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• VC2M8N02

  establish and apply the exponent laws with positive integer exponents and the zero exponent, using exponent notation with numbers

  Elaborations

  • recognising the connection between exponent form and expanded form with the exponent laws of product of powers rule, quotient of powers rule, and power of a power rule, for example, 23×22 can be represented as 2×2×2×2×2=25 , and connecting the result to the addition of exponents
  • applying the exponent laws of the product of powers rule, quotient of powers rule, power of a power rule and zero exponent individually and in combination; for example, using exponents to determine the effect on the volume of a 2 centimetre cube when the cube is enlarged to a 6 centimetre cube, 6323= 23×3323=33, so the volume is increased by a factor of 27
  • using digital tools to systematically explore the application of the exponent laws; observing that the bases need to be the same
  • using examples such as 3434=1, and 34-4=30 to illustrate the necessity that for any non-zero natural number n,  n0=1

  VC2M8N02 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 8 | Number

• VCAVAR045

  Analyse and interpret artworks to explore the different forms of expression, intentions and viewpoints of artists and how they are viewed by audiences

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on and refining the connections in their own work between viewpoints, materials, techniques, technologies practices and processes
  • discussing artists’ use of metaphors in artworks to express ideas and influence the viewer, for example, the artist’s use of visual metaphors to express meaning and persuasion
  • investigating the practices of artists from different cultural groups, including artists from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, and their use of persuasion, communication or expression in artworks

  VCAVAR045 | The Arts | Visual Arts | Levels 9 and 10 | Respond and Interpret

• VCAVAV030

  Select and apply visual conventions, materials, techniques, technologies and processes specific to different art forms when making artworks

  Elaborations

  • practising art making skills using a range of materials and technologies
  • using an enquiry as a basis for their own art making and use of materials and techniques, for example, in sculpture , how does the choice of material enhance the audience’s understanding of the artist’s intention?
  • making informed choices about using elements to express a concept or theme
  • explaining influences of other artists on their own art making

  VCAVAV030 | The Arts | Visual Arts | Levels 5 and 6 | Visual Arts Practices

• VCCCTQ011

  Explore reactions to a given situation or problem and consider the effect of pre-established preferences

  Elaborations

  • examining health messages about particular foods and reflecting on whether their reaction to the message is influenced by whether they like the food or not
  • examining how a particular win/loss record might establish expectations for future outcomes
  • making predictions, for example about the buoyancy of objects in different liquids, then posing questions such as ‘how did our previous knowledge about the buoyancy of an object affect our predictions?’

  VCCCTQ011 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 3 and 4 | Questions and Possibilities

• VCCCTR039

  Examine how to select appropriate criteria and how criteria are used in clarifying and challenging arguments and ideas

  Elaborations

  • examining arguments for and against a proposal such as changes to the law related to compulsory wearing of a bike helmet and clarifying whether each argument uses the same or different criteria and how this affects the ability to meaningfully compare the arguments
  • comparing the clarity of ideas formed with and without criteria and discussing their usefulness, for example comparing the quality of feedback that would be received against given criteria with an open response
  • identifying considerations that influence selection of criteria, such as considering the nature of the “horror” genre when identifying criteria to compare works within the “horror” genre

  VCCCTR039 | Capabilities | Critical and Creative Thinking | Levels 7 and 8 | Reasoning

• VCFRU090

  Understand that language and culture are interrelated, that they shape and are shaped by each other

  Elaborations

  • comparing definitions of ‘language’ and of ‘culture’, and explaining how they relate to each other
  • considering how language both reflects and shapes cultural distinctions such as community, social class, gender and generation
  • reflecting on the experience of moving between cultures in and out of school, in local and virtual environments, and through the experience of learning and using French
  • exploring the reciprocal element of intercultural communication, considering how own cultural ways of thinking and behaving affect attitudes and interactions and influence other people’s responses or interpretations

  VCFRU090 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCFRU054

  Reflect on how ways of using language are shaped by communities’ ways of thinking and behaving and may be differently interpreted by others

  Elaborations

  • reflecting on how different languages and cultures represented in the classroom influence ways of talking about and relating to social and physical environments, for example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander traditions in relation to place, language and culture
  • identifying elements of Australian-English vocabulary, expressions and behaviours, discussing how they might be explained to people from different language backgrounds, for example, ‘the bush’, ‘fair go’, ‘she’ll be right’
  • comparing responses and reactions to the experience of learning the French language and culture, examining whether initial attitudes or understandings have changed

  VCFRU054 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCGGC103

  Select and represent data and information in different forms, including by constructing appropriate maps at different scales that conform to cartographic conventions, using digital and spatial technologies as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • creating an annotated diagram to demonstrate how water flows through the environment and connects places, or the influence of environmental quality on the liveability of places
  • constructing tables and graphs of demographic or economic data for Australia or China
  • creating annotated diagrams to show a landscape and its landforms
  • creating a map to show the spatial distribution and patterns of liveability, using computer mapping software
  • using a satellite image to construct a map to show the areas affected by a hydrological hazard, in Australia and another region of the world

  VCGGC103 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Data and information

• VCGGK146

  Environmental worldviews of people and their implications for environmental management

  Elaborations

  • describing the role of people’s environmental worldviews, for example, human-centred and earth-centred, in producing different attitudes and approaches towards environmental management
  • comparing the differences in people’s views about the causes of environmental issues in Australia and across the world
  • explaining people’s choices of methods for managing or responding to environmental changes
  • discussing the influence of people’s world views on programs for the management of the environmental change being investigated

  VCGGK146 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 9 and 10 | Geographical Knowledge | Environmental change and management

• VCHPEP071

  Describe their own strengths and achievements and those of others, and identify how these contribute to personal identities

  Elaborations

  • describing personal achievements such as doing something on their own for the first time and sharing how they felt and how it influenced their personal identities
  • respond to stories where characters demonstrate strengths, sharing how these strengths helped the character be successful and recognising which of these strengths they themselves possess
  • participating in games and physical activities and describing how others’ strengths contribute to successful outcomes

  VCHPEP071 | Health and Physical Education | Levels 1 and 2 | Personal, Social and Community Health | Being healthy, safe and active

• VCHPEP123

  Investigate the impact of transition and change on identities

  Elaborations

  • examining the impact of physical changes on gender, cultural and sexual identities
  • investigating how changing feelings and attractions are part of developing sexual identities
  • identifying feelings and emotions associated with transitions, and practising self-talk and help-seeking strategies to manage these transitions
  • examining how traditions and cultural practices influence personal and cultural identities
  • examining online profiles and identities and developing strategies to promote safety in online environments

  VCHPEP123 | Health and Physical Education | Levels 7 and 8 | Personal, Social and Community Health | Being healthy, safe and active

• VCHPEP149

  Plan, implement and critique strategies to enhance the health, safety and wellbeing of their communities

  Elaborations

  • creating and evaluating visual and multimodal health campaigns in print-based and digital environments to promote health and wellbeing in their community
  • developing and implementing proposals to enhance the wellbeing of staff and students in the school
  • investigating community-action initiatives young people have instigated that have had a positive influence on the health and wellbeing of their communities
  • preparing, delivering and critiquing a class presentation to the community, for example, a presentation to parents on tips for serving and eating food that has been prepared sustainably

  VCHPEP149 | Health and Physical Education | Levels 9 and 10 | Personal, Social and Community Health | Contributing to healthy and active communities

• VCITU055

  Recognise the dynamic nature of language and culture

  Elaborations

  • investigating how media and digital technologies have changed the way Italian is used, for example, noticing the influence of English words in television programs, advertisements, and text messages
  • considering and explaining why word borrowing occurs in the Italian language, asking, for example, Why do you think Italian uses English words for sports like rugby, tennis, cricket and hockey? How would you explain netball or cricket to an Italian student? Why are there no separate Italian words for iPod, Nintendo DS, MP3 or email?

  VCITU055 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVU168

  Recognise that languages change over time

  Elaborations

  • identifying words that are the same as or similar to neighbouring languages
  • understanding ways in which languages influence one another, for example, language shifts, shared writing systems, loan words
  • discussing loan words that have been incorporated from other languages to describe new concepts, for example, words for new things, including technological innovations
  • understanding that language and culture together continually change as a result of contact with other languages and cultures

  VCLVU168 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHU170

  Identify changes in tone that occur when words or tones are combined, recognise atonality in rapid connected speech, and use this knowledge to aid in interpreting meaning

  Elaborations

  • comparing ways they pronounce and use spoken Chinese with peers and other Chinese speakers, and determining the influences on their own language use, such as TV, parents, dialects spoken
  • developing tone discrimination and identifying subtle differences in pronunciation, including variations in regional accents, for example, distinguishing between ‘qing’ and ‘qin’, ‘lou’ and ‘rou’, ‘liang’ and ‘lang’, ‘shi’ and ‘si’, and ‘lan’ and ‘nan’ when listening to interactions between speakers in diverse contexts

  VCZHU170 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU262

  Analyse and discuss the ways in which language is used to position authors, readers and participants in texts

  Elaborations

  • identifying choices in words and phrasing that influence a reader’s response to texts, such as language to persuade readers to endorse the writer’s views, for example, 难道不是每一个有良知的人都会认同的吗？
  • examining ways in which authors use characterisation to incite sympathy or antagonism towards characters in literary texts, for example, directly describing a character’s personality compared to indirectly portraying the character’s personality through their actions or through the reactions of others

  VCZHU262 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | The role of language and culture

• Languages | Arabic: Learning in Arabic

  Arabic language learning

  Arabic is spoken by approximately 280 million people in 22 countries over several continents. It is the official language of the Arab world, which includes countries of the Middle East, North Africa and the Gulf region, and is one of the official languages of the United...

  Overview material | Arabic

• Languages | Vietnamese: Learning in Vietnamese

  Vietnamese language learning

  Vietnamese is the official language of Vietnam. It is spoken by approximately 90 million people in Vietnam and approximately four million Vietnamese people living in other countries around the world, with the majority residing in the United States, Cambodia, France,...

  Overview material | Vietnamese

• VCHIU036

  Recognise the relationship between language and culture, for example, by identifying expressions, gestures or forms of address associated with different cultural practices

  Elaborations

  • understanding that languages carry cultural ideas and values, as in the use of words such as देसी as opposed to विदेशी, the use of blessings by older people to children, the use of indirect forms of language such as कोई बात नहीं as a way of deflecting a difficult situation
  • identifying forms of address or expressions associated with cultural events or celebrations that reflect values and traditions, for example, बधाई हो
  • noticing how family values such as familiarity, politeness or respect are expressed in Hindi and associated behaviours, for example, addressing cousins or distant male siblings as भइया; the concept of जूठा
  • identifying words and expressions that reflect cultural beliefs, practices and traditions, such as offering of प्रसाद to God, offering to God or visitors फूल, मिठाई, फल, पानी पीजिए to guests when they visit
  • noticing that some Australian terms and expressions are only meaningful in the Australian context and have no equivalent in Hindi, for example, ‘fair go’, ‘she’ll be right’
  • recognising words and expressions in Hindi that reflect traditions and distinctions that are not easily translated into English, for example, forms of address such as स्वामी जी for a religious leader, गुरुजी for a male teacher, बाबाजी for an older male person and राम राम as a mode of greeting in villages

  VCHIU036 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VC2M10A15

  use mathematical modelling to solve applied problems involving inverse proportion, growth and decay, including in financial contexts to establish the compound interest formula as repeated applications of simple interest; formulate problems, choosing to apply linear, quadratic or exponential models...

  Elaborations

  • modelling problems involving inverse proportion in real-life contexts such as travel time decreasing with increased travel speed, the brightness of luminous objects decreasing with distance, or household expenditure and savings, and solving related equations
  • modelling situations and choosing between linear, quadratic and exponential models by representing relationships in a table of values and recognising that linear functions have constant first differences, quadratic functions have constant second differences and exponential functions have a constant ratio between consecutive values of the dependent variable
  • modelling situations involving exponential growth and decay, and contrasting this with linear growth or decay, for example, situations involving constant percentage change and constant ratio, and determining doubling time and half-life and approximate intervals for which the values of the model lie within a given range
  • modelling situations that involve working with authentic information, data and interest rates to calculate compound interest and solve related problems
  • modelling and investigating how exponential equations are used in carbon dating to estimate the age of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artefacts or material culture
  • modelling situations involving the growth of native animal populations on Country/Place with varying reproductive behaviour, using exponential functions and critiquing their applicability to real-world situations

  VC2M10A15 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10 | Algebra