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• VCELA295

  Understand how to use spelling patterns and generalisations including syllabification, letter combinations including double letters, and morphemic knowledge to build word families

  Elaborations

  • using phonological knowledge (for example long vowel patterns in multi-syllabic words) and consonant clusters (for example 'straight', 'throat', 'screen', 'squawk')
  • using visual knowledge (for example diphthongs in more complex words and other ambiguous vowel sounds, as in 'oy', 'oi', 'ou', 'ow', 'ould', 'u', 'ough', 'au', 'aw'), silent beginning consonant patterns (for example 'gn' and 'kn')
  • applying generalisations, such as doubling (for example 'running') and 'e'-drop (for example 'hoping')

  VCELA295 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Writing | Language

• VCELA303

  Understand that Standard Australian English is one of many social dialects used in Australia, and that while it originated in England it has been influenced by many other languages

  Elaborations

  • identifying words used in Standard Australian English that are derived from other languages, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, and determining if the original meaning is reflected in English usage, for example kangaroo, tsunami, typhoon, amok, orang-utan
  • identifying commonly used words derived from other cultures

  VCELA303 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA324

  Understand how noun groups/phrases and adjective groups/phrases can be expanded in a variety of ways to provide a fuller description of the person, place, thing or idea

  Elaborations

  • learning how to expand a description by combining a related set of nouns and adjectives – ‘Two old brown cattle dogs sat on the ruined front veranda of the deserted house’
  • observing how descriptive details can be built up around a noun or an adjective, forming a group/phrase (for example, ‘this very smelly cleaning cloth in the sink’ is a noun group/phrase and ‘as pretty as the flowers in May’ is an adjective group/phrase)

  VCELA324 | Curriculum content | English | Level 5 | Writing | Language

• VCELA339

  Understand how authors often innovate on text structures and play with language features to achieve particular aesthetic, humorous and persuasive purposes and effects

  Elaborations

  • exploring a range of everyday, community, literary and informative texts discussing elements of text structure and language features and comparing the overall structure and effect of authors’ choices in two or more texts
  • examining different works by an author who specialises in humour or pathos to identify strategies such as exaggeration and character embarrassment to amuse and to offer insights into characters’ feelings, so building empathy with their points of view and concern for their welfare

  VCELA339 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA340

  Identify and explain how analytical images like figures, tables, diagrams, maps and graphs contribute to our understanding of verbal information in factual and persuasive texts

  Elaborations

  • observing how sequential events can be represented visually by a series of images, including comic strips, timelines, photo stories, procedure diagrams and flowcharts, life-cycle diagrams, and the flow of images in picture books
  • observing how concepts, information and relationships can be represented visually through such images as tables, maps, graphs, diagrams, and icons

  VCELA340 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA382

  Recognise and understand that subordinate clauses embedded within noun groups/phrases are a common feature of written sentence structures and increase the density of information

  Elaborations

  • identifying and experimenting with a range of clause types and discussing the effect of these in the expression and development of ideas

  VCELA382 | Curriculum content | English | Level 7 | Writing | Language

• VCELA216

  Understand that nouns represent people, places, things and ideas and include common, proper, concrete or abstract, and that noun groups/phrases can be expanded using articles and adjectives

  Elaborations

  • exploring texts and identifying nouns that refer to characters, elements of the setting, and ideas
  • exploring illustrations and noun groups/phrases in picture books to identify how the participants have been represented by an illustrator
  • exploring names of people and places and how to write them using capital letters
  • building extended noun groups/phrases that provide a clear description of an item

  VCELA216 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA214

  Understand that simple connections can be made between ideas by using a compound sentence with two or more clauses usually linked by a coordinating conjunction

  Elaborations

  • learning how to express ideas using compound sentences
  • learning how to join simple sentences with conjunctions, for example ‘and’, ‘but’ or ‘so’, to construct compound sentences

  VCELA214 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA157

  Understand that spoken sounds and words can be written and know how to write some high-frequency words and other familiar words including their name

  Elaborations

  • recognising the most common sound made by each letter of the alphabet, including consonants and short vowel sounds
  • writing consonant-vowel-consonant words by writing letters to represent the sounds in the spoken words
  • knowing that spoken words are written down by listening to the sounds heard in the word and then writing letters to represent those sounds

  VCELA157 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Writing | Language

• VCELA142

  Understand concepts about print and screen, including how books, film and simple digital texts work, and know some features of print, including directionality

  Elaborations

  • learning about print: direction of print and return sweep, spaces between words
  • learning that Standard Australian English in written texts is read from left to right and from top to bottom of the page and that direction of print may differ in other cultures, for example Japanese texts
  • learning about front and back covers; title and author, layout and navigation of digital/screen texts
  • learning about simple functions of keyboard and mouse including typing letters, scrolling, selecting icons and drop-down menu

  VCELA142 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA249

  Understand how to apply knowledge of letter–sound relationships, and blending and segmenting to read and use more complex words with less common consonant and vowel clusters

  Elaborations

  • using strategies such as sounding out, chunking and blending of uncommon consonant and vowel clusters to problem solve words, for example 'machine' and 'spoil', in shared or guided reading

  VCELA249 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA184

  Understand how to use visual memory to write high-frequency words, and that some high-frequency words have regular and irregular spelling components

  Elaborations

  • using strategies such as look-say-cover-write-check to learn an increasing number of high-frequency sight words recognised in texts, including words with regular spelling patterns such as 'them' and 'got' and irregular patterns such as 'one' and 'was'

  VCELA184 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Language

• VCELC163

  Participate in intercultural interactions, reflecting on choices and adjustments made to language and behaviour when communicating in Greek and demonstrating awareness of the importance of shared understanding

  Elaborations

  • experimenting with Greek gestures and body language, considering which should and should not be used in interactions with others, for example, signalling downwards to beckon others
  • making appropriate language choices with awareness of social situations, for example, using the polite plural form when speaking to people who are older or not familiar
  • interacting, face-to-face or online, with members of Greek-speaking communities, describing the experience and reflecting on the most appropriate ways of interacting with Greek speakers such as an elderly person, or a recent arrival from Greece or Cyprus
  • reflecting on how own cultural etiquette and behaviour may be interpreted when interacting with Greek speakers, noticing own body language and modifying gestures such as tilting head backward to indicate ‘no’

  VCELC163 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCELT407

  Recognise, explain and analyse the ways literary texts draw on readers’ knowledge of other texts and enable new understanding and appreciation of aesthetic qualities

  Elaborations

  • exploring how some writers use terse and relatively simple language choices while others use more elaborate and complex syntax
  • examining the language patterns, including sentence patterns, in a range of short texts and discussing the effect on readers’ interpretation of these choices
  • writing or speaking about a literary text and outlining the impact of the text on a listener, viewer or reader, for example in a journal in which students reflect on their personal responses and on how language and structural features in the text contribute to its impact
  • discussing, debating and assessing remakes of literary texts and their effectiveness and purpose
  • discussing, debating and assessing book or film series, sequels, prequels, fan fiction sites, tie-in publications or merchandise

  VCELT407 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELT405

  Understand and explain how combinations of words and images in texts are used to represent particular groups in society, and how texts position readers in relation to those groups

  Elaborations

  • recognising the similarities and differences between types of texts (for example a complex picture book and a feature film) in order to understand how different combinations of words and images lead readers to interpret visual texts in particular ways, according to audience, purpose and context

  VCELT405 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Reading and Viewing | Literature

• VCELU031

  Compare and contrast the structure and linguistic features of different types of text, developing understanding of the relationship between context, purpose and audience, and identifying culturally specific elements

  Elaborations

  • applying knowledge of the interrelationship between context, purpose and audience to identify text type and predict the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary and expressions
  • identifying how grammatical choices, words and images combine in a text to achieve particular intentions and effects, for example, the positioning of the reader through the use of personal pronouns, imperative verb forms and negative indicators, and emotive language and images
  • comparing Greek and English versions of familiar texts such as recipes and horoscopes, commenting on similarities and differences in text structure and cultural elements
  • interpreting and explaining textual conventions when using technology and social media

  VCELU031 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU135

  Understand that languages change over time and that they influence each other, recognising words in English that are derived from Greek and words in Greek that are derived from other languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that the language used by the Ancient Greeks has developed into the Modern Greek language and that the Greek language has influenced many languages including English
  • understanding that there is the standard language called ‘Modern Greek’ as well as a number of different dialects spoken throughout Greece and the Greek diaspora
  • noticing that languages are fluid and ever-evolving and can be incorporated into and influence other languages beyond their own (for example, Ancient Greek has influenced and still influences many languages of the world)
  • viewing inscriptions on Ancient Greek tombstones (for example, from Vergina), coins (for example, from from Alexander the Great or King Philip’s reign) and vases (for example, from the Hellenistic era)
  • recognising that some words in Greek are borrowed from other languages, for example, πάρτυ, χόμπυ, μπάσκετ, κομπιούτερ
  • examining the etymology of everyday words in English which are derived from Greek morphemes/words or from Greek myths (for example, aeroplane, Ajax, history, mathematics, Nike, school, story) and discussing the extent to which this has occurred

  VCELU135 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELU183

  Understand and apply grammatical structures, such as passive and active voice, negation, word order and time clauses, recognising that they serve particular functions and that grammatical choices shape meaning

  Elaborations

  • choosing appropriate terms to describe events across time (present, past and future) and choosing appropriate tense, for example, Φέτος θα πάω διακοπές στην Κύπρο, Πέρσι γύρισα όλη την Έλλαδα
  • recognising the order of pronouns to emphasise who is carrying out an action or to refer to a person or thing, and applying agreement in gender and number to identify subject and object, for example, Κανείς δεν είναι τέλειος, Μου αρέσουν αυτοί που λένε την αλήθεια
  • using a range of adverbs and adjectives to modify and intensify meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, ακριβώς, αρκετά, πολύ, λίγο, πολλή
  • using cohesive devices such as conjunctions to link, clarify and sequence ideas and modify meaning in written and spoken texts, for example, Αφού δεν είχα αρκετά λεφτά, γύρισα σπίτι μου, γιατί, επειδή, αλλά, και, τότε
  • responding to and using imperative mood, for example, ελάτε, γράψε
  • using a range of nouns and adjectives and possessive forms, for example, μου/μας/σου/του/της/τους, δικό τους, δικά μας
  • seeking information using a range of questions, for example, Tι; Mήπως ξέρεις; Πώς; Πού; Γιατί; Πότε;
  • continuing to build a metalanguage to describe grammatical concepts and develop learning resources, for example, verb charts, vocabulary lists, groups of pronouns, adverbs or adjectives

  VCELU183 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU115

  Understand elements of grammar such as word order, verb forms and personal pronouns related to questions, commands and short sentences, and develop vocabulary to describe self, friends and family

  Elaborations

  • recognising the order of words in phrases and sentences, for example, η μαμά μου, Δεν κάνει κρύο, Nα η θεία μου
  • observing that the accent mark indicates emphasis, for example, το βιβλίο, η γάτα, ο σκύλος
  • recognising that all nouns, in particular names in Greek, have an article and gender, for example, η Άννα, το σκυλί, ο μπαμπάς
  • understanding that adjectives have gender, for example, κόκκινος, κόκκινη, κόκκινο, μεγάλος, μεγάλη, μεγάλο, καλός, καλή, καλό
  • using adverbs to show where, for example, έξω, μέσα, εδώ, εκεί, πάνω, κάτω, γύρω
  • using simple adjectives and adverbs to enhance sentences, for example, Κάνει λίγο κρύο, Σ’ αγαπώ πολύ μαμά! Το σπίτι είναι πολύ μεγάλο
  • using verbs in the first person to describe aspects of self, for example, Είμαι αγόρι, είμαι έξι, έχω γάτα
  • recognising terms for common everyday nouns, for example, η πόρτα, η καρέκλα, το σπίτι, ο μπαμπάς
  • responding to and issuing commands, for example, έλα εδώ, κάτσε κάτω
  • responding to questions which include verbs in the second person, singular or plural, such as Πόσω(ν) χρονών είσαι; Τι κάνετε;
  • developing number knowledge for numbers up to 29 and using them in sentences such as Είμαι έξι
  • beginning to use conjunctions such as και

  VCELU115 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU170

  Understand how language use reflects cultural ideas, assumptions and perspectives, and reflect on how what is considered acceptable in communication varies across cultures

  Elaborations

  • discussing ways of communicating across cultures, the significance of cultural concepts and how social conventions are reflected in language use, for example, Γεια μας!, Nα΄σαι καλά, Σιδερένιος, Να ζήσετε, Πάντα άξιος, considering assumptions and perspectives
  • analysing the meaning and use of proverbs, idioms and sayings, for example, Δείξε μου τον φίλο σου να σου πω ποιος είσαι, discussing how they reflect culture and traditions
  • reflect on ways cultural ideas embedded in language influence places occupied by Greek diaspora and the sustainability of those places

  VCELU170 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture