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• Vietnamese - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students apply appropriate pronunciation of sounds and tones, as well as rhythm and intonation, to a range of spoken texts. They use vocabulary with more complex syllable combinations and become more fluent and accurate in both spoken and written language production. They gain greater control...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students use appropriate pronunciation, accent and intonation patterns and spelling in a range of sentences, such as statements, questions and exclamations. By building their language knowledge, students are able to develop and express more complex concepts in Vietnamese. They use a range of grammatical...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence

• VCVIU013

  Develop knowledge of common grammatical elements and structures such as nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives, verbs, compound words, adverbs of frequency, conjunctions, statements, negations and questions, to describe events, actions and qualities of people and objects, and to express courtesy...

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Vietnamese has multiple words for personal pronouns, for example, con, cháu, em and tôi can be used to indicate both first and second person depending on relationships
  • using appropriate terms of address for diverse speakers in different contexts, for example, ông, bà, anh, chị, em
  • understanding that personal pronouns in Vietnamese do not change according to their grammatical function as in English, for example, Anh ta biết tôi nhưng tôi không biết anh ta (‘He knows me but I don’t know him’)
  • exploring and using pluralisation of nouns, for example, hai cái áo (‘two shirts’), những/nhiều/các ngôi nhà (‘houses’), making connections and comparisons between Vietnamese and English
  • understanding the position of nouns and adjectives in Vietnamese compared to English, for example, một học sinh giỏi versus ‘a good student’
  • using concrete nouns related to self, family, home, school and the local environment, including loan words from other languages, for example, thức ăn, quần áo, gia đình, cha mẹ, trường học, học sinh, thầy cô, bạn bè, chợ, nhà hàng, trạm xe lửa, tivi, game, internet, email, canteen, gara sale, online shopping, sushi, pizza, McDonald, chocolate, cà rốt, ya-ua, nhẩm xà/yumcha
  • using adjectives to describe the appearance and personality of people, places, events, actions and objects, for example, già, trẻ, rộng lớn, chật hẹp, quan trọng, thú vị, anh hùng, mắc, rẻ, tốt, xấu
  • exploring and using synonyms, for example, chăm chỉ = siêng năng; ngăn nắp = gọn gàng, and antonyms, for example, tốt ≠ xấu; mới ≠ cũ; ngày ≠ đêm; nóng ≠ lạnh
  • recognising and using Vietnamese prefixes such as vô and bất to form antonyms, for example, lễ phép ≠ vô phép; có duyên ≠ vô duyên; lịch sự ≠ bất lịch sự; cẩn thận ≠ bất cẩn
  • using adverbs to modify verbs and adjectives, and to indicate time, for example, chạy nhanh, học giỏi, hát hay, đẹp lắm, hay quá, hôm qua, ngày mai, tuần rồi, tháng tới
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, ở giữa), for example, ở trên trời, ở trên bàn, ở dưới đất, ở nhà, ở thành phố, ở ngoài đường
  • recognising possessive cases using formation of noun + pronoun/noun or của, for example, ba mẹ (của) tôi, anh/chị (của) tôi, nhà/trường/lớp (của) tôi
  • using some honorific words to express courtesy, for example, dạ, dạ thưa, kính thưa, kính chào
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using common simple conjunctions, for example, Tôi và bạn, Cuối tuần bạn thường đi bơi hay đi xem phim? Tôi thích ăn phở nhưng chị tôi thích ăn mì
  • understanding that Vietnamese does not conjugate verbs according to number, gender and/or tense, for example, Tôi/Bạn tôi thích phim hoạt họa
  • understanding and describing past, current and future events using appropriate terms for time expressions such as đã, sẽ, đang, chưa, rồi, for example, Tôi ăn rồi. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Ngày mai tôi sẽ đi coi phim
  • using simple sentence structures (subject + predicate) to construct affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions with ai, cái gì, gì, nào, ở đâu, thế nào, tại sao, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Tôi không thích ăn cháo. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tại sao bạn thích bộ phim này? Bạn thích ca sĩ nào?
  • understanding word order in questions, noticing that question words are placed at the end of sentences in Vietnamese, for example, Tên em là gì? Nhà em ở đâu?
  • understanding and using a range of Vietnamese comparative and superlative forms, for example, đẹp, đẹp hơn, đẹp nhất
  • understanding and applying the rules of compound word formation, for example, trường + học = trường học; học + hành = học hành, to generate words for enhancing conversations
  • understanding the use of appropriate punctuation in writing, for example, full stops, commas and exclamation marks

  VCVIU013 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC167

  Reflect on how and why being a learner of Vietnamese contributes to their sense of identity

  Elaborations

  • discussing how being bilingual allows them to present ‘self’ to others in particular ways, recognising that identity includes culture as well as language
  • reflecting on the role of language in expressing identity, considering when, with whom and why different languages are used and reflecting on whether their own identity changes when they use different languages
  • explaining to others how the Vietnamese language is part of their identity, and reflecting on when, how and why they use Vietnamese
  • sharing views of what their understanding of Vietnamese culture ‘is’, and how it relates to language, identity and experience, using statements such as ‘My culture is …’, ‘Culture can …’

  VCVIC167 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 5 and 6 description

  Students’ pronunciation, intonation and phrasing are more confident. They apply appropriate sentence structures, using nouns, adjectives, verbs, conjunctions and writing conventions to express opinions (for example, Tôi thích học tiếng Việt để nói chuyện với ông bà

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence

• Vietnamese - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students recognise and use features of the Vietnamese sound and writing systems, including tones and tone markers, and apply appropriate pronunciation and spelling rules in spoken and written texts. They apply elements of Vietnamese grammar to the production of texts, such as appropriate word...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence

• VCVIU029

  Apply knowledge of sounds, tones and spelling to spoken and written Vietnamese, inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words encountered in a range of contexts, and explore intonation patterns and pauses in a range of sentences

  Elaborations

  • applying Vietnamese phonic and spelling knowledge to pronounce and infer spelling of unfamiliar words, for example, words containing consonant clusters kh, ng, ngh, nh, diphthongs and triphthongs such as ôi, ơi, oe, oai, ươi, ương, uyên, or new words encountered in interactions and texts in Vietnamese, for example, determining the spelling of the unfamiliar word người from that of the known word mười
  • understanding and applying Vietnamese spelling and pronunciation with increasing accuracy in own speech and writing
  • recognising the differences in intonation between statements (Con không đi chơi đâu.), questions (Con không đi chơi đâu à?) and exclamations (Con không đi chơi đâu!)
  • recognising and using appropriate rhythm in complex sentences, using pauses and intonation to signal clause boundaries and emphasis, for example, Con thích cái áo mà mẹ tặng cho con hôm sinh nhật vừa rồi
  • comparing own Vietnamese speech with standard Vietnamese pronunciation and making adjustments to their pronunciation of certain sounds or tones as necessary
  • recognising regional variations in pronunciation (from different regions such as the North, the Central and the South), for example, different ways of pronouncing dấu hỏi and dấu ngã, s and x, ch as tr, v/gi and d, and final consonants such as -t and -c (khuôn mặt and mặc áo), and developing strategies to understand meaning when listening to diverse regional Vietnamese accents, for example, inferring meaning from the context of communication
  • understanding that spelling follows standardised rules even though there are variations in Vietnamese pronunciation across different regions of Vietnam

  VCVIU029 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU151

  Recognise and apply features of intonation and pronunciation and writing conventions used in different types of texts and contexts

  Elaborations

  • applying basic pronunciation rules, including adding or changing tone markers, initial consonants or vowels to form new words, for example, buổi, cuối, đuổi, tuổi, chuối
  • understanding and reproducing Vietnamese words with different tone markers, and understanding that pitch changes affect the meaning of a word, for example, thương, thường, thưởng, thượng
  • understanding the variability of sound–letter matches and distinguishing between similar sounds such as ch and tr, s and x (chai/trai or song/xong)
  • exploring Vietnamese sounds such as heterographs, for example, giai and dai, dây and giây, and homonyms, for example, bàn (bàn bạc) or bàn (cái bàn)
  • analysing Vietnamese pronunciation and intonation, for example, Anh ăn trưa chưa? Anh chưa ăn trưa? and Anh chưa ăn trưa
  • applying Vietnamese spelling rules, for example, k, gh and ngh only go with i, e, and ê (kiến, kẻ, kể, ghi, ghe, ghế, nghỉ, nghe, nghệ)
  • comparing Vietnamese words that end with i and y, and identifying words that are commonly misspelled, such as tai and tay, mai and may, ngài and ngày
  • using appropriate punctuation in writing, including commas, full stops, question marks, semicolons, colons, inverted commas and exclamation marks

  VCVIU151 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIC184

  Reflect on own cultural identity and how it is both shaped by and influences ways of communicating, thinking and behaving

  Elaborations

  • making decisions about relevant information to be included in a cultural identity profile to exchange with non-Vietnamese speakers, for example, deciding what personal details to include such as age, gender and salary, depending on contexts, purpose and relationships
  • reflecting on choices made to present self to others in particular ways or to conceal aspects of identity when interacting across cultures; and noticing differences in the way they communicate, think and behave in different contexts
  • exploring how individual ways of communicating, thinking and behaving help shape views of own cultural identity, for example, why a Vietnamese-Australian teenager who speaks English better than they do Vietnamese and understands more about Australian culture than Vietnamese culture may view themselves as more Australian than Vietnamese
  • comparing and contrasting a Vietnamese and Australian experience, such as a celebration, and considering how their own and others’ identity may shift according to the context

  VCVIC184 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC113

  Translate and interpret familiar Vietnamese words, phrases and expressions

  Elaborations

  • interpreting/translating greetings and other learnt words and phrases from Vietnamese into English, for example, cảm ơn (thanks), tạm biệt (goodbye), chào (hello), xin lỗi (sorry)
  • sharing familiar Vietnamese phrases and expressions with friends and interpreting their meaning, for example, Ngày mai gặp lại. Em tên gì? Em tên (là) Nam. Em bao nhiêu tuổi? Em bảy tuổi. Không có chi/gì
  • using Vietnamese and English to name familiar objects and conduct simple conversations, translating when necessary to help others understand
  • playing matching games with Vietnamese and English words from Big Books and picture books in print or digital form

  VCVIC113 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIC027

  Reflect on own ways of communicating in Vietnamese and English, recognising that intercultural communication involves shared responsibility for meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • comparing appropriate ways of communicating in Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese contexts, for example, using different forms of address such as addressing a teacher by their first name in Vietnamese but by their family name in English (Thầy Tùng/Mr Nguyen), or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why each way is appropriate in the right context, and how they enhance intercultural communication
  • reflecting on own language choices and communicative gestures in different cultural contexts, considering how ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds, and making necessary adjustments to establish, maintain and improve relationships with immediate contacts such as family, teacher and peers, for example, addressing extended family members by their order within the family rather than by their name (chú ba, cô hai, bác tư versus ‘Uncle John’, ‘Aunty Lucy’)
  • discussing reasons for different interpretations of meaning in intercultural exchanges, for example, knowing that to avoid offence Vietnamese people may give an indirect answer to a question or request whereas Australians prefer to say what they really think or mean
  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings and behaviours, for example, degrees of formality and politeness, and use of personal space and physical contact
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments to language and/or behaviours that could be made to enhance mutual understanding
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, flexibility, attitudes to privacy or different levels of directness in discussions, and awareness of differences in cultural values and religious practices (such as filial piety, respect for elderly people and education)

  VCVIC027 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIU014

  Examine the structures and language features of a range of short familiar personal texts, including descriptive, informative and imaginative texts, and identify audience and purpose

  Elaborations

  • identifying the audience, purpose and structural features of short familiar texts in Vietnamese, such as messages, notes, signs, instructions, personal emails/letters, diary entries/blog posts, advertisements, announcements, recipes, stories, songs and poems
  • recognising structural features of familiar personal, informative and imaginative Vietnamese texts, for example, the date on diary entries and letters, titles for stories, and greetings for emails or conversations
  • discussing ways in which different grammatical elements are used for different textual purposes, for example, the use of imperatives in a set of instructions (Đứng lên! Ngồi xuống! Mở tập ra! Nghe và lặp lại!) in recipes and other procedural texts, time and place markers (ngày xửa ngày xưa, hôm qua, hôm nay, ngày mai, tuần tới) in stories, adjectives (đẹp, tốt, bền, tiện lợi) in advertisements, and personal pronouns (ông, bà, tôi, anh, chị, em) in conversations
  • understanding how to create textual cohesion by using linguistic elements such as cohesive devices (thứ nhất, thứ nhì, trước tiên, kế đến, rồi, sau cùng) and conjunctions (và, với, hay, hoặc, vì, nhưng) to sequence and link ideas
  • understanding the use of features of particular text types in simple written, spoken or digital form, such as class signs and rules, birthday invitations, personal profiles, or recipes of favourite foods or drinks

  VCVIU014 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU155

  Explore how the Vietnamese language has changed over time and how it has been influenced by dialects and accents across regions of Vietnam

  Elaborations

  • recognising ways in which the Vietnamese language has changed over time, for example, the romanisation of the writing system, the declining use of Sino-Vietnamese words such as quốc kỳ and sư phụ, and the increasing use of English words such as ‘OK’, ‘jeans’, ‘shopping’ and ‘hello’
  • recognising and understanding new and borrowed words, phrases and concepts that have been created or incorporated as a result of contact with other cultures, for example, kimono, koala, sushi, pizza, mì Ý (pasta), bánh mì kẹp thịt (hamburger), thức ăn nhanh (fast food)
  • understanding that Vietnamese has different dialects, such as Southern, Central and Northern Vietnamese, for example, má/mẹ (mother), ba/bố (father), dứa/thơm, khóm (pineapple)
  • distinguishing between the three main dialects in Vietnamese, for example, noticing that the Southern and Central Vietnamese dialects have fewer tone markers in spoken language than the Northern Vietnamese dialect
  • exploring the expansion of vocabulary in the Vietnamese language due to the influence of regional dialects, for example, Southerners have adopted some Northern words (ba mẹ) and vice versa (cù lần)

  VCVIU155 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU031

  Analyse the relationship between context, purpose and audience, language features and cultural elements associated with different types of texts in actual or online contexts

  Elaborations

  • exploring different samples of particular types of texts, such as recounts, reports and advertisements, and analysing the relationships between audience, purpose, context and language features to predict the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary
  • exploring the ways in which content is developed in different types of texts, and how ideas and information are sequenced, for example, headings, paragraphing, topic sentences, elaborations, and topic/idea shifts
  • identifying and comparing language features of different text types, for example, the use of first person (mình/tôi), descriptive (trẻ trung/xinh đẹp/thông minh/hiền lành/dịu dàng) and emotive language (buồn bã/hoang mang/vui mừng/hạnh phúc) in personal recounts and diary entries
  • recognising linguistic choices made according to the text’s intended audience and degree of formality, for example, changing personal pronouns or tone to indicate changes in relationship between participants or degree of (in)formality
  • analysing how language choices help achieve particular purposes and effects, for example, descriptive language to promote a product, evaluative language to reflect on an experience or to review a literary work, persuasive language to influence audience, or humorous techniques to entertain
  • understanding the use of text conventions such as culturally appropriate salutations and forms of address (depending on relationship or social status) in specific text types such as letters, speeches or interviews, for example, kính thưa/thưa/thân mến/thương mến/kính chào/chào
  • understanding that texts have different purposes (to persuade, to entertain), different audiences (children, adolescents, Vietnamese or Australian people) and different structures and formats (diary entry, blog post, formal letter, interview, report, speech)

  VCVIU031 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU172

  Explore the impact on language of social, cultural and intercultural influences such as globalisation and new technologies

  Elaborations

  • recognising Vietnamese words, phrases and concepts that have emerged as a result of technological advances, for example, máy vi tính xách tay, nhấp chuột, điện thoại thông minh, thư điện tử, nhật ký điện tử, mạng lưới toàn cầu, trò chơi trực tuyến, tivi màn hình cong, phim ba chiều
  • reflecting on changes in own language use and identifying new terms and communicative modes that have been adopted as a result of the development of technology, for example, using abbreviations such as ‘u’, ‘LOL’, ‘YOLO’, ‘2u’ or ‘4u’ or emoticons instead of whole words or phrases
  • recognising and understanding new words (including Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese), phrases and concepts that have been developed as a result of globalisation and changing lifestyles, for example, toàn cầu hóa, kimono, koala, sushi, pizza, mì Ý (pasta), bánh mì kẹp thịt (hamburger), thức ăn nhanh (fast food)

  VCVIU172 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU138

  Recognise that languages change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring the influence of English on informal language used in daily interactions by Vietnamese people in Australia, for example, đi ‘shop’, xem ‘TV’, nghe ‘radio’, dùng ‘internet’ and the use of terms such as ‘OK’, ‘hello’ and ‘shopping’
  • recognising that many Vietnamese words are derived from other languages, including French (ba lê/‘ballet’, cà phê/‘café’), English (internet, căn-tin/‘canteen’) and Chinese (phụ huynh, tổ quốc)
  • understanding that some languages are continuously evolving, others are endangered, and some are being revived, with particular reference to indigenous languages used throughout the world, including Aboriginal languages and Torres Strait Islander languages in Australia
  • reflecting on changes in language practices in modern Vietnamese, and making comparisons with traditional Vietnamese, for example, sử ký and lịch sử, thầy u and ba mẹ, sư phụ and thầy cô

  VCVIU138 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU188

  Analyse and explain how and why language use varies according to cultural contexts, relationships and purposes

  Elaborations

  • identifying and analysing variations in language use (choice of vocabulary and structures) between diverse participants, for example, old people and teenagers, males and females, educated and uneducated people, in a range of different interactions
  • analysing and comparing language use in a range of blogs, interviews or transcripts of speeches to deduce the age, gender, interests or educational level of the audience
  • understanding the importance of adapting own language use for different audiences or degrees of formality, for example, moving from informal (mẹ ơi/ông ơi/bà ơi) to respectful tone (thưa mẹ/kính thưa ông bà), or simple (lòng thương người) to sophisticated (lòng nhân ái) vocabulary/structures
  • discussing variations in language use in Vietnamese traditional and contemporary literature, arts and entertainment relating to the same theme or topic, and analysing how language changes (with regard to vocabulary and structures) in different settings and contexts
  • comparing own written language use in various modes of communication and for a range of purposes, for example, text messages, online chatting, emailing or doing schoolwork, and reflecting on how and why the writing style differs and considering the effect on meaning

  VCVIU188 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU035

  Explore how language and culture are interrelated and how they shape and are shaped by each other

  Elaborations

  • exploring how cultural concepts such as respect for the elderly and for authority influence Vietnamese language use, for example, not directly expressing disagreement when interacting with elderly people (Bạn nói không sai nhưng mà …, Con cũng thích cái áo này nhưng mà …), and addressing important people by their positions rather than their first names (thưa hiệu trưởng/giám đốc)
  • examining Vietnamese idioms (thành ngữ) and proverbs (tục ngữ) and recognising words that reflect both literal and figurative cultural understandings, for example, Lá lành đùm lá rách; Gần mực thì đen, gần đèn thì rạng/sáng
  • explaining cultural references in Vietnamese texts, including multimodal and digital texts, for example, mừng tuổi, xông đất, trầu cau
  • exploring how learning and using Vietnamese has impacted on own view of Vietnamese culture and other cultures, including the role of culture in respecting and sustaining environments

  VCVIU035 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCVIU012

  Recognise the features of the Vietnamese sound and writing system, including tones and tone markers, and explore Vietnamese pronunciation and spelling rules

  Elaborations

  • exploring the Vietnamese alphabet, identifying letters that have no equivalent in the English alphabet, such as ă, â, ê, ô, ơ, ư and đ, and vice versa (f, w, z)
  • reading, listening to and reproducing Vietnamese words with different tone markers, recognising that Vietnamese is a tonal language, and understanding that pitch changes affect the meaning of a word, for example, ma (‘ghost’), mà (‘but’/‘that’), má (‘mother’), mả (‘grave’), mã (‘horse’), mạ (‘rice seedling’)
  • listening to, reading and reproducing Vietnamese words with the same monophthongs or diphthongs, for example, đi thi, bà già, mai, nai, vài bài, developing awareness of sound–letter relationships to establish concepts of Vietnamese spelling rules
  • identifying words with the same syllables, including monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs, for example, nho nhỏ, đo đỏ, ngày nay, máy may, người người cười tươi, when listening to songs and reading poems
  • differentiating between consonant blends that are pronounced similarly such as ch and tr, d and gi, s and x, for example, che chở versus cây tre; hung dữ versus giữ nhà; cá sấu versus xấu quá
  • understanding and applying spelling rules for special cases such as the initial consonant k and consonant clusters kh, gh, ngh can go with the vowels i, e, ê only, for example, kể, khi, nghỉ, ghe, nghe, nghề, and rules relating to middle tone markers dấu hỏi and dấu ngã for Vietnamese alliterations (ngang, sắc, hỏi and huyền, ngã, nặng), such as in mát mẻ, vui vẻ; bẽ bàng, hờ hững
  • applying Vietnamese spelling rules, including adding or changing initial consonants, vowels or tone markers, to form new words, for example, đi thi, bà già, hai tai, mười người, ba và bà, no nê, thủ thỉ, nho nhỏ, nho đỏ, gió to, tươi cười
  • identifying similarities in the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese, French and English loan words such as sư phụ, toilet, gara, tivi, video

  VCVIU012 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU135

  Develop knowledge of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs to describe actions, people and objects, and express possession

  Elaborations

  • exploring different types of nouns such as common nouns (bàn, tủ, mèo, chó), proper nouns (Hoa, Hải, Việt Nam), single nouns (gà, bò, bàn), and compound nouns (đất nước, nhà trường, học sinh)
  • expressing possessive cases by using của + noun/pronoun, for example, con mèo/cái bàn/căn phòng của tôi, cây thước/cái áo của bạn, and noticing cases when của can be omitted, for example, ba tôi, mẹ tôi, bạn tôi, nhà tôi, phòng ba mẹ tôi
  • creating plural forms of nouns by adding another word in front of the stem word according to context, for example, hai cái áo, những cái áo, nhà nhà, người người
  • understanding how time expressions are formed through the use of đang, đã, rồi, sẽ or hôm qua, ngày mai, for example, Tôi đang ăn. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Tôi ăn rồi. Ngày mai tôi (sẽ) đi coi phim
  • using adverbs to modify actions, for example, chạy nhanh, đi chậm, học giỏi, hát hay
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong ngoài, ở giữa), for example, Con chim bay trên trời means ‘The bird flies in the sky’, rather than the literal translation, ‘The bird flies above the sky’
  • understanding and applying appropriate word order in sentences, for example, recognising that adjectives follow nouns (áo trắng), and experimenting with word order to see how meaning changes, for example, Lan hay hát ≠ Lan hát hay
  • creating affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Ba mẹ không thích tôi coi phim nhiều. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tạo sao mình phải uống nước nhiều?
  • noticing that interrogatives (khi nào, ở đâu, bao nhiêu) can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of questions, for example, Khi nào em đến? or Em đến khi nào?; Bao nhiêu tiền một nải chuối? or Một nải chuối giá bao nhiêu tiền?

  VCVIU135 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language