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• VCCCTR024

  Investigate common reasoning errors including contradiction and inconsistency, and the influence of context

  Elaborations

  • using an example such as the statement: "I love chocolate and I hate chocolate" to discuss whether different contexts can explain apparent inconsistencies
  • identifying an apparent contradiction in a point of view and discussing whether clarifying what is meant would resolve it; for example, clarifying that apparently having time to pay attention to the teacher but not to read the textbook is not a contradiction about wanting to learn but rather an indication of difficulty in understanding the textbook

  VCCCTR024 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCCCTR028

  Explore what a criterion is, different kinds of criteria, and how to select appropriate criteria for the purposes of filtering information and ideas

  Elaborations

  • discussing how criteria can be based on different considerations, such as goals/purpose, definitions/characteristics, standards/ideals and/or rules giving examples for each consideration
  • developing a definition of a criterion as a consideration used to help make a decision
  • identifying a purpose for a planned product such as a pencil case, and distinguishing between what is essential and desirable or both as a way of selecting and weighting criteria that will be used to evaluate how well the purpose is met

  VCCCTR028 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Reasoning

• VCJAU160

  Understand that different ways of using Japanese language shape and reflect different relationships, such as deciding to be formal or informal

  Elaborations

  • noticing that language can be made casual or ‘softer’ by adding particular endings, such as そうですね。すみません。 ちょっと。
  • observing how language use reflects respect and social distance, such as showing respect for authority figures, for example, しつれいします。よろしく　おねがいします。, or expressing familiarity with friends by using first names rather than surnames
  • noticing differences in interaction styles in some familiar situations in Japanese and Australian contexts, such as interactions in classrooms or shops

  VCJAU160 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCKOU168

  Recognise that variables such as age and personal and social relationships impact on language use in Korean, considering similar variations in language use in English and other languages represented in the classroom

  Elaborations

  • recognising social relationships between participants in interactions through their language use, for example, 미안합니다/미안해요/미안해
  • reflecting on how such differences are expressed in own and other cultures and languages
  • analysing how the language of texts such as invitations and greeting cards can vary depending on the occasion and the degree of closeness of the relationship between people

  VCKOU168 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU167

  Understand that speakers vary language forms according to kin relationship and context of situation

  Elaborations

  • observing how language is used to establish, maintain and reflect kin-based relationships
  • noticing word taboo in Aboriginal languages
  • observing that expressions can be made more or less formal or casual to suit the relationship between speakers
  • reflecting on how they communicate with their own family and friends and with people less close to them, noticing differences in language use and communicative behaviour

  VCLVU167 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU166

  Recognise how kin relationships link people, Place and story

  Elaborations

  • interpreting kinship charts to identify kin terms for wider family groupings, and comparing these with terminology used in other languages and cultures, for example, for maternal versus paternal grandparents, the presence or absence of birth order names
  • discussing links between people, stories and Country/Place and the social importance of connections to history
  • recognising that certain places have historical and contemporary significance to the community, representing special bonds between people, Place and story
  • understanding that songs, stories and other forms of artistic expression can be recreated/traced and contextualised in contemporary circumstances

  VCLVU166 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCNRU051

  Understand that language and culture are integral to identity and are reflected in communication styles

  Elaborations

  • discussing own and peers’ understanding of concepts and messages expressed in stories/myths/song lyrics
  • recognising that language use can have connections to cultural practices, such as celebrations
  • reflecting on the experience of learning the language and culture and identifying situations that have provided awareness of own cultural practices and values, for example, attending a cultural festival or show
  • discussing the meaning of culture, how it involves visible elements such as symbols, food, national costumes, dancing and language, and invisible elements such as values and beliefs

  VCNRU051 | Capabilities | Personal and Social Capability | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCSIS083

  With guidance, plan appropriate investigation types to answer questions or solve problems and use equipment, technologies and materials safely, identifying potential risks

  Elaborations

  • following a given procedure to design an experimental or field investigation
  • experiencing a range of ways of investigating questions, including experimental testing, creating models, internet research, field observations, simulations and trial and error methods
  • discussing the advantages and disadvantages of certain types of investigation for answering certain types of questions
  • discussing possible hazards involved in conducting investigations, and how these risks can be reduced

  VCSIS083 | Science | Levels 5 and 6 | Science Inquiry Skills | Planning and conducting

• VCARC146

  Reflect on their experiences of interacting in Arabic- and English-speaking contexts, discussing adjustments made when moving between languages

  Elaborations

  • explaining changes they make when moving between English- and Arabic-speaking contexts, for example, adjusting the way they communicate to adults and authority figures in Arabic by using لو سمحت؛ من فضلك؛ أرجوك, or how they use different introductions depending on the audience, such as using بالإذن يا أبي ؛ هذا سليم صديقي من المدرسة to introduce friends to their parents and عادل؛ تعال؛ هذا ماهر صديقنا الجديد to introduce friends to each other
  • identifying changes they make when interacting in an Australian-English context, for example, using different forms of address, or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these adjustments are appropriate
  • reflecting on instances when moving between Arabic- and English-speaking contexts has felt comfortable, awkward or difficult and explaining why this might be the case, for example, translating to parents what the teacher is saying, helping an elderly person who cannot speak English find the bus stop
  • discussing the ways in which they communicate with Arabic speakers, for example, making appropriate eye contact, allowing for personal space, and respecting elderly people, parents and teachers, and making comparisons with the ways in which they communicate with English speakers

  VCARC146 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCASFC043

  Create live or filmed performances that engage specific audiences and present imagined experiences, people or places

  Elaborations

  • working collaboratively to create a filmed episode of a pilot for a new Deaf sitcom, incorporating elements such as conflict, suspense or humour
  • creating and performing imaginary scenarios that reflect experiences in their own lives
  • creating a performance for a class or school talent show, such as a signed song, skit or humorous retelling of an anecdote
  • signing different versions of a familiar short story, changing perspectives according to different characters
  • creating original stories or short plays for younger learners of Auslan, incorporating scene-setting, action/conflict and resolution, and including opportunities for audience participation
  • creating a video record of an imagined formal or informal interview, incorporating elements of humour or tension and building character and mood through the use of NMFs and pauses
  • creating additional dimensions or changing the focus of a fictional experience by varying the use of manner, constructed action, space and aspect
  • participating in a class storytelling competition, conforming to conventions of character perspective and relationship with audience
  • creating amusing reinterpretations or spoofs of traditional fairytales, using exaggerated elements of sign and gesture
  • improvising spontaneous responses to a stimulus such as 'Sixty Seconds to Make the Audience Laugh, Cry …'

  VCASFC043 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Creating

• VC2M6ST03

  plan and conduct statistical investigations by posing and refining questions to collect categorical or numerical data by observation or survey, or identifying a problem and collecting relevant data; analyse and interpret the data and communicate findings within the context of the investigation

  Elaborations

  • selecting and using appropriate peripherals; for example, using a scientific probe to collect data about changing soil moisture for plants, interpreting the data and sharing the results as a digital chart
  • using a spreadsheet to record and analyse data, recognising the difference between cell formats in spreadsheets; for example, changing the default general format to numerical, text or date as needed
  • investigating the daily water usage by a student in the home compared to the World Health Organization claim that between 50 and 100 litres of clean water is needed per person per day
  • collecting sample sets of ‘discrete numerical data’ (for example, the number of cars or pets in a household), where the class is surveyed, then other classes are surveyed, and data is analysed and compared, discussing findings
  • collecting ordinal categorical data through the use of a survey; for example, surveying each member of the class, by asking them to indicate their preference on a five-point scale for a particular graphic and colour combination of a proposed school logo
  • collecting ordinal data for ranking nominees for school captain with respect to several criteria, contrasting the use of a five-point scale compared with using a four-point scale

  VC2M6ST03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 6 | Statistics

• VCADRD030

  Develop skills and techniques of voice and movement to create character, mood and atmosphere and focus dramatic action

  Elaborations

  • varying use of voice, for example, projection, dynamics, pace, pause and pitch, to create and communicate characters’ intentions
  • rehearsing, interacting and negotiating with others in interpretation of scripts to create characters and their relationships
  • adjusting the weight (heaviness or lightness of movement), speed, use of stillness, levels in movement through space, to focus on character and situation and create dramatic action
  • altering voice and movement to show changes in mood and atmosphere, and to create images, effects and an engaging delivery
  • using evaluations to refine practice, for example, ‘How did the performers use the elements of drama and design elements effectively? For what purposes did they make drama? What evidence supports their judgment about the drama?’

  VCADRD030 | The Arts | Drama | Levels 5 and 6 | Drama Practices

• VCLVU163

  Distinguish and produce the speech sounds of the language, understanding how these are represented in writing

  Elaborations

  • identifying meaningful sounds, syllables and morphemes in words and phrases
  • confirming sound–symbol correspondences in the language by reading syllables, morphemes and words for meaning
  • using conventions of the written language, for example, punctuation, capitalisation, diacritics, digraphs, to support links with the spoken language
  • identifying morphemes, words and phrases in speech and matching these with their written forms
  • paying attention to consistency in the spelling of the language, with direct reference to the sound system of the language
  • noticing variations in pronunciation of the same word by different speakers and discussing whether this can be reflected in the spelling of the word
  • recognising that in some cases the original sound/parts of the sound of some words in the language may be unknown, considering possible reasons for this
  • understanding that other languages may suggest historical pronunciations for the language
  • learning that very similar languages may have different spelling systems, and how this may mask similarities of their sound systems
  • recognising which speech sounds are not typical for the language, and which sounds are very common, identifying where these can occur in words
  • using knowledge of sound–symbol correspondences to read familiar and new words out aloud from their written forms
  • noticing the various roles of the speech organs in the production of sounds in the language, and comparing these with English and other known languages

  VCLVU163 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU044

  Form sentences to express details such as the time, place and manner of an action and to sequence ideas

  Elaborations

  • developing knowledge of metalinguistic terminology, discussing, for example: What is the plural form? How do we know it’s plural when reading in English? Can we tell when we read a Chinese word?
  • recognising that in Chinese, verbs convey tense without verb conjugation, for example, explaining why 有 can mean ‘have’, ‘had’ and ‘will have’
  • comparing the use of tenses in English and Chinese, for example, how future tense is often expressed through time phrases in Chinese (我明天去北京，下个星期去上海)
  • identifying the use of adverbial phrases, and extending understanding of sentence structure using subject–time–place–manner–verb–object, for example, 我星期一上学。我在墨尔本上学。我走路上学
  • examining the clauses of a sentence in Chinese and noticing how they are linked coherently, for example, 他叫王晓明，(他) 是我的朋友 (i.e. no subject/pronoun)
  • applying processes of discourse development, including joining (也、 和), contrasting (但是) and sequencing (就) information
  • using alternative language to clarify intended meaning, for example, saying 我不胖不瘦 when they don’t know the phrase 中等身材

  VCZHU044 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCADAE029

  Explore movement possibilities and choreographic devices using safe dance practice and the elements of dance to create movement ideas, sequences, and phrases

  Elaborations

  • improvising new movement to communicate ideas in response to stimulus, for example, dancers grouped in close proximity to represent overcrowded cities
  • exploring stimulus or analysing other dances to devise a variety of movement possibilities, for example, using safe dance practice to explore different ways to jump and land, roll and stand or spiral down to the ground
  • using questions to interpret dance, for example, the movement of the body to communicate ideas about a story, character or idea, or how space is used in the dance
  • using dance-making processes such as abstraction and improvisation to create movements and patterns that can be developed to become a sequence

  VCADAE029 | The Arts | Dance | Levels 5 and 6 | Explore and Express Ideas

• VCADRE029

  Explore dramatic action, empathy and space in improvisations, play-building and scripted drama, to develop characters and situations

  Elaborations

  • experimenting with empathy to develop characters and relationships in drama including considering perspectives, exploring responses and challenging stereotypes
  • exploring physical, fictional and emotional spaces to create characters and situations and imagined feelings, for example, considering questions such as ‘How is the voice, movement, gesture and the body used to represent a character, situation or idea?’
  • manipulating dramatic action and use of available technologies to create different meanings
  • comparing different ways improvisation and scripted drama create characters and action, and evaluating drama from other cultures including considering how they can use specific techniques relating to voice, movement, situation, space and time, and tension in their own work

  VCADRE029 | The Arts | Drama | Levels 5 and 6 | Explore and Express Ideas

• VCASFU051

  Identify structures, language features and cohesive devices used in different types of texts, recognising that language choices reflect purpose, context and audience

  Elaborations

  • examining different examples of an Auslan text type (for example, one to inform or one to persuade) and identifying choices signers made, for example the amount of fingerspelling they used
  • noticing how signers achieve textual cohesion and coherence through the use of connectives that create links between clauses, for example BUT and G:WELL
  • identifying the many ways signers can refer to the same referent in a text, for example by using DSs, points, list buoys, and how such strategies support understanding
  • annotating in ELAN or similar software where a signer is using established locations to refer to a noun referent

  VCASFU051 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCCCTQ023

  Identify and form links and patterns from multiple information sources to generate non-routine ideas and possibilities

  Elaborations

  • discussing how looking for factors such as underlying skills, causes, or processes can assist in finding links across apparently unconnected sources
  • examining the approach to a particular problem in multiple sources and looking for patterns in approaches, for example in creating a text comparing written, spoken and multi-modal sources for patterns in how they represent a particular aesthetic effect or emotion
  • exploring arts works from a particular movement unfamiliar to them, identifying links between the works to identify the style, and creating their own work using that style
  • when creating a new game, exploring a comparison of invasion game movements as a strategy to construct a new movement sequence

  VCCCTQ023 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 5 and 6 | Questions and Possibilities

• VC2M6N09

  use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving rational numbers and percentages, including in financial contexts; formulate the problems, choosing operations and using efficient mental and written calculation strategies, and using digital tools where appropriate; interpret and...

  Elaborations

  • modelling practical situations involving percentages using efficient calculation strategies to find solutions, such as mental calculations, spreadsheets, calculators or a variety of informal jottings, and interpreting the results in terms of the situation, for example, purchasing items during a sale
  • modelling situations involving earning money and budgeting, asking questions such as ‘Can I afford it?’, ‘Do I need it?’ and ‘How much do I need to save for it?’ and developing a savings plan or budget for an upcoming event or personal purchase
  • modelling and solving the problem of creating a budget for a class excursion or family holiday, using the internet to research costs and expenses, and representing the budget in a spreadsheet, creating and using formulas to calculate totals

  VC2M6N09 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 6 | Number

• VCARC147

  Reflect on how own biography, including family origins, traditions and beliefs, impacts on identity and communication

  Elaborations

  • discussing how their Arabic cultural heritage influences who they are, how they think about things and how they interact and behave in different contexts
  • identifying aspects of personal identity such as age, gender and social status that are important when interacting in Arabic-speaking contexts and may be understood differently in Australian cultural contexts
  • identifying key influences on their sense of identity, such as their family origins, traditions, beliefs and significant events, for example,

    مكان الولادة؛ التربية العائلية؛ عدد أفراد العائلة؛ العادات والتقاليد التي تربى عليها؛ خبرات الطفولة في المدرسة والبيت؛ تأثير الأصدقاء؛ المفاهيم الإجتماعية السائدة؛ المفردات التي تستخدم في البيت؛ في الشارع وفي المدرسة

  • exploring how they communicate with one another, their teachers and families, noticing if there are any changes in the way they see themselves in different contexts, for example, a family celebration, a school concert, or the birthday party of a non-Arabic-speaking friend

  VCARC147 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting