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• VCVIU016

  Recognise the dynamic nature of the Vietnamese language and how it has changed over time through interaction with other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • recognising that many Vietnamese words are borrowed from other languages such as French, for example, ba lê (‘ballet’), cà phê (‘café’), da-ua (‘yaourt’), căn-tin (‘cantine’) and gara (‘garage’), and particularly from Chinese, for example, hoàng thượng/sư phụ
  • identifying and explaining changes in contemporary language practices and social behaviours, for example, using less formal language (such as chào/thưa or chào/kính thưa) and gestures (such as nodding head or shaking hands instead of bowing head and folding arms) when greeting family members and friends rather than strangers
  • recognising and understanding new and borrowed words, phrases and concepts that have been created or incorporated as a result of contact with other cultures, for example, kimono, koala, sushi, pizza, mì Ý (pasta), bánh mì kẹp thịt (hamburger), thức ăn nhanh (fast food)
  • recognising the influence of English language and culture on own Vietnamese language use, including writing Vietnamese names in the English way (Lan Nguyen instead of Nguyễn Thanh Lan); using or mixing English with Vietnamese in daily interactions, such as Bạn làm homework chưa? Sorry! Thank you.

  VCVIU016 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHC089

  Reflect on personal experiences and observations of using and learning Chinese language in familiar contexts, and use these reflections to improve communication

  Elaborations

  • discussing appropriate language choices across cultures, for example, when meeting people for the first time or interacting with older people (such as a parent’s friend); how presentation of the residential address in Chinese and English reflects certain values in the different cultures
  • reflecting on their own English language use in response to their observations of Chinese speakers, for example, the words they use (slang, complex terminology), how they speak (tone, accent), and how they vary their language in different contexts and with different people
  • engaging with Chinese speakers through organised school activities (such as Skyping students at a Chinese school or welcoming visitors to own school), recording moments when difficulty is experienced in communication and reflecting on the cause of this difficulty
  • reflecting on aspects of their own identity, including what their membership of diverse groups says about who they are and what they consider important, for example, 我是澳大利亚人和日本人；我是老大；我参加学校的足球队
  • noticing how relationships with others — for example, friendship groups (我的朋友是 Lisa 和 George, 我们都很聪明), ethnic group (我是德裔澳大利亚人) — influence language choices and preferences for learning content
  • selecting information to share with a particular audience (for example, students from a sister school in China), asking: Why do I think this information is important to represent who I am? Why do I think my audience would find this information interesting and relevant?
  • comparing expressions of identity encountered in Chinese texts and interactions with their own sense of identity, for example, 他是美籍华人
  • observing interactions between Chinese speakers, and discussing the context and language use (for example, a family eating out in a restaurant, noticing seating arrangements, the background environment and how dishes are ordered and presented) and how this compares to their own experience
  • discussing how language and gesture are used to communicate in English and how these features would be understood when interacting with Chinese people; identifying how their communication styles may need to be altered when conveying ideas in Chinese

  VCZHC089 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARU170

  Understand and reflect on language choices made in everyday communication in order to express ideas and perspectives that relate to cultural elements

  Elaborations

  • identifying and discussing how values or attitudes are differently reflected in Arabic and English, for example, attitudes to being on time reflected in language such as لا تستعجل؛ لن تهرب الحفلة؛ لا تهتم يوجد وقت كثير , and social interactions such as expressing thanks or appreciation more or less directly, or attitudes to making an apology
  • considering how differences between ways of using language reflect cultural influences, for example,

    العبارات التي تقال في المناسبات: ألف مبروك؛ عقبى للمئة عام؛ بالأفراح والمسرّات؛ زواج مبارك

  • examining how and why language and cultural practices are interconnected, for example, by identifying religious origins or connotations associated with places such as

    كربلاء؛ مكة الكرمة؛ أورشليم المقدسة؛ ديرالزور

  VCARU170 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCASFC190

  Consider their own and each other’s cultural experiences and ways of expressing identity and reflect on the role of Auslan in building and expressing identity for Deaf people

  Elaborations

  • exploring how their own biography shapes their sense of identity and ways of communicating, for example by considering elements such as family origins, traditions, beliefs, practices, interests and experiences
  • noticing and comparing how they use signs or expressions when communicating in English or Auslan and considering which feel closest to their sense of identity
  • comparing and reflecting on how identity is expressed across cultures and languages, for example by considering the idea of ‘belonging’ as expressed in different languages and cultures
  • discussing how their upbringing and personal experience impact on assumptions or attitudes that they bring to interactions with people who have different backgrounds or experiences, considering concepts such as communication, personality, family and community
  • discussing the impact of language and culture on the shaping of identity and the sense of wellbeing
  • considering connections and shared identity between local, regional and national communities of deaf people, for example by inviting a deaf guest to share their experiences of travel or international contact

  VCASFC190 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Identity

• VCESU014

  Recognise and describe features of familiar types of texts, and notice how these contribute to the making of meaning

  Elaborations

  • comparing English and Spanish versions of familiar types of texts, noting similarities and differences in language features and text structure, for example, ways of opening and closing formal or personal letters
  • understanding how to use cohesive devices such as conjunctions and time markers in texts to sequence, link and elaborate ideas, for example, y, o, pero, además, primero, después, de pronto
  • analysing features of common types of texts such as stories, emails, songs and slogans, identifying how the choice of language and structure works to achieve each text’s purpose
  • identifying the intended audience, purpose and key language features of familiar types of texts such as recipes, announcements, road signs or instructions, for example, Primero, se pelan las patatas..., Señores pasajeros, el tren con destino ..., SE RUEGA SILENCIO, Escribir la respuesta a las siguientes preguntas ...

  VCESU014 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU012

  Notice the role and importance of pronunciation and intonation in Spanish, for example, to distinguish between statements, questions and exclamations, and understand Spanish writing conventions such as inverted question marks at the start of questions

  Elaborations

  • noticing features of pronunciation (silent h) and the different sounds of consonant–vowel combinations, for example, gato, guerra, gente, girar, goma, guante, guitarra
  • recognising variations in intonation required to form statements, questions and exclamations, for example, Eres de Australia; ¿Eres de Australia?; ¡Eres de Australia!
  • understanding writing conventions such as the use of inverted question and exclamation marks
  • noticing and applying the different rules of capitalisation in English and Spanish
  • becoming familiar with the use of graphic symbols such as ñ, tildes, ¿…?, ¡…! on keyboards and in writing systems

  VCESU012 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRC063

  Create bilingual texts such as glossaries, menus, captions or brochures, identifying words or expressions that carry specific cultural meaning in either language

  Elaborations

  • creating glossaries for French-speaking friends to accompany Australian images or texts, explaining, for example, outback lifestyle, inner-city markets, abbreviations such as ‘barbie’ and ‘brekkie’
  • composing menus or programs for French-themed events, including footnotes in English to explain key terms or items, for example, le plat du jour, service compris, l’entr’acte, la mise en scène
  • creating tourist brochures or itineraries for young Australian travellers to French- speaking regions or countries, supplying key words, phrases and cultural protocols, for example, Encore une fois, s’il vous plaȋt; je vais prendre ceci, ça coûte combien? où sont les toilettes? Je vous remercie, Madame — Je vous en prie, Madame

  VCFRC063 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCFRU107

  Recognise that French is both a local and a global language

  Elaborations

  • recognising that French is an important world language spoken with a variety of accents and dialects in many regions of the world as well as in France, for example, le Québec, le Sénégal, le Maroc, La Suisse, La Nouvelle Calédonie
  • understanding that French serves different functions within France and in other regions of the world, including Australia, for example, as a langue nationale, officielle, de communauté, diplomatique and culturelle
  • mapping and comparing variations in forms and expressions of French language in different geographical contexts, for example, les langues kanakes de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les langues bretonnes de la Bretagne, la créole de la Guadaloupe
  • comparing diversity in accents, dialects and vocabulary in French-speaking communities with similar diversity in the use of English within and beyond Australia

  VCFRU107 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCIDU099

  Recognise grammatical structures and features in a range of personal, informative and imaginative texts, and notice how these contribute to meaning

  Elaborations

  • analysing the key features of texts such as advertisements, stories, songs and conversations, and comparing these with texts in own language and culture
  • identifying how texts are constructed, such as textual features (for example, salutations in correspondence), grammatical structures (for example, time markers in narratives) and visual cues, for example, images in brochures
  • comparing Indonesian and English grammar, identifying similarities, for example, subject-verb-object sentence construction and differences, for example, word order of nouns and adjectives, absence of the verb ‘to be’ with adjectives and verbs
  • applying knowledge of grammatical rules and context when using dictionaries to support comprehension and creation of texts (for example, locating base words by dropping the ber- prefix), or to recognise a word type, for example, ‘saw’ = ‘see’ (melihat) and not ‘saw’ (noun; gergaji)

  VCIDU099 | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOC003

  Engage in routine classroom interactions and activities, developing language for a range of basic classroom functions and processes

  Elaborations

  • asking and responding to questions, for example,이것/저것이 뭐예요? …예요/이에요. 알아요, 몰라요, 네, 아니요, 맞아요, 틀려요
  • asking how to say something in Korean or English, for example, …이/가/은/는 영어/한국어로 뭐예요?
  • expressing opinions using formulaic phrases such as 제생각에는/으로는 …이/가 맞아요, for example, 제 생각에는/으로는 민수가 맞아요
  • giving and following instructions and commands such as 일어나세요, 앉으세요, 쓰세요, 보세요, 들으세요, 따라하세요, 빨리 하세요
  • interacting in classroom routines such as responding to the teacher during rollcalls, for example, … 있어요? 네, (여기) 있어요; 아니요, 없어요; …이/가 안 왔어요

  VCKOC003 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCKOC179

  Compare own translation of texts with others, discussing differences and possible reasons and alternatives, and reflecting on how to make connections between meanings in different languages

  Elaborations

  • translating existing texts or texts produced by self and others into Korean and English, experimenting with unknown words or expressions, using and evaluating translation resources such as web-based translation tools and print and digital dictionaries
  • translating texts, identifying culture-specific vocabulary (for example, 세배하다, 성묘하다, 추석) and expressions (for example, 새해 복 많이 받으세요, 그림의 떡), discussing the translation process (such as possible reasons for equivalence/non-equivalence), choosing ‘best fit’ words or omitting words
  • paraphrasing or annotating words or expressions where equivalence is not possible, discussing their original meanings and how to convey them (for example, 정들었어요, ‘mufti day’)
  • comparing different versions of translations, reflecting on the differences in translation of the same text and identifying possible reasons for such differences

  VCKOC179 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCLVC178

  Convey information about Country/Place events, experiences or topics of shared interest, using different modes of presentation

  Elaborations

  • creating a booklet/pamphlet/guide/brochure for the local community that explains the origins of local place names and features their meaning and significance, providing explanations in language and English as appropriate
  • creating a video clip or a photographic or journal record of activities such as an excursion, performance or sporting event to share with other language learners
  • creating and editing a presentation that includes text, images and sounds to record and explain aspects of the Country/Place
  • creating a short documentary to present information and features/stories, for example, about the Country/Place and associated social and cultural events, including, for example, interviews with and quotes from prominent identities
  • compiling a portfolio of texts about Country/Place, for example, a class anthology of stories and songs from the community, procedural texts, histories of the region, profiles of community identities
  • creating an interactive presentation for younger children that highlights the benefits of maintaining and strengthening the language of the Country/Place

  VCLVC178 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCTRC096

  Consider the nature of identity and of cultural experience, reflecting on how their linguistic and cultural background contributes to their sense of identity

  Elaborations

  • discussing the nature of identity, including the fact that it is dynamic, changing and involves values and beliefs as well as practices and behaviours
  • reflecting on how their own identity is shaped by and also reflects the experience of living in a multicultural society, using more than one language and identifying with particular language communities
  • considering ways in which different languages offer different ways of thinking about experience, or of ‘reading’ the world; how these different standpoints influence the way meaning is made and how people think about themselves and others
  • discussing how Turkish and Australian cultural influences are reflected in their daily lives, interests, social activities and ways of thinking
  • reflecting on the relationship between language, culture and identity, for example, by identifying experiences that feel different when interacting in Turkish or in English
  • discussing whether their sense of identity changes over time, taking into account changes in language use at home, in school or in the wider and virtual community

  VCTRC096 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCZHC086

  Respond to simple narratives and create short texts about imagined characters and events

  Elaborations

  • creating digital stories by producing labels for pictures, photos and cartoons in combination with sound, voice and music to convey a sequence of events in imagined contexts
  • reading jokes or cartoons in Chinese and discussing how humour is conveyed through words and the presentation of ideas, comparing this to humour in English and discussing whether ‘entertainment’ means the same thing in different languages and cultures
  • reading short texts such as comics and cartoons, and matching labels and speech to the characters to convey ideas and emotions, for example, using euphemistic phrases to capture the emotions and reactions of characters (真的吗？真倒霉！哎呀！)
  • plotting a storyline, considering: Who is the main character? How can I make this character interesting to readers? How can I sequence my story to grab the reader’s attention?

  VCZHC086 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCZHU064

  Compare and reflect on how cultural contexts influence the way language is used within and across communities

  Elaborations

  • identifying the things they take for granted in communication (for example, a shared understanding of gesture, body language and nuances), and reflecting on how these aspects may be interpreted differently by others
  • discussing how language use varies between communities, and reflecting on how communication is shaped by a community’s geographical location, languages and cultures, for example, 计算机 / 电脑， 哪儿 / 哪里
  • reflecting on how particular words of cultural significance may be interpreted differently by others, for example, ‘mate’ in Australian context and 兄弟 in Chinese context
  • inferring the relationship of participants in a spoken interaction by observing word choices and gestures, for example, 老张 / 张校长/张小明, and asking: What titles and terms of address are used for individuals in Chinese? How do these titles compare to English practices?

  VCZHU064 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | The role of language and culture

• VCZHU208

  Discuss ways in which language choices indicate aspects of social position (such as class, gender and ethnicity) and inhibit or encourage others’ involvement or sense of belonging

  Elaborations

  • exploring how known languages influence their communicative preferences, such as how the values of one culture may be reflected when communicating in another, for example, differences in the use and frequency of ‘thank you’ and 谢谢 which is simply a sign of gratitude in English, whereas in Chinese overuse of this indicates distance between participants in interactions
  • exploring how cultural concepts of family and the importance of one’s sense of connection to others influence use of Chinese
  • exploring the origins of 成语 and 歇后语 encountered in texts such as 朝三暮四，姜太公钓鱼, and using set phrases to share or convey a cultural idea in own writing, for example, 塞翁失马，笨鸟先飞

  VCZHU208 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCESU178

  Understand the dynamic nature of languages

  Elaborations

  • identifying Spanish words borrowed from different languages across time and through political, historical and social changes, for example, words of Arabic origin that start with the prefix al-, such as almanaque, alcachofa, algodón, álgebra and alcohol, and some common interjections also derived from Arabic, such as ¡hola!, ¡ojalá! and ¡olé!
  • identifying the movement of language elements across and between times and contexts, such as words adopted into Spanish from indigenous languages and then exported to other languages, for example, words of Náhuatl origin such as aguacate, chocolate, cacao, chile, chicle and guacamole
  • noticing components of Spanish language that reflect particular cultural histories and influences, such as technological and scientific terms derived from classical Latin and Greek, for example, continente, vegetación, bacteria, biología, protocolo and mecánico
  • collecting English cognates in the Spanish language, for example, fascinante, arquitectura, doctor, enciclopedia, cancelar and bicicleta
  • analysing the influence of Spanish language and culture on English in areas such as food, music and dance, for example, (churros, tortilla, pupusas, tapas, salsa, flamenco) and considering the value of this influence
  • investigating the impact of media and technology on Spanish, for example, Los niños quieren chatear con su primo gallego and, el dopaje, el escáner

  VCESU178 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCFRU102

  Recognise and use features of the French sound system, including pitch, rhythm, stress and intonation

  Elaborations

  • developing awareness of French sounds, rhythms and intonation patterns, including those with no English equivalents, for example, -u (tu), -r (très vite) and -ion (attention)
  • becoming familiar with the vowel system in French, including nasalised vowels such as plein, bon, and semi-vowels such as famille, oui
  • distinguishing vowel sounds (for example by recognising distinctions between nasal vowel sounds such as cinq, sympa, manger, entre, dont, des bonbons), and experimenting with pronunciation of consonant–vowel combinations, for example by using virelangues such as un chasseur sachant chasser…, six cent six saucissons suisses…
  • using the French alphabet for spelling out names or expressions, noticing similarities and differences to English and using correct terminology for accents (accent aigu, accent cédille, accent circonflexe)
  • recognising differences in intonation and rhythm between statements, questions and commands (Vous écoutez la chanson. Vous écoutez la chanson? Ecoutez la chanson!)
  • using appropriate intonation for common fillers, interjections and responses such as hein?, bon, beh…, n’est-ce pas? Oh là là!, Aïe!, Youpi! Ça alors…

  VCFRU102 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCU009

  Acquire and build vocabulary by using roots, derivatives and word lists, and use dictionaries to select appropriate meanings of Classical Greek words

  Elaborations

  • developing own and class lists of vocabulary related to texts and topics, such as daily life in ancient Greece, for example, δοῦλος/δεσπότης, γυμνάσιον/παλαίστρα
  • creating a class bank of words frequently found in Classical Greek, for example, μῦθος/ἥρως/θηρίον, ναῦς/ναύτης/ναύκληρος/ναυμαχίαν, πλοῦς/ἱστίον/ἐρέτης/λιμήν, and common expressions used in everyday activities, for example, χαίρετε, τὶ πράττεις; ἐλθὲ δεῦρο, φεῦ, οἴμοι, εὖγε, εὖ ποιεῖς, σὺν ἀλλήλοις
  • practising vocabulary knowledge, for example, by using electronic resources
  • using print and electronic dictionaries to locate the appropriate meanings of words
  • understanding that one Classical Greek word may correspond to several different English words, and selecting the most appropriate meaning of a word in its context
  • developing strategies for vocabulary building by applying knowledge of roots and derivatives, for example, ἄγγελος (angel/archangel/evangelist), περί (periscope/perimeter/periphery), μόνος/η/ον (monotony, monologue, monopoly)
  • building vocabulary by recognising Classical Greek words commonly used in English, for example, idea, aroma, drama, synthesis, analysis, antithesis, hyperbole

  VCGRCU009 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU186

  Expand vocabulary and understand and use a range of vocabulary sets and grammatical structures that are available in the language

  Elaborations

  • understanding case and case marking on nouns, pronouns and adjectives
  • explaining how verbs can be derived from nouns and vice versa, comparing with similar processes in English and other known languages
  • composing and varying messages according to the available resources of the language, such as:
    • suffixes, including ‘having’, ‘for want of’, ‘similar to’, ‘like’
    • verbless sentences, for example, equative, descriptive, possessive
    • verb categories, including intransitive, transitive, causative, inchoative, reflexive–reciprocal
    • verb aspect, including continuous, transitory, perfective, imperfective
    • verb-stem morphology, including compound verbs, reduplicated verbs, habitual/characteristic, derivation (nouns into verbs)
  • expressing time, manner, attitude and place, according to the available language resources, such as:
    • elaborations of past tense
    • temporal expressions, for example, ‘beforehand’, ‘afterwards’, ‘too late’, ‘originally’
    • expressions of frequency, immediacy and duration, for example, ‘persistently’, ‘at once’, ‘a few times’, ‘for a while’
    • attitudinal words, particles and interjections, for example, terms expressing endearment, embarrassment, shame or pity
    • locational cases as used in locative phrases, and extensions of these, for example, expressing origin or causation
  • structuring and linking clauses, focusing on issues of agreement with transitive and intransitive verbs, using verb-linking devices, for example, serialisation and embedding
  • discussing lexical and grammatical relationships between the language and other languages of the region, for example, common words and structures
  • discussing grammatical and lexical contrasts between the language and English/ other known languages, for example, the figurative use of language, vocabulary associated with specialised domains

  VCLVU186 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Systems of language