strategies to deal with words that are difficult to translate, for example, tiên học lễ, hậu học văn, gần mực thì đen, gần đèn thì rạng/sáng, ăn vóc học hay
  • translating words and expressions in familiar texts, including multimodal and digital texts, such as greeting cards, menus, road signs or story titles, and considering how meaning may be interpreted from a different cultural perspective
  • comparing own translations of simple texts with peers’, commenting on differences between versions and collaborating to develop a whole-class version
  • exploring diverse ways in which meaning is conveyed in Vietnamese and English, such as multiple meanings of words, for example, ‘old’ may be translated as già or cũ, ngon as ‘tasty’, ‘delicious’, ‘mouthwatering’, ‘scrumptious’ or ‘rich’, and comparing synonyms for verbs, for example, ‘running’, ‘sprinting’, ‘dashing’, ‘jogging’ and chạy nhanh, chạy vụt, chạy bộ
  • examining the risks of literal (word-for-word) translation when translating expressions, idioms and proverbs, for example, ‘An eye for an eye’ should not be translated as Một con mắt cho một con mắt but as Ăn miếng trả miếng

  VCVIC147 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIC149

  Reflect on their experiences of interacting in Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts, and discuss adjustments to language and behaviours made when moving between languages

  Elaborations

  • explaining adjustments they make when moving between English- and Vietnamese-speaking contexts, for example, adjusting the way they communicate to adults and authority figures in Vietnamese by using ‘please’ (Dạ, phải. Thưa bác), or the use of different introductions depending on the participants, such as using Thưa ba mẹ, đây là Nam, bạn con to introduce friends to their parents and Đây là Hải, bạn tôi to introduce friends to each other
  • identifying adjustments they make when interacting in an Australian-English context, for example, using different forms of address, or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these adjustments are appropriate
  • reflecting on instances when moving between Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts has felt comfortable, awkward or difficult and explaining why this might be the case
  • discussing the ways they communicate with Vietnamese speakers, for example, making appropriate eye contact, allowing for personal space, and making language choices to show respect to elderly people, parents and teachers; and drawing comparisons with the ways they communicate with English speakers

  VCVIC149 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHC151

  Identify and account for the potential loss of subtle meanings from character components and individual characters in compounds when translating into English

  Elaborations

  • reading Chinese texts such as advertisements and signs that include the translation of some words or phrases, and engaging in class discussion about the merits of translations and alternative ways of representing the meanings expressed in the texts
  • reading children’s stories in bilingual form and reflecting on ideas expressed in Chinese and English which may not be readily translated and discussing possible reasons for this
  • observing interactions between speakers of Chinese and attempting to describe the interaction in English, discussing personal interpretations of the meanings conveyed and the cultural messages implicit in the interaction, for example, watching an interaction between a teacher and students in China and contrasting with their own experience in Australia
  • explaining culture-specific concepts such as humility (谦虚) to people from different cultural backgrounds, including examples of when and how 谦虚 should be shown and how it is understood by participants of the communication, for example, when accepting/rejecting appraisal

  VCZHC151 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC039

  Interpret and translate simple texts used for everyday purposes, identifying actions, words and phrases that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • identifying how best to interpret key words when translating English texts into Chinese, for example, the use of 是 after first-, second- and third-person pronouns; numbers with measure words; possessives with 的; plurals
  • viewing spoken interactions in Chinese between peers or in texts (for example, viewing a segment of a movie), and interpreting the meaning of the dialogue as well as comparing and discussing culturally determined manners or behaviour displayed in the interaction
  • differentiating between word-by-word meaning and intended meaning when translating from Chinese into English, for example, the word-by-word translation of 我喜欢一个人看书 is ‘I like one person to read’, but it means ‘I like to read alone’
  • comparing own translation of short texts (such as brand names, signs, slogans and billboard advertisements) to others’, and evaluating the effectiveness of own translation
  • recognising the role that gesture plays in oral interaction, including emblematic (hand) gestures, gesturing for emphasis and encouragement, and taboos within Chinese communication, such as pointing directly at someone
  • identifying Chinese symbols in print and digital texts (for example, the longevity symbol), and developing ways to convey the culturally attached value when expressing the meaning of these symbols in English

  VCZHC039 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCARC144

  Translate and interpret texts from Arabic into English and vice versa for peers, family and community, and identify words and expressions that may not readily correspond across the two languages

  Elaborations

  • identifying words and expressions in Arabic and English that cannot be readily translated, clarifying meanings and explanations, for example, فزت فوزاً ساحقاً لعبت لعباً؛ جميلة كالقمر؛
  • interpreting Arabic expressions in familiar texts such as greeting cards, menus and stories, and considering how these expressions reflect aspects of Arabic language and culture
  • translating texts such as public signs, advertisements and food packaging from Arabic into English and vice versa, for example, ‘no parking’, ‘no dogs’, ‘no-smoking zone’, الوقوف ممنوع؛ الكلاب ممنوعة؛ التدخين ممنوع؛, to identify differences in elements of language structure and vocabulary use
  • creating Arabic versions of school signs, notices and class rules, considering why some words and expressions require flexibility in translation, for example, ‘the oval’, ‘the office’, ‘the canteen’, ‘out of bounds’, ‘no hat, no play’

    الملعب؛ مكتب الإدارة؛ المقصف/دكان المدرسة؛ ممنوع اللعب في هذه المنطقة؛ اللعب غير مسموح بدون قبعة

  VCARC144 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFC045

  Create their own bilingual texts and learning resources to use themselves or to share with others, such as Auslan–English dictionaries, posts to websites, digital newsletters or school performances

  Elaborations

  • composing bilingual texts for class or school assembly performances, events or displays, for example, National Week of Deaf People announcements
  • using bilingual online dictionaries and electronic tools to compose bilingual texts, for example, captioned Auslan texts such as an online Auslan–English version of a school newsletter
  • constructing and co-maintaining a bilingual website with a Deaf school
  • creating bilingual texts for younger children, such as a mini Auslan–English dictionary of school-specific signs

  VCASFC045 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCESC152

  Translate simple texts that provide comparisons between cultural aspects of meaning-making in Spanish and English and note how language cannot always be directly translated

  Elaborations

  • identifying words and expressions that do not translate directly from Spanish into English, for example, tomar el pelo, saltarse la clase de español, ¡Es pan comido!
  • collecting examples of ‘false friends’ identified when translating between Spanish and English, for example, carpeta/‘folder’, contestar/‘answer’, pie/‘foot’
  • interpreting words and expressions encountered in simple texts such as greeting cards, menus or story titles that do not translate easily into English and that reflect aspects of culture from the Spanish-speaking world, for example, Feliz día de tu Santo, Feliz Día de Reyes. ¡Buen provecho!
  • translating texts such as public signs to identify differences in elements such as levels of politeness or directness, for example, No pisar el cesped, Prohibido comer y beber, Silence please
  • creating Spanish versions of Australian school signs and notices, considering why some words or expressions require freer translation than others, for example, the sports oval, the tuck shop, out of bounds, sick room, ‘No hat, no play’

  VCESC152 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIC046

  Discuss the effects of switching between languages, noticing when they choose to use either Hindi or English and how each language and associated cultures influences their ways of communicating

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on the experience of moving between Hindi- and English-speaking contexts, comparing instances that have resulted in difficulties, surprises or amusement due to differences in cultural expectations
  • comparing gestures and other forms of non-verbal behaviour used when communicating in Hindi, English and other languages
  • reflecting on situations when they use both Hindi and English, discussing why they do this, for example, when talking about sport, food or music or when using social media
  • identifying adjustments they make when moving between languages, for example, to ways of addressing people or expressing affection or respect, discussing why these adjustments are necessary and whether they are easy to make
  • developing metalanguage for explaining the relationship between languages and cultures and for describing intercultural communication in different contexts, for example, discussing the need to apply distinctions such as तू जा, तुम जाओ, आप जाइए, आप जाइएगा or using forms of language to show respect or status

  VCHIC046 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting