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• VCFRU108

  Explore the relationship between language and culture

  Elaborations

  • exploring how language and culture influence each other, for example, French terms of address that reflect respect and status such as Madame la Directrice and Monsieur le Président; diverse cuisines and food-related terms and expressions that reflect cultural diversity in contemporary France or Australia
  • investigating connections between language and significant cultural values or practices in French, English and other languages, for example, la Marianne; la patrie; la laïcité; Reconciliation, Aussie Rules, ‘fair go’
  • noticing how people think and talk about themselves and others, for example, comparing ways of addressing and thinking about older people or strangers
  • creating a gift pack of symbols and expressions to introduce French students to Australian languages and cultures, and explaining the reasons for particular choices
  • developing language to analyse and explain the nature of the language–culture relationship, using terms such as ‘meaning’, ‘perspective’, ‘values’, ‘assumptions’ and ‘difference’
  • reflecting on own tastes, interests and language use that have been shaped by intercultural influences, for example, Japanese manga or anime, or American fashion, music and dance

  VCFRU108 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCHIC062

  Translate a range of short texts used in different contexts from Hindi into English and vice versa, comparing each other’s versions and how they translated elements that involve cultural knowledge and understanding

  Elaborations

  • translating popular Hindi proverbs or lines of poems into English, considering how to adapt or adjust them to convey equivalent meanings in English, for example, गंगा गए तो गंगादास जमना गए तो जमनादास; चोर की दाढ़ी में तिनका
  • translating school or community texts such as directions, rules or notices in Hindi and English, considering how each language reflects cultural styles, for example, the use of words like निवेदन in a formal request and कृपया गंदगी न फैलाएँ in public notices
  • translating media texts such as appeals, slogans or advertisements from Hindi to English or vice versa, noticing how each language uses elements such as verb moods or emotive language for particular effect: सारी धरती की यह पुकार, पर्यावरण का करो सुधार; जागो ग्राहक जागो
  • translating short excerpts from traditional fables and legends, identifying words and expressions that reflect cultural values or history and are difficult to express in English, for example, गृहप्रवेश, सात्विक, भक्ति
  • critically evaluating the effectiveness of resources such as print and digital dictionaries and electronic translators, for example, by comparing individual translations, back-translating or swapping references

  VCHIC062 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCIDC088

  Interact in class routines and exchanges by asking and responding to questions, following instructions, and seeking help and permission

  Elaborations

  • following instructions to play a game, complete work or get organised, for example, dengarkanlah, bukalah laptop, berbarislah, sudah selesai?
  • asking and responding to questions to clarify meaning or instructions or request permission, for example, Maaf, saya tidak mengerti; Apa artinya?; Maaf, sekali lagi, Bu
  • interacting in classroom routines such as greeting and taking leave, for example, Selamat pagi, Pak; permisi Bu; selamat jalan; sampai besok
  • using language for comparison, opinion, reaction and reflection, for example, saya pikir…karena…, saya kira, saya heran, lebih…daripada, pertama-tama saya rasa…sekarang saya rasa…, saya setuju/tidak setuju, saya lebih suka…

  VCIDC088 | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCJAU179

  Understand that the Japanese language has evolved and developed through different periods of influence and change

  Elaborations

  • recognising words ‘borrowed’ by Japanese from other languages such as English, French or Portuguese, for example, パン、ズボン、and noting how these words are pronounced by Japanese speakers
  • recognising that all languages carry histories of contact with other cultures, such as the adoption of kanji from Chinese into Japanese
  • understanding that languages and cultures change continuously due to contact with one another and in response to new needs, ideas and developments in communications, design and technology; and considering why some types of words and expressions are most frequently borrowed, such as グローバル、パワーアップ、カラー
  • identifying words that have similar meanings and pronunciation across different languages, reflecting on the origins and associated cultures of such words, and how they came to be part of Japanese and other languages, for example, パスタ、エネルギー
  • discussing reasons for changes in the Japanese language, such as globalisation, exposure to other languages and cultures through media, travel, and digital communication forms and representations

  VCJAU179 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCJAU017

  Understand that the Japanese language both influences and is influenced by other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • recognising words of Japanese origin used in English, for example, ‘judo’, ‘karaoke’, ‘karate’, ‘obento’, ‘sushi’
  • recognising the use of words ‘borrowed’ by Japanese from other languages such as English, French or Portuguese, for example, サッカー、 ゴルフ、 パン、 and noting how these are pronounced by Japanese speakers
  • understanding that languages and cultures change continuously due to contact with one another and in response to new needs, ideas and developments in communications and technology, and considering why some types of words and expressions are more frequently borrowed, such as ラップトップ、 ダウンロード、 チャット
  • identifying words that have similar meanings and pronunciation across different languages, and reflecting on the possible origins of such words and their associated cultures
  • understanding that there are Japanese-speaking communities outside Japan, for example, in the United States, in particular Hawaii, and South America, and that Japanese is widely taught in many countries around the world and within the Asia-Pacific region, including Australia
  • understanding that all languages change, that some are constantly growing and expanding and that others are disappearing or being revived, as in the case of many indigenous languages

  VCJAU017 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU194

  Explore language building processes and protocols in communities

  Elaborations

  • investigating language revival efforts in their own community and neighbouring regions, for example, who and what is involved, successes, challenges and protocols, and what these efforts mean to local communities
  • understanding what lexical and grammatical resources and processes are available to build language, for example, linguistic resources and analogies from neighbouring languages, speakers, archival material
  • investigating/understanding protocols for filling gaps and extending semantic domains in the language, including protocols for borrowing from other languages, for creating words by analogy and drawing from within the resources of the language, and discussing associated ethical issues
  • investigating/researching the protocols for receiving, transferring and publishing linguistic resources
  • understanding the importance of intergenerational collaboration in reviving languages, and discussing some of the associated challenges
  • discussing the importance of reviving languages for the individual, the language community and the wider Australian society
  • identifying potential avenues/domains for expansion of the language and gaps to be filled, with the support of community language teams and respected community members
  • appreciating the role of languages advocacy, education and research in building languages
  • understanding how the process of language-building expands existing linguistic and cultural resources in the Australian community

  VCLVU194 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Role of language building

• VCLVU185

  Understand and explain the sound patterns in spoken language and use developing phonemic awareness to represent these patterns in written form

  Elaborations

  • reading aloud for meaning to demonstrate comprehension of sound–symbol correspondences
  • developing metalanguage to describe and talk about sounds and phonology, for example, place and manner of articulation, uncertain or missing sounds
  • investigating sound patterns, for example, consonant and vowel sequences, and word-level patterns, for example, allowable word-final sounds, allowable consonant clusters, word stress
  • understanding the major categories of place of articulation in Aboriginal languages, for example, peripheral, laminal, apical, and their realisation across different languages and regions in Australia
  • establishing similarities in the sound systems of related languages otherwise masked by differing spelling systems
  • using their knowledge of alphabetic conventions for Aboriginal languages to transcribe spoken texts from a range of languages, for example, those related to the target language or those from neighbouring regions
  • comparing and explaining the relative consistency of Aboriginal languages and English in spelling words
  • understanding the phonemic basis of alphabetic spelling systems and the fact that different sounds can be covered within a single phoneme or letter
  • exploring different writing systems that are based on different principles, for example, syllabic or ideographic

  VCLVU185 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC005

  Present information and ideas relating to personal, social and natural worlds in spoken, written, digital and multimodal forms using modelled language structures

  Elaborations

  • presenting information in graphs or tables, for example, results from a class survey on preferred leisure activities, foods or idols
  • explaining to others a procedure or practice, for example, a recipe, fashion or health-care tips, a tutorial on rules of a sport or game, or instructions on keeping a pet
  • presenting a report in multimodal or digital form about personal interests or experiences, such as their favourite music, singer, film or book, a school excursion, a holiday or a local cultural event, using graphics to support meaning
  • describing aspects of life in Australia for an audience in Vietnam, for example, school life, community recycling, a birthday party, or a national event such as Anzac Day or Australia Day
  • using different modes of presentation to profile significant events, people or places related to the cultures and histories of Vietnamese-speaking communities
  • producing a program for a cultural event in Vietnam such as hội chợ Tết, tết Trung thu, or a promotional brochure about a tourist attraction such as chương trình tham quan vịnh Hạ Long

  VCVIC005 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Informing

• VCZHC088

  Interpret common colloquial phrases and culturally specific practices from Chinese contexts into Australian contexts and vice versa, identifying contextual restraints and considering alternatives

  Elaborations

  • watching interactions in Chinese between peers or in texts (for example, viewing a segment of a movie), and interpreting the meaning of the dialogue as well as comparing culturally determined manners or behaviour
  • interpreting key ideas from Chinese to English with explanation of the context and the use of fixed phrases, for example, discussing what Chinese parents would say to their child when dropping them off at school as the Chinese version of ‘Have a good day’ (听老师的话，不要调皮); what is the English version of 加油; and why people say 加油 at a Chinese sports event
  • explaining key cultural concepts and practices to English speakers through translation, for example: Do we translate 春节 as ‘Spring Festival’ or ‘Chinese New Year’? Why is 端午节 called ‘dragon boat festival’ in English? Does this translation capture the essence of this celebration? What is lost in translation? What are similar examples in English?
  • considering how aspects of life in Australia that are culturally determined or reflect culture-specific behaviours may be rendered in Chinese, such as Anzac Day, Australia Day, the Ashes cricket

  VCZHC088 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC197

  Interact with and express opinions on a range of imaginative texts

  Elaborations

  • viewing segments of texts such as popular music videos in Chinese from various sources of media, such as Pop Asia on SBS, and expressing personal opinions, for example, 我觉得…很有意思
  • comparing stories and characters in Chinese and Australian popular media and identifying the themes and topics that interest young people from different cultural backgrounds, for example, 澳大利亚的年轻人也很喜欢看动作片
  • reading short texts such as comics and cartoons, and identifying words, phrases and expressions the author has used to capture characters’ emotions and reactions, for example, euphemistic phrases such as 真的吗？真倒霉！哎呀！
  • reading extracts from culturally significant Chinese children’s literature, discussing their personal responses to the characters and storyline, and relating the story to personal experience or expressing empathy for characters
  • reading jokes or cartoons in Chinese, discussing how humour is conveyed through words and the presentation of ideas, and comparing with humour in English, discussing whether ‘entertainment’ means the same thing in different languages and cultures
  • reading children’s literature, including fables and traditional stories, exploring values and morals such as the concept of 寓意 in 动画片，小人书, and comparing values and morals conveyed through texts across cultures, for example, 凿壁偷光，塞翁失马 （你能找到英语中类似的说法吗？ 你觉得这个故事的寓意在澳大利亚有意义吗？）

  VCZHC197 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCZHC198

  Adapt events and characters from popular Chinese narratives for particular audiences and to create specific effects

  Elaborations

  • creating songs or jingles to promote products, services or events in imaginative ways
  • performing Chinese songs, experimenting with rhythm, voice, emotion and gesture to convey the songs’ intended sentiment and meaning and to enhance entertainment
  • exploring personal response to people, places, events and experiences within texts (for example, creating a diary entry from the perspective of a character encountered in a traditional story), and reflecting on language choices made
  • creating short narratives to capture the experiences, thoughts and emotions of characters in imagined contexts
  • creating digital stories by producing labels for pictures, photographs and cartoons, and presenting them in combination with sound, voice and music to convey a sequence of events
  • plotting a storyline in Chinese, considering: Who is the main character? How can I make this character interesting to readers? How can I sequence my story to grab the reader’s attention?
  • creating narratives to describe imagined experiences in diverse contexts, based on sample topics and texts, for example, imagining a visit to China and recounting a visit to a homestay family or an adventure on the Great Wall, or describing experiences when a Chinese student comes to stay in Australia
  • creating stories in various literary styles (for example, 记叙文、散文、诗歌), experimenting with descriptive language to capture the intensity of characters’ emotions and to create tension, for example, 我看到好多漂亮的花，有粉红的，雪白的，真是太美了

  VCZHC198 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCZHC234

  Reflect on adjustments they and others make in their everyday language use, and connect these adjustments to aspects of experience, culture and roles in Australian society

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on how meanings of certain words are understood in different ways, for example, the different implications of using the term 他的店很肮脏
  • exploring multiple aspects of the concept of ‘identity’ by contrasting ‘individuality’ (个体) with ‘collective identity’ (集体)
  • identifying how their knowledge of Chinese and English opens up opportunities to expand their own world views
  • discussing experiences of ‘returning to home country’ (回国) and how they feel about the lifestyle and practices of their old home
  • reflecting on how their sense of being Chinese is influenced by their experience of living in Australia, for example, by maintaining a journal or blog
  • identifying features of communication in Chinese that are interpreted differently when applied in English communication, for example, examining how adjusting from a tonal language to English sometimes results in miscommunication of emotion or a perception of being abrupt
  • examining and reflecting on interactions that did not achieve their desired goal, and identifying strategies to enhance the effectiveness of their communication with others
  • reflecting on the challenges of addressing cultural assumptions and stereotyping when discussing aspects of life in Australia, for example, 有的澳大利亚人说到中国人就会说中国人怎么怎么样...，难道一个中国人做的事情就代表了所有的中国人么？

  VCZHC234 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHC199

  Translate short texts and identify words and phrases in Chinese that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • reading bilingual texts such as advertisements and signs, and exploring the effectiveness of and reasons for particular translations
  • reading children’s stories in bilingual form and identifying which ideas in Chinese and English may or may not translate directly
  • observing interactions between speakers of Chinese and describing the interaction in English, including features of prosody as well as language
  • observing an interaction between a teacher and students in China and contrasting the patterns of interaction displayed with their own experience in Australia
  • explaining culture-specific concepts such as humility (谦虚) to people from different cultural backgrounds, providing examples of when and how 谦虚 should be shown and how it is understood by participants in an interaction, for example, when accepting/denying praise
  • identifying times when it is useful to employ words or phrases not normally used in English, for example, applying Chinese speech patterns when speaking about family members in English to a Chinese person, such as saying ‘my brother’s son’ instead of ‘my nephew’
  • identifying cultural differences in how meanings are conveyed by comparing texts in Chinese and English, for example, public announcements, TV advertisements, information brochures, public notices and signs

  VCZHC199 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC057

  Reflect on the cultural significance of how different groups and members of groups name themselves and are represented by others

  Elaborations

  • comparing Chinese and western cultural symbols, for example, the symbol of the dragon, 龙 across western and Chinese cultures
  • sharing information about their own membership of diverse groups and exploring how this is expressed in Chinese, for example, 每年春节小明的妈妈都会包饺子。安娜的妈妈每年圣诞节都烤火鸡
  • exploring the role of language in the formation and expression of identity, for example: Why does my classmate go to Chinese school on Saturday? Why do I speak Chinese to my teacher but feel strange speaking it to my classmates?
  • analysing expressions of identity encountered in Chinese texts and interactions, and comparing these with their own assumptions about Chinese people and with their own expressions of identity, for example, 龙的传人 (descendant of dragon)
  • identifying the differences of meaning of multiple terms use to convey a similar concept, for example, comparing representations of foreigners in 外国人有一些不同的习俗 to 老外都很奇怪
  • reflecting on their own cultural values and norms, comparing them to those of Chinese speakers, and asking, for example: Which of my own values are non-negotiable, and which Chinese values do I feel I should validate and support?

  VCZHC057 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHU060

  Identify and apply features of Chinese grammar and sentence structure to organise and sequence ideas in oral and written texts

  Elaborations

  • comparing ways in which tense is expressed in Chinese, for example, 了 to indicate completion; 完 to indicate the achievement of a desired result; 想 to indicate intention; verb negation (没有) to indicate incomplete past; and 正在 to indicate action in progress
  • exploring the use of diverse time expressions and ways to sequence events in time, for example, 先…然后; 一…就…; …了，就…;才; 第一；然后
  • comparing the functions of prepositions, and discussing the importance of context when determining their meaning in texts, for example, 跟；对；给
  • exploring and applying the use of conjunctions to sequence and connect ideas when constructing texts, for example, 不但…而且…；虽然…但是…
  • using different ways to negate ideas depending on degree of formality or emphasis, for example, 我不是…；我哪儿有…？；我没有办法…；我不能…；不行; 别 ; 不准

  VCZHU060 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFC062

  Translate and interpret unfamiliar texts in Auslan or English and compare their translation to those of their classmates, considering why there might be differences in interpretation and how language reflects elements of culture and experience

  Elaborations

  • identifying Auslan phrases and expressions encountered in unfamiliar texts that do not translate literally into English, comparing their interpretation with those of their classmates
  • considering possible consequences of lack of equivalence between Auslan and English words and phrases in terms of intercultural communication, providing examples from their own experience
  • analysing an Auslan version of a frozen text such as the Australian National Anthem, considering why some words or expressions require freer translation than others
  • developing in consultation with deaf Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and elders an Acknowledgement of Country in Auslan that is appropriate to their school location for use in gatherings, events and school assemblies
  • paraphrasing and summarising short Auslan texts containing unfamiliar content, providing simple translations in written English
  • translating simple filmed texts in Auslan into transcribed written English captions
  • shadowing quality signed texts in Auslan as a pre-interpreting skill and as a means to enhance presenting skills and confidence as a subset of interpreting skills
  • comparing translations in Auslan, BSL and International Sign of stories such as ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ to Auslan versions of the same stories, discussing differences in vocabulary and approaches to translation on a free to literal continuum
  • comparing their own translations of short set texts in Auslan or English with those of their classmates, noting variations and discussing possible reasons for these
  • observing and interacting with deaf guests to the classroom who use different signed languages, such as ASL or a traditional signed language used by deaf Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, identifying any differences between languages and acting as interpreter with support
  • evaluating different interpretations of selected texts, using translation resources such as Mac software, digital dictionaries and online materials, considering questions such as Does this represent the exact meaning? What other ways could this be interpreted or translated?
  • explaining the role of accredited Auslan–English interpreters and that of Deaf interpreters in the Deaf community, demonstrating through role-play correct protocols for working with interpreters
  • exploring metaphors used in Deaf art and discussing whether these translate well to the hearing world
  • role-playing basic sight translation techniques with simple, school-specific or everyday texts, using an autocue or text and signing the translation to camera
  • developing a written English glossary of terminology in relation to sign language translation and interpreting

  VCASFC062 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCASFU228

  Identify and describe all elements of sign production, including handshape and its orientation, movement, location and non-manual features, and look at the link between signs and their referents in terms of iconicity

  Elaborations

  • realising that meaning is communicated through the use of signs, pictures, written or spoken words or miming
  • identifying a sign's handshape and its orientation, for example, COCKATOO (hs:5, palm left) and SOCCER (hs:fist)
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in handshape, for example FIND or BEST
  • identifying and demonstrating signs with a change in orientation, for example CAN-NOT or HOW
  • noticing the path movement of a particular sign and identifying signs associated with the major types of path movements, for example, THROUGH (forwards) or FULL (down to up)
  • noticing the five major locations of signs on the body or in space, and identifying signs associated with each, such as SEE (head/face), SAY (mouth/chin), WHY (chest), TALK (hand) and ONE (signing space)
  • thinking of body-anchored signs, such as HEAD or WHY, and signs that are not body anchored, such as HAVE or STOP, and recognising that non-body anchored signs can be located in space around the signer
  • understanding that NMFs can also be an element of a sign and can show emotional states such as a happy expression, or grammatical information, for example, a frown to mark a negative, and identifying examples of NMFs in a text
  • noticing that in a stretch of connected signing a sign will often be produced differently to the way it is shown in a dictionary
  • distinguishing between single, double and two-handed signs, and identifying which hand is dominant and which is non-dominant in two-handed signs
  • noticing that in signed languages meaning can be expressed through whole signs or through fingerspelling
  • comparing iconic signs that provide visual images of referents, such as DRINK, ELEPHANT with English words that map to the sound images of the referents, such as animal noises, or words for sounds such as bang or woof woof
  • identifying signs with different levels of iconicity, for example, those that are fully transparent, translucent or arbitrary
  • experimenting with different methods of capturing signed languages, such as: a class-invented script, drawing pictures, videoing, English glosses or ASL-phabet

  VCASFU228 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC008

  Translate and interpret short texts from Vietnamese into English and vice versa, identifying aspects that are similar or different and words or phrases that translate easily or with difficulty

  Elaborations

  • translating information collaboratively and with teacher support, for example, menus, school timetables, directions, and school and public signs or notices, and recognising and explaining similarities and differences in language structures, for example, ga xe lửa/‘train station’, Ngày Làm Sạch Nước Úc/‘Clean Up Australia Day’, quẹo trái/‘turn left’, đi thẳng phía trước/‘go straight ahead’, Em không thích cái nón này, phải không? - Dạ, em không thích or Không, em thích mà/‘You don’t like this hat, do you?’ – ‘No, I don’t’ or ‘Yes, I do’
  • identifying words or phrases that are difficult to translate, for example, food items (bánh chưng, bánh tét, bánh xèo, phở) or traditional customs (cúng ông bà, xin xăm, coi ngày, coi tuổi), and explaining reasons for difficulty, such as lack of equivalent concepts or practices in either language
  • recognising changes required to sentence structure or word use in English–Vietnamese translation, for example, ‘This lesson is too hard to understand’ = Bài học này khó quá, tôi không hiểu được; ‘I can’t help laughing’ = Tôi không thể nhịn cười được
  • learning to use bilingual dictionaries and electronic translation tools, and identifying issues such as multiple meanings of words and the need to consider context or grammatical aspects to select relevant meaning, for example, giấy khen (‘merit certificate’) and hôn thú (‘marriage certificate’); chảy nước mắt (‘to shed tears’) but Hãy xé tờ giấy này đi! (‘Tear this paper off!’); Tôi biết chơi khúc côn cầu (‘I can play cricket’) and Tôi thấy một con dế trong vườn (‘I have seen a cricket in the garden’)

  VCVIC008 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCDEU166

  Extend knowledge of elements of the German grammatical system, including prepositions, reflexive verbs, adverbial phrases and subordinating conjunctions, to specify and describe people, objects and places, sequence events and qualify opinions

  Elaborations

  • specifying a person, object or place using knowledge of the German case system (nominative, accusative and dative), and using definite and indefinite articles, kein, personal pronouns (including man), and possessive, demonstrative and interrogative adjectives such as sein, unser, dieser, jeder and welcher
  • noticing the relationship between gender, article and case and the adjectival ending when describing people, objects, places and events, for example, Mein bester Freund hat lange, schwarze Haare und trägt einen kleinen Ohrring.; Es gibt hier keinen Sportplatz.
  • selecting and using the appropriate form of ‘you’ (du, ihr, Sie) and its possessive adjective equivalents (dein, euer, Ihr) according to the audience, for example, Sind Sie Frau Wagner?; Hast du dein Geld mit?
  • selecting the correct personal pronoun for ‘it’ (er/sie/es; ihn) for objects, for example, Woher hast du den Hut? Er ist sehr schön; Ich habe ihn bei … gekauft.
  • comparing the meanings and use of the German modal verbs with their English equivalents, for example, Wir müssen eine Schuluniform tragen. Man darf hier nicht essen.
  • noticing that some verbs can be combined with a separable or inseparable prefix which alters the meaning of the base verb, for example, Er kommt um 17.15 Uhr.; Kommst du mit?; Ich bekomme manchmal Geld zum Geburtstag.
  • describing current, recurring and future actions using regular, irregular, modal, separable and inseparable verbs in the present tense, for example, Wir spielen morgen nicht mit., Er sieht viel fern. Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen. Nächstes Jahr bekommen wir neue Laptops.
  • describing past events and experiences in present perfect and/or simple past tense using a limited range of common verbs, for example, Ich habe meine Hausaufgaben nicht gemacht, denn ich war am Wochenende krank.
  • using reflexive verbs in present tense with their appropriate accusative reflexive pronouns to describe daily routines and express emotions and interests, for example, Ich dusche mich morgens. Interessierst du dich für Geschichte? Wir freuen uns auf die Ferien.
  • understanding and applying the ‘verb as second element’ (Wir kommen morgen or Morgen kommen wir) and ‘subject-time-object-manner-place’ (STOMP) word order rules for main clauses (Ich spiele jetzt Basketball.), and realising that German word order is flexible, allowing other elements apart from the subject to begin the sentence, for example, Langsam verstehe ich mehr Deutsch. Zu Hause ist es oft sehr laut.
  • linking and sequencing events and ideas using a range of cohesive devices, including adverbs (danach, vorher, dann, früher) and common conjunctions (als, dass, obwohl, wenn, weil), usually with the subordinate clause after the main clause
  • expressing opinions using, for example, meiner Meinung nach; Ich glaube, dass … Wir sind dagegen/dafür
  • understanding and using wozu? to clarify purpose
  • understanding and using dative and accusative prepositions with their core meanings, for example, Ich komme aus der Stadt. Der Kuchen ist für dich.
  • describing destinations using prepositions including some ‘two-way’ prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen), for example, Wir fahren nach Adelaide. Der Junge geht zum Bahnhof. Sie sind in die Stadt gefahren.
  • experimenting (using models) with different structures to make comparisons, for example, Englisch ist schwieriger als Mathe. Welches Auto ist am sichersten? Kaffee ist nicht so gesund wie Wasser
  • referring to quantities of people and things using cardinal numbers up to a billion, for example, Deutschland hat 81,9 Millionen Einwohner.
  • extending metalanguage to communicate in German and English, for example, about case, word order and verb tenses (Dativ, Wechselpräpositionen, das Imperfekt, Hilfsverben, trennbare Verben)

  VCDEU166 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU014

  Recognise and use vocabulary relating to familiar environments and activities such as home, school, daily routines, leisure activities and cultural celebrations

  Elaborations

  • discriminating between content words (words that have more to do with meaning, such as 나무 or 예뻐요) and function words (words that have less to do with meaning and more to do with grammatical functions, such as –이/가, 을/를, –은/는)
  • identifying family members using basic kinship terms (어머니, 아버지, 동생, 언니, 오빠, 형) and others in school environments (선생님, 학생, 친구)
  • using vocabulary to describe people, animals or objects, for example, names of body parts (눈, 코. 입, 머리, 날개, …) and colours (빨간색, 노란색, 갈색, …)
  • identifying familiar things, pets/animals, activities and places, using basic common nouns (운동, 수영, 축구, 요리, 음식, 사과, 오렌지, 집, 동물원, 공원, 영화, 코알라, 캥거루, 고양이, 강아지, 토끼, 호랑이, 여우, …) including some words for Korean food (밥, 불고기, 김치, …) and loan words from English (바비큐, 아이스크림, 크리켓, 텔레비전, 쇼핑, 컴퓨터, 조깅,…)
  • identifying objects and facilities in the school environment (책, 책상, 화장실, 매점, 교실, 음악실, 수영장, …), known languages (한국어, 영어, 아보리진어, 스페인어, 중국어, ...) and countries they are spoken in (한국, 호주, 스페인, 중국, ...)
  • using common descriptive/action verbs to describe qualities/states (좋아요, 예뻐요, 재미있어요, 재미없어요, 키가 커요/작아요, 착해요, 귀여워요, 맛있어요, 맛없어요, 맞아요, 틀려요) and actions (가요,먹어요, 좋아해요, 공부해요, 일어나요, 알아요. 몰라요, 주세요, 앉으세요, 보세요, 들으세요, 쓰세요, 따라하세요, 미세요, 당기세요), including some abstract words such as 중요해요
  • qualifying actions or states/qualities using basic adverbs (아주, 잘, 같이, 빨리, 천천히)
  • marking time using time vocabulary 어제, 오늘, 내일, 주말, –요일 (월요일, …)
  • referring to what is being communicated / discussed using 이/그/저 (이 사과가 맛있어요), 이것/저것/그것 (이것이 영어로 뭐예요?) or 여기/저기/거기 when referring to a place (여기가 우리 집이에요)
  • using numbers in Korean expressed in two different systems for different things (하나, 둘, 셋, … versus 일, 이, 삼, …)
  • using basic counters and Arabic numerals with appropriate pronunciations, for example, 사과 한 개, 학생 세 명, 11 살, 7 학년
  • using basic honorific/humble words appropriately, for example, 저, 선생님, 생신
  • using idiomatic expressions forgreeting, farewelling, for some learning activities and everyday interactions, for example, 안녕하세요? 만나서 반가워요, 안녕히가세요/계세요, 고맙습니다, 감사합니다, 환영합니다, 생일 축하합니다, … 같아요, …계 … 사람 (중국계 호주 사람), … 회원이에요
  • recognising some words related to celebrations, festivals or traditions in Korea, for example, 설날, 세배, 첫돌, 연날리기, 한복
  • recognising some specialised vocabulary, for example, 안전띠, 구명 조끼, 비상구, …

  VCKOU014 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language