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• VCASFU232

  Explore different dimensions of variation in the structure, development and use of Auslan, including how it has been influenced by English and other signed languages

  Elaborations

  • exploring similarities and differences in the two main Auslan dialects, the northern dialect, used in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory, and the southern dialect, used in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory, for example through building webcam relationships with other schools or by identifying and collecting signs that differ in the two forms
  • researching how BSL from the 1800s evolved into Auslan, NZSL and modern BSL, for example by finding and classifying examples from Auslan, NZSL and BSL signbanks
  • understanding that while the structure of individual signs can change over time in regular ways, there is little information about this process in signed languages due to lack of historical records of signing
  • explaining the influence of other signed languages such as BSL, ISL and ASL on Auslan over different periods of time and in different domains of language use, and discussing why this is the case
  • noticing different ways that English words are borrowed into Auslan, for example, the use of fully fingerspelled words, such as D-U-E, N-O-U-N, the fingerspelling of the first letter of corresponding English words, for example TOILET, FATHER, or abbreviations of English words, for example, state names: S-A, N-S-W, V-I-C, T-A-S, and organisation names: N-A-B-S, W-A-A-D, N-S-W-A-D, D-C-S-S-A, and lexicalised fingerspelling, such as HOW, BUT, ABOUT, FOR
  • recognising that Auslan includes loan signs from Signed English, such as TOY or DAD, and understanding why some older deaf people are uncomfortable with these changes
  • looking at style shifts in domains where English is in closer contact with Auslan, such as the use of more English-like structures in formal and educational settings
  • considering adaptations to Auslan use when communicating in different physical environments, such as in video chats, across a large yard, or when one or both hands are occupied, for example, variations in vocabulary, size of signing space, clarity of signs, use of fingerspelling and NMFs
  • noticing the variation in ‘handedness’ between signers in relation to both signs and to fingerspelling: right handers using their right hand as their dominant (main) hand; left handers doing the opposite

  VCASFU232 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCDEU166

  Extend knowledge of elements of the German grammatical system, including prepositions, reflexive verbs, adverbial phrases and subordinating conjunctions, to specify and describe people, objects and places, sequence events and qualify opinions

  Elaborations

  • specifying a person, object or place using knowledge of the German case system (nominative, accusative and dative), and using definite and indefinite articles, kein, personal pronouns (including man), and possessive, demonstrative and interrogative adjectives such as sein, unser, dieser, jeder and welcher
  • noticing the relationship between gender, article and case and the adjectival ending when describing people, objects, places and events, for example, Mein bester Freund hat lange, schwarze Haare und trägt einen kleinen Ohrring.; Es gibt hier keinen Sportplatz.
  • selecting and using the appropriate form of ‘you’ (du, ihr, Sie) and its possessive adjective equivalents (dein, euer, Ihr) according to the audience, for example, Sind Sie Frau Wagner?; Hast du dein Geld mit?
  • selecting the correct personal pronoun for ‘it’ (er/sie/es; ihn) for objects, for example, Woher hast du den Hut? Er ist sehr schön; Ich habe ihn bei … gekauft.
  • comparing the meanings and use of the German modal verbs with their English equivalents, for example, Wir müssen eine Schuluniform tragen. Man darf hier nicht essen.
  • noticing that some verbs can be combined with a separable or inseparable prefix which alters the meaning of the base verb, for example, Er kommt um 17.15 Uhr.; Kommst du mit?; Ich bekomme manchmal Geld zum Geburtstag.
  • describing current, recurring and future actions using regular, irregular, modal, separable and inseparable verbs in the present tense, for example, Wir spielen morgen nicht mit., Er sieht viel fern. Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen. Nächstes Jahr bekommen wir neue Laptops.
  • describing past events and experiences in present perfect and/or simple past tense using a limited range of common verbs, for example, Ich habe meine Hausaufgaben nicht gemacht, denn ich war am Wochenende krank.
  • using reflexive verbs in present tense with their appropriate accusative reflexive pronouns to describe daily routines and express emotions and interests, for example, Ich dusche mich morgens. Interessierst du dich für Geschichte? Wir freuen uns auf die Ferien.
  • understanding and applying the ‘verb as second element’ (Wir kommen morgen or Morgen kommen wir) and ‘subject-time-object-manner-place’ (STOMP) word order rules for main clauses (Ich spiele jetzt Basketball.), and realising that German word order is flexible, allowing other elements apart from the subject to begin the sentence, for example, Langsam verstehe ich mehr Deutsch. Zu Hause ist es oft sehr laut.
  • linking and sequencing events and ideas using a range of cohesive devices, including adverbs (danach, vorher, dann, früher) and common conjunctions (als, dass, obwohl, wenn, weil), usually with the subordinate clause after the main clause
  • expressing opinions using, for example, meiner Meinung nach; Ich glaube, dass … Wir sind dagegen/dafür
  • understanding and using wozu? to clarify purpose
  • understanding and using dative and accusative prepositions with their core meanings, for example, Ich komme aus der Stadt. Der Kuchen ist für dich.
  • describing destinations using prepositions including some ‘two-way’ prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen), for example, Wir fahren nach Adelaide. Der Junge geht zum Bahnhof. Sie sind in die Stadt gefahren.
  • experimenting (using models) with different structures to make comparisons, for example, Englisch ist schwieriger als Mathe. Welches Auto ist am sichersten? Kaffee ist nicht so gesund wie Wasser
  • referring to quantities of people and things using cardinal numbers up to a billion, for example, Deutschland hat 81,9 Millionen Einwohner.
  • extending metalanguage to communicate in German and English, for example, about case, word order and verb tenses (Dativ, Wechselpräpositionen, das Imperfekt, Hilfsverben, trennbare Verben)

  VCDEU166 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU012

  Recognise the features of the Vietnamese sound and writing system, including tones and tone markers, and explore Vietnamese pronunciation and spelling rules

  Elaborations

  • exploring the Vietnamese alphabet, identifying letters that have no equivalent in the English alphabet, such as ă, â, ê, ô, ơ, ư and đ, and vice versa (f, w, z)
  • reading, listening to and reproducing Vietnamese words with different tone markers, recognising that Vietnamese is a tonal language, and understanding that pitch changes affect the meaning of a word, for example, ma (‘ghost’), mà (‘but’/‘that’), má (‘mother’), mả (‘grave’), mã (‘horse’), mạ (‘rice seedling’)
  • listening to, reading and reproducing Vietnamese words with the same monophthongs or diphthongs, for example, đi thi, bà già, mai, nai, vài bài, developing awareness of sound–letter relationships to establish concepts of Vietnamese spelling rules
  • identifying words with the same syllables, including monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs, for example, nho nhỏ, đo đỏ, ngày nay, máy may, người người cười tươi, when listening to songs and reading poems
  • differentiating between consonant blends that are pronounced similarly such as ch and tr, d and gi, s and x, for example, che chở versus cây tre; hung dữ versus giữ nhà; cá sấu versus xấu quá
  • understanding and applying spelling rules for special cases such as the initial consonant k and consonant clusters kh, gh, ngh can go with the vowels i, e, ê only, for example, kể, khi, nghỉ, ghe, nghe, nghề, and rules relating to middle tone markers dấu hỏi and dấu ngã for Vietnamese alliterations (ngang, sắc, hỏi and huyền, ngã, nặng), such as in mát mẻ, vui vẻ; bẽ bàng, hờ hững
  • applying Vietnamese spelling rules, including adding or changing initial consonants, vowels or tone markers, to form new words, for example, đi thi, bà già, hai tai, mười người, ba và bà, no nê, thủ thỉ, nho nhỏ, nho đỏ, gió to, tươi cười
  • identifying similarities in the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese, French and English loan words such as sư phụ, toilet, gara, tivi, video

  VCVIU012 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFC191

  Reflect on their intercultural interactions and experiences, for example by considering their responses when engaging with Auslan users or digital resources, and on how these responses reflect their own languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on their interactions in Auslan and with Deaf culture, for example, through face-to-face or online interactions with other Auslan learners or deaf people, visits to Deaf community places and events or interactions with visitors to the school, analysing these experiences in terms of their previous or existing perceptions, understandings or attitudes
  • analysing cultural assumptions they made prior to learning Auslan and considering if these have changed through the experience of learning the language and interacting with deaf people
  • reflecting on the labels deaf and hearing, what these may mean to different people and their implications in terms of status, access, opportunity and privilege
  • reflecting on the concepts of insider and outsider views of the Deaf community and on their own position as second language learners of Auslan
  • reflecting and reporting on how learning Auslan provides general insights into the nature of language and culture and on how their assumptions about deaf people and ways of reading the world are changing as a result of intercultural language learning
  • reflecting on general social attitudes and responses to differences in behaviours or communicative styles, such as those that characterise communication in Auslan
  • reflecting on their identity as ‘second language learners’ and considering whether the experience of learning an additional language/culture impacts on their aspirations, career considerations or social-networking opportunities
  • reflecting on how their own ways of communicating may be interpreted when interacting with deaf people, and on the need to modify elements of their behaviour, for example in relation to the use of eye contact, facial expression or body language

  VCASFC191 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCESC008

  Translate and compare simple texts such as public signs, menus and advertisements in Spanish and English, noticing that it is not always possible to translate word for word

  Elaborations

  • translating short texts such as public signs or community notices from Spanish to English and vice versa, identifying problems encountered and noticing similarities and differences in how the messages are formed, for example, the Spanish use of infinitive forms in signs compared to the English use of imperatives
  • using print and electronic dictionaries to assist in the translation of simple texts, noticing that single words can have different meanings, for example, ‘cricket’ (sport or insect) and the six possible translations of ‘you’ in Spanish (tú, usted, ustedes, vosotros, vosotras, vos)
  • collecting examples of ‘false friends’ encountered when translating between English and Spanish, for example, carpeta/‘folder’, contestar/‘answer’, pie/‘foot’
  • identifying cognates in Spanish texts that can be used to predict meaning (alto, stop, chocolate, patata), and considering reasons for the similarities
  • understanding the distinction between literal and non-literal translation, and identifying expressions in Spanish or English that make no sense when translated literally into the other language, for example, pasarlo bomba, tomar el pelo, meter la pata, costar un ojo de la cara, dar la lata, ‘she’ll be right’, ‘fair dinkum’, ‘a piece of cake’, ‘to cost an arm and a leg’
  • comparing and translating language used in Spanish and English text messages, for example, a2 (adiós), xq? (¿por qué?), kntm (cuéntame), tqi (tengo que irme), CU (‘See you’), LOL (‘Laughing out loud’), and considering the use and effects of abbreviations

  VCESC008 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCESU017

  Recognise that Spanish is a global language that is spoken in a variety of forms in different communities around the world, including Australia

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Spanish is an important world language spoken in a range of varieties dialects, and variable accents across the Spanish-speaking world, for example, by identifying Spanish-speaking countries or regions on a map of the world
  • understanding the nature of the distribution of Spanish speakers across the world, not only in countries where Spanish is an official language but also in other countries such as the United States or the Philippines where the Spanish language and cultures have an important presence
  • recognising language variation across the Spanish-speaking world in terms of pronunciation, for example, the different pronunciation of the syllables ce and ci (gracias Cecilia)
  • exploring language variation in relation to vocabulary, for example, ‘a computer’ is un ordenador in Spain and una computadora in Latin America; ‘strawberries’ are fresas in Spain and frutillas in Argentina; ‘bus’ is colectivo in Venezuela, omnibus in Peru, camión in Mexico and guagua in Cuba
  • recognising that there is also variation in some grammatical forms, for example, the use of the pronoun vos in several countries in Latin America compared to tú in Spain; the masculine direct object pronoun le/lo in Spain and lo in Latin America
  • recognising differences between standard varieties of Spanish and varying degrees of language blending and influence, for example, Spanglish
  • recognising that many Spanish speakers also speak one or more regional and/or local languages, for example, Catalan or Basque

  VCESU017 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU018

  Recognise the interconnected relationship between language and culture

  Elaborations

  • identifying how ways of communicating in Spanish and English differ and how people outside each culture may understand these features differently, for example, attitudes to time reflected in language and social interactions; expressing thanks or appreciation more or less directly
  • considering how differences between ways of using language reflect cultural influences, for example, the adoption of varying systems of apellidos in different Spanish-speaking communities
  • identifying words or expressions that reflect values and ways of thinking about the world in Spanish, English and other languages, for example, the religious and cultural associations of relationships such as compadrazgo, names such as Jesús María, Dolores, Concepción and Asunción, and expressions such as la bendición, ¡Que Dios te bendiga! and ¡Adiós!; the connotations of ‘mateship’ in Australian English; or the significance of Country in Aboriginal culture
  • considering how Spanish language and interaction patterns around familiar routines such as mealtimes reflect practices and values associated with family life, food and social relationships, for example, sobremesa
  • noticing cultural variations in the expression of concepts such as respect or politeness in different languages, for example, the more direct use of imperative forms in Spanish when making a request compared to less direct ways in English (Dame el libro versus ‘Can you give me the book, please?’)

  VCESU018 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCESU179

  Investigate the nature and extent of Spanish language use in both Australian and global contexts

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Spanish is an important world language spoken in a range of varieties, accents and grammatical variations across the Spanish-speaking world, for example, by identifying Spanish-speaking countries or regions on a world map
  • understanding the nature of the distribution of Spanish speakers across the world, not only in countries where Spanish is an official language but also in other countries such as the United States and the Philippines where the Spanish language and cultures have an important presence
  • exploring language variation in relation to vocabulary, for example, ‘strawberries’ are fresas in Spain and frutillas in Argentina; ‘bus’ is colectivo in Venezuela, ómnibus in Peru, camión in Mexico and guagua in Cuba
  • recognising that there is also variation in some grammatical forms, for example, the use of the pronoun vos in several Latin American countries compared to tú in Spain; the masculine direct object pronoun le/lo in Spain and lo in Latin America
  • recognising differences between standard varieties of Spanish and varying degrees of language blending and influence, for example, Spanglish
  • recognising that many speakers of Spanish also speak one or more regional and/or local languages, such as Catalan or Basque; and researching the extent and impact of Spanish-language networks, associations and activities in different Australian communities, for example, creating a database classifying activities, events, exchange and media organisations, Spanish-speaking films on SBS, advertisements for travel to Spanish-speaking countries, and Spanish language classes

  VCESU179 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCGRCU009

  Acquire and build vocabulary by using roots, derivatives and word lists, and use dictionaries to select appropriate meanings of Classical Greek words

  Elaborations

  • developing own and class lists of vocabulary related to texts and topics, such as daily life in ancient Greece, for example, δοῦλος/δεσπότης, γυμνάσιον/παλαίστρα
  • creating a class bank of words frequently found in Classical Greek, for example, μῦθος/ἥρως/θηρίον, ναῦς/ναύτης/ναύκληρος/ναυμαχίαν, πλοῦς/ἱστίον/ἐρέτης/λιμήν, and common expressions used in everyday activities, for example, χαίρετε, τὶ πράττεις; ἐλθὲ δεῦρο, φεῦ, οἴμοι, εὖγε, εὖ ποιεῖς, σὺν ἀλλήλοις
  • practising vocabulary knowledge, for example, by using electronic resources
  • using print and electronic dictionaries to locate the appropriate meanings of words
  • understanding that one Classical Greek word may correspond to several different English words, and selecting the most appropriate meaning of a word in its context
  • developing strategies for vocabulary building by applying knowledge of roots and derivatives, for example, ἄγγελος (angel/archangel/evangelist), περί (periscope/perimeter/periphery), μόνος/η/ον (monotony, monologue, monopoly)
  • building vocabulary by recognising Classical Greek words commonly used in English, for example, idea, aroma, drama, synthesis, analysis, antithesis, hyperbole

  VCGRCU009 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCHIU106

  Recognise that the Hindi language has evolved and developed through different periods of time and as a result of different influences and interactions, that it is related to many other languages used in India and in the Australian community, and that it has influenced/influences other languages

  Elaborations

  • understanding that all languages are dynamic, continuously changing over time, that some grow, adding new words and borrowing from other languages, as in the case of both Hindi and Australian English, while others are no longer spoken (often referred to as ‘sleeping’ by owners) as in the case of many Indigenous languages of Australia and North America
  • recognising connections between language families and individual languages, such as that between Hindi and Punjabi, including the practice of adopting and adapting words and expressions from each other, for example, the use of Hindi words that originated in languages such as Persian, Arabic and English
  • identifying Hindi words derived from other languages, such as दफ़्तर, borrowed from Arabic, क्षेत्र (field in an abstract sense) directly from Sanskrit versus खेत (field as in for farming) from Hindi via Pali/Prakrit, मेज़ via Persian from Portuguese
  • exploring the relationship between Hindi and English language systems and practice and identifying changes to Hindi that have come about as a result of processes such as globalisation, technological change and intercultural exchange
  • identifying Hindi words and expressions used in English and other languages, such as pyjamas, bungalow, sorbet, avatar, cashmere, juggernaut, yoga, sari researching their origins and comparing original and current meanings
  • finding examples of Hindi words that retain their identity as non-English words but are increasingly incorporated into English and understood by bilingual speakers, for example, the familiar, affectionate use of यार and देसी

  VCHIU106 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCHIU103

  Develop knowledge of key elements of the Hindi grammatical and vocabulary systems, such as sentence structures, use of pronouns, postpositions and gender and number agreements

  Elaborations

  • identifying people by using pronouns in singular and plural forms, for example, मैं, हम, यह, ये, तुम, तू, आप, मैं, मेरा, तुम्हारा।
  • recognising and using pronouns for places and objects, for example, यहाँ, वहाँ, यह, वह
  • referring to objects and describing quantities using cardinal numbers, for example, एक, दो, पाँच, सात and पाँच रोटियाँ, दस गिलास
  • learning the structure of declarative and interrogative verb forms, for example, by composing simple statements and questions based on models such as तुम मेरे साथ चलो। तुम कैसे हो?
  • understanding that verbs change according to the gender and number of the noun, as in लड़का गाता है। लड़की गाती है। लड़के गाते हैं।
  • using simple verb tenses such as गया था, जाऊँगा, जा रहा हूँ, खाया था, खा रहा हूँ, खाऊँगा
  • using adjectives to describe characteristics or qualities of a person or object, such as nationality, shape or colour, and noticing that they change with gender and number, for example, छोटा लड़का, छोटी लड़की, छोटे लड़के, छोटे लड़के को, छोटे लड़कों को
  • using possessive adjectives to express ownership, for example, मेरी पुस्तक, तुम्हारा बस्ता
  • positioning adverbs correctly in sentences, for example, धीरे-धीरे, जल्दी में, दौड़ते हुए
  • using ordinal numbers such as पहला, दूसरा
  • using negative forms of verbs and adjectives, for example, सोहन ने फिल्म नहीं देखी। झूठ कभी मत बोलो।
  • building lexical competence for example, by collating vocabulary sets in relation to meaning or function, such as words for different kinds of fruit such as आम, पपीता, अमरुद, नारंगी, संतरा, मौसंबी or verbs of action such as जाना, आना, पहुँचना, लौटना, घूमना, भटकना.

  VCHIU103 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAC003

  Interact in classroom routines and exchanges such as asking and responding to questions, requesting help, repetition or permission, following instructions, or giving praise and encouragement

  Elaborations

  • using set phrases, formulaic expressions and appropriate gestures for regular classroom routines such as opening and closing lessons and responding to roll call, for example, きりつ, れい, ちゃくせき、はい、います。いません。
  • asking the meaning of words and how to say something in Japanese, requesting repetition and indicating whether or not they understand, for example, はい、わかりました。いいえ、ちょっと　わかりません。日本語(にほんご)で　何(なん) ですか。すみません、もう　いちど。
  • using formulaic expressions to ask for clarification (for example, ～は　えい語(ご)で　何(なん)　ですか。十四(じゅうよん)ページ　ですか。) or permission (for example,トイレに　行(い)っても　いい　ですか。), to apologise for lateness or interrupting (for example, すみません、ちょっと　いい　ですか。おくれて　すみません。), and to borrow classroom objects (for example,えんぴつを　かして　ください。けしゴム、ありますか。)
  • using appropriate language and behaviour when giving and receiving classroom objects, for example, どうぞ。ありがとう　ございます。
  • following instructions to complete an activity or to get organised, for example, たって　ください。三人(さんにん)グループに　なって　ください。
  • praising, complimenting and encouraging others, for example, じょうず　ですね。いい　ですね。よく　できました。すごい　ですね。もうちょっと　です。がんばりましょう。

  VCJAC003 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCJAU178

  Explain variations in Japanese language use that reflect different levels of formality, authority and status

  Elaborations

  • explaining variation in language use between people of different ages and relationships, for example, 母(はは), お母(かあ)さん and ～先生, ～さん; avoiding あなた when showing politeness; the frequent use of わたし to avoid foregrounding oneself; using ～くん or ～さんwhen speaking with close friends, family members or other young people; and using surnames ～さん or ～先生 for adults
  • understanding that Japanese expressions can be made more or less formal with very slight changes, for example, the presence or absence of formal endings, such as the difference between 先生、ありがとう。 先生、ありがとうございました。 and おやすみ。おやすみなさい 。
  • analysing language used to express different levels of formality in a variety of texts such as conversations, letters, emails and text messages, noting differences between written and spoken texts
  • finding examples of informal forms of language used by young Japanese speakers, such as the use of abbreviations or emoticons when texting and the use of loan words when talking about popular culture, for example, ‘J-rock’, ‘J-pop’, ‘fast food’

  VCJAU178 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLAU013

  Recognise that the language of the Romans provides insights into their daily lives, ideas, feelings and attitudes

  Elaborations

  • investigating connections between language and significant cultural attitudes, for example, discussing how the terms civis, libertus, servus relate to rights of citizens
  • exploring and discussing language use that reflects social structure in ancient Rome, for example, pater familias, patronus/cliens relationships, matrona; Julia = daughter of Julius
  • exploring references in texts to life at home, daily bathing, dining and entertainment, such as public spectacles, and discussing the importance of family and social life to the Romans
  • recognising language that reflects the nature and use of private spaces, such as domus, villa, atrium, hortus, insula
  • understanding the importance of religion and festivals in Roman society, for example, by examining references in texts to worship of the Olympian gods, or festivals such as Saturnalia
  • considering the impact of stories about major early Roman heroes on the formation and transmission of Roman values, for example, Cloelia helping the kidnapped girls to escape, Horatius guarding the bridge
  • discussing the influence on Romans of myths and legends, as represented in their literature and visual arts such as sculpture and mosaics, for example, Romulus and Remus, Aeneas, Hercules
  • exploring the colloquial language that Romans used, such as salvete; gratum; licet

  VCLAU013 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VC2M8P01

  recognise that complementary events have a combined probability of one; use this relationship to calculate probabilities in applied contexts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that knowing the probability of an event allows the probability of its complement to be found, including for those events that are not equally likely, such as getting a specific novelty toy in a supermarket promotion
  • using the relationship that for a single event A, Pr(A) + Pr(not A) = 1; for example, if the probability that it rains on a particular day is 80%, the probability that it does not rain on that day is 20%, or the probability of not getting a 6 on a single roll of a fair dice is 1-16=56
  • using the sum of probabilities to solve problems, such as the probability of starting a game by throwing a 5 or 6 on a dice is 13 and probability of not throwing a 5 or 6 is 23

  VC2M8P01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Probability

• VCVIC164

  Translate and interpret texts, compare own translation of a range of texts with others’, and explore differences and strategies to overcome challenges in translation

  Elaborations

  • interpreting and translating a range of texts from English to Vietnamese and vice versa, using and evaluating translation resources such as web-based translation tools and print and digital dictionaries
  • comparing and discussing various translations (including print and electronic translations, own and peers’ translation work) of common words, phrases, expressions and texts, explaining the possible reasons for differences and similarities, selecting the most appropriate translation and negotiating adjustment if necessary
  • discussing and amending inaccurate translations of public signs or notices in Vietnam and in Australia
  • identifying and discussing strategies for translating difficult words and concepts or instances of non-equivalence, such as expanding descriptions or explanations, providing examples to assist meaning, or connecting to context to identify the meaning of a word, for example, ‘a strong person’ (một người mạnh khỏe) versus ‘strong tea’ (trà đậm); ‘hot weather’ (thời tiết nóng nực) versus ‘a hot issue’ (vấn đề gây tranh cãi) or ‘a hot zone’ (khu vực nguy hiểm)
  • recognising changes required to sentence structure or word use in English–Vietnamese translation, for example, ‘This lesson is too hard to understand’ = Bài học này khó quá, tôi không hiểu được; ‘I can’t help laughing’ = Tôi không thể nhịn cười được
  • observing peers working as interpreters in the classroom in different contexts, identifying challenges in language mediation and exploring strategies to overcome these challenges

  VCVIC164 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIC160

  Locate, analyse and compare information relating to topics of shared interest or other learning areas from a range of print, visual, digital and online sources

  Elaborations

  • accessing diverse sources in a range of media, such as books, web pages, television programs, radio news items, interviews, reports, video clips or documentaries, to collate information about aspects of Vietnamese and Australian lifestyles, for example, schooling, leisure activities or preservation of natural environments
  • researching young people’s lifestyles across Vietnamese-speaking communities, comparing information from different cultural contexts to identify the impact of such factors as climate, customs, transport, economy or globalisation, for example, the influence of Korean pop culture on Vietnamese teenagers’ fashion and hairstyles, and their tastes in food, music and movies
  • using reading strategies to enhance understanding of texts, such as identifying and clarifying the meaning of key words or concepts, or distinguishing main points from supporting details
  • summarising, analysing and comparing information obtained from a range of sources, for example, information about Vietnam from a cookbook, a tourism website and a documentary such as Luke Nguyen in Vietnam or Hành Trình Xuyên Việt, selecting appropriate resources for research projects, and discussing and explaining the reasons for similarities and differences in the information obtained
  • comparing key points and supporting details from a range of texts about special occasions and ceremonies, and discussing culture-specific terms and representations
  • using concept maps, charts and tables to organise and analyse information
  • contributing to a shared class database or online library information that has been drawn from various sources, and classifying selected information according to topic, genre or level

  VCVIC160 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Informing

• VCVIU168

  Apply Vietnamese pronunciation, spelling and intonation patterns in a range of sentences such as statements, questions and exclamations

  Elaborations

  • distinguishing and making nuances in pronunciation and spelling between some similar diphthongs and triphthongs, for example, chiều cao and cây cau, lổ mũi and con muỗi, chúi nhủi and trái chuối
  • applying Vietnamese pronunciation and spelling rules to own speech and writing to pronounce and spell new words encountered in interactions and texts, for example, if the spelling of the word mười is known, then the spelling of the word người can be determined without knowing its meaning
  • experimenting with intonation patterns to distinguish different types of sentences, for example, a statement (Con không đi chơi đâu.), a question (Con không đi chơi đâu?) and an exclamation (Con không đi chơi đâu!)
  • comparing own Vietnamese speech patterns with standard Vietnamese pronunciation, and making adjustments to their pronunciation of certain sounds or tone markers as necessary, for example, g and r, s and x, ch and tr, or d and gi and v
  • developing strategies to understand meaning when listening to diverse regional Vietnamese accents, for example, inferring meaning from the context of communication

  VCVIU168 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU017

  Identify connections between cultural practices and language use in intercultural exchange, recognising how meaning may be culturally specific

  Elaborations

  • exploring how language and culture influence each other, for example, understanding the differences between Vietnamese and English name order (Nguyễn Trúc Lâm versus Truc Lam Nguyen) and its cultural significanceidentifying gestures, words and phrases with particular cultural significance in Vietnamese, reflecting traditional values such as respect for elderly people, education and social status, for example, folding arms, using both hands to offer something, and saying dạ, thưa to show respect
  • recognising that some Vietnamese social behaviours, for example, not saying ‘thanks’ or ‘sorry’, and not opening gifts straight away in front of guests, may be misinterpreted by Australians as lack of courtesy
  • examining the influence of Vietnamese culture on gestures, tone and word choices in social interactions, for example, considering how the practice of using family terms such as chú, bác to indicate informality when addressing an unrelated person reflects the value of family in Vietnamese culture
  • making connections between language and culture such as vocabulary and expressions related to people, lifestyles, and valuing of the environment, for example, con rồng cháu tiên; khéo ăn thì no, khéo co thì ấm; trời nắng tốt dưa, trời mưa tốt lúa
  • exploring how politeness is expressed differently in Vietnamese and English, for example, Vietnamese speakers use honorific words such as dạ/thưa and different personal pronouns (ông/bà, cô/chú, anh/chị), while English speakers use ‘thanks’, ‘sorry’ and ‘excuse me’

  VCVIU017 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCVIU016

  Recognise the dynamic nature of the Vietnamese language and how it has changed over time through interaction with other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • recognising that many Vietnamese words are borrowed from other languages such as French, for example, ba lê (‘ballet’), cà phê (‘café’), da-ua (‘yaourt’), căn-tin (‘cantine’) and gara (‘garage’), and particularly from Chinese, for example, hoàng thượng/sư phụ
  • identifying and explaining changes in contemporary language practices and social behaviours, for example, using less formal language (such as chào/thưa or chào/kính thưa) and gestures (such as nodding head or shaking hands instead of bowing head and folding arms) when greeting family members and friends rather than strangers
  • recognising and understanding new and borrowed words, phrases and concepts that have been created or incorporated as a result of contact with other cultures, for example, kimono, koala, sushi, pizza, mì Ý (pasta), bánh mì kẹp thịt (hamburger), thức ăn nhanh (fast food)
  • recognising the influence of English language and culture on own Vietnamese language use, including writing Vietnamese names in the English way (Lan Nguyen instead of Nguyễn Thanh Lan); using or mixing English with Vietnamese in daily interactions, such as Bạn làm homework chưa? Sorry! Thank you.

  VCVIU016 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change