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• VCELA198

  Understand that people use different systems of communication to cater to different needs and purposes and that many people may use sign systems to communicate with others

  Elaborations

  • recognising how and where signs and symbols are used and placed in students’ school and community
  • learning some signs in Auslan and finding out about ‘Hear a Book’ and Braille technologies for hearing and visually impaired people

  VCELA198 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA234

  Understand that spoken, visual and written forms of language are different modes of communication with different features and their use varies according to the audience, purpose, context and cultural background

  Elaborations

  • identifying examples and features of different kinds of spoken, non-verbal, written and visual communication from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and from several Asian cultures within Australia, and associating those features with particular communities
  • recognising some phrases in the languages of the class and community, for example greetings and expressions of politeness

  VCELA234 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA202

  Understand the use of vocabulary in everyday contexts as well as a growing number of school contexts, including appropriate use of formal and informal terms of address in different contexts

  Elaborations

  • learning forms of address for visitors and how to use language appropriately to ask directions and for information, for example on excursions

  VCELA202 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA246

  Understand how different types of texts vary in use of language choices, depending on their purpose, audience and context, including tense and types of sentences

  Elaborations

  • becoming familiar with typical structural stages and language features of various types of text, for example narratives, procedures, reports, reviews and expositions

  VCELA246 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA295

  Understand how to use spelling patterns and generalisations including syllabification, letter combinations including double letters, and morphemic knowledge to build word families

  Elaborations

  • using phonological knowledge (for example long vowel patterns in multi-syllabic words) and consonant clusters (for example 'straight', 'throat', 'screen', 'squawk')
  • using visual knowledge (for example diphthongs in more complex words and other ambiguous vowel sounds, as in 'oy', 'oi', 'ou', 'ow', 'ould', 'u', 'ough', 'au', 'aw'), silent beginning consonant patterns (for example 'gn' and 'kn')
  • applying generalisations, such as doubling (for example 'running') and 'e'-drop (for example 'hoping')

  VCELA295 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Writing | Language

• VCELA303

  Understand that Standard Australian English is one of many social dialects used in Australia, and that while it originated in England it has been influenced by many other languages

  Elaborations

  • identifying words used in Standard Australian English that are derived from other languages, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, and determining if the original meaning is reflected in English usage, for example kangaroo, tsunami, typhoon, amok, orang-utan
  • identifying commonly used words derived from other cultures

  VCELA303 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA324

  Understand how noun groups/phrases and adjective groups/phrases can be expanded in a variety of ways to provide a fuller description of the person, place, thing or idea

  Elaborations

  • learning how to expand a description by combining a related set of nouns and adjectives – ‘Two old brown cattle dogs sat on the ruined front veranda of the deserted house’
  • observing how descriptive details can be built up around a noun or an adjective, forming a group/phrase (for example, ‘this very smelly cleaning cloth in the sink’ is a noun group/phrase and ‘as pretty as the flowers in May’ is an adjective group/phrase)

  VCELA324 | Curriculum content | English | Level 5 | Writing | Language

• VCELA339

  Understand how authors often innovate on text structures and play with language features to achieve particular aesthetic, humorous and persuasive purposes and effects

  Elaborations

  • exploring a range of everyday, community, literary and informative texts discussing elements of text structure and language features and comparing the overall structure and effect of authors’ choices in two or more texts
  • examining different works by an author who specialises in humour or pathos to identify strategies such as exaggeration and character embarrassment to amuse and to offer insights into characters’ feelings, so building empathy with their points of view and concern for their welfare

  VCELA339 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA340

  Identify and explain how analytical images like figures, tables, diagrams, maps and graphs contribute to our understanding of verbal information in factual and persuasive texts

  Elaborations

  • observing how sequential events can be represented visually by a series of images, including comic strips, timelines, photo stories, procedure diagrams and flowcharts, life-cycle diagrams, and the flow of images in picture books
  • observing how concepts, information and relationships can be represented visually through such images as tables, maps, graphs, diagrams, and icons

  VCELA340 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA382

  Recognise and understand that subordinate clauses embedded within noun groups/phrases are a common feature of written sentence structures and increase the density of information

  Elaborations

  • identifying and experimenting with a range of clause types and discussing the effect of these in the expression and development of ideas

  VCELA382 | Curriculum content | English | Level 7 | Writing | Language

• VCELA216

  Understand that nouns represent people, places, things and ideas and include common, proper, concrete or abstract, and that noun groups/phrases can be expanded using articles and adjectives

  Elaborations

  • exploring texts and identifying nouns that refer to characters, elements of the setting, and ideas
  • exploring illustrations and noun groups/phrases in picture books to identify how the participants have been represented by an illustrator
  • exploring names of people and places and how to write them using capital letters
  • building extended noun groups/phrases that provide a clear description of an item

  VCELA216 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA214

  Understand that simple connections can be made between ideas by using a compound sentence with two or more clauses usually linked by a coordinating conjunction

  Elaborations

  • learning how to express ideas using compound sentences
  • learning how to join simple sentences with conjunctions, for example ‘and’, ‘but’ or ‘so’, to construct compound sentences

  VCELA214 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA157

  Understand that spoken sounds and words can be written and know how to write some high-frequency words and other familiar words including their name

  Elaborations

  • recognising the most common sound made by each letter of the alphabet, including consonants and short vowel sounds
  • writing consonant-vowel-consonant words by writing letters to represent the sounds in the spoken words
  • knowing that spoken words are written down by listening to the sounds heard in the word and then writing letters to represent those sounds

  VCELA157 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Writing | Language

• VCELA142

  Understand concepts about print and screen, including how books, film and simple digital texts work, and know some features of print, including directionality

  Elaborations

  • learning about print: direction of print and return sweep, spaces between words
  • learning that Standard Australian English in written texts is read from left to right and from top to bottom of the page and that direction of print may differ in other cultures, for example Japanese texts
  • learning about front and back covers; title and author, layout and navigation of digital/screen texts
  • learning about simple functions of keyboard and mouse including typing letters, scrolling, selecting icons and drop-down menu

  VCELA142 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA249

  Understand how to apply knowledge of letter–sound relationships, and blending and segmenting to read and use more complex words with less common consonant and vowel clusters

  Elaborations

  • using strategies such as sounding out, chunking and blending of uncommon consonant and vowel clusters to problem solve words, for example 'machine' and 'spoil', in shared or guided reading

  VCELA249 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA184

  Understand how to use visual memory to write high-frequency words, and that some high-frequency words have regular and irregular spelling components

  Elaborations

  • using strategies such as look-say-cover-write-check to learn an increasing number of high-frequency sight words recognised in texts, including words with regular spelling patterns such as 'them' and 'got' and irregular patterns such as 'one' and 'was'

  VCELA184 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Language

• VCELT407

  Recognise, explain and analyse the ways literary texts draw on readers’ knowledge of other texts and enable new understanding and appreciation of aesthetic qualities

  Elaborations

  • exploring how some writers use terse and relatively simple language choices while others use more elaborate and complex syntax
  • examining the language patterns, including sentence patterns, in a range of short texts and discussing the effect on readers’ interpretation of these choices
  • writing or speaking about a literary text and outlining the impact of the text on a listener, viewer or reader, for example in a journal in which students reflect on their personal responses and on how language and structural features in the text contribute to its impact
  • discussing, debating and assessing remakes of literary texts and their effectiveness and purpose
  • discussing, debating and assessing book or film series, sequels, prequels, fan fiction sites, tie-in publications or merchandise

  VCELT407 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELT405

  Understand and explain how combinations of words and images in texts are used to represent particular groups in society, and how texts position readers in relation to those groups

  Elaborations

  • recognising the similarities and differences between types of texts (for example a complex picture book and a feature film) in order to understand how different combinations of words and images lead readers to interpret visual texts in particular ways, according to audience, purpose and context

  VCELT405 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELY162

  Understand that sounds in English are represented by upper- and lower-case letters that can be written using learned letter formation patterns for each case

  Elaborations

  • adopting correct posture and pencil grip
  • learning to produce simple handwriting movements
  • following clear demonstrations of how to construct each letter (for example where to start; which direction to write)
  • learning to construct lower-case letters and to combine these into words
  • learning to construct some upper-case letters

  VCELY162 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Writing | Literacy

• VCELY196

  Understand how to use learned formation patterns to represent sounds and write words using combinations of unjoined upper- and lower-case letters

  Elaborations

  • using correct posture and pencil grip
  • learning how each letter is constructed including where to start and the direction to follow
  • writing words legibly using unjoined print script of consistent size

  VCELY196 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Literacy