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• VCVIC132

  Reflect on their experiences when interacting in English and Vietnamese, identifying differences in language use and behaviours

  Elaborations

  • comparing their interactions in Vietnamese and English, noticing different behaviours and language used, for example, using appropriate personal pronouns and adding the sound ơi after the names of family members and friends to attract the person’s attention or show affection (Mẹ ơi, Hoa ơi), compared with addressing friends in English by their first name (Chị ơi, ra đây chơi với em/Lan)
  • describing elements of Vietnamese language that are different to English, including pronunciation, gestures and facial expressions, and sharing what they find difficult or awkward when using each language
  • developing language for describing experiences of intercultural exchange in different contexts, for example, Tôi thích nói tiếng Việt ở nhà hơn ở trường

  VCVIC132 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC149

  Reflect on their experiences of interacting in Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts, and discuss adjustments to language and behaviours made when moving between languages

  Elaborations

  • explaining adjustments they make when moving between English- and Vietnamese-speaking contexts, for example, adjusting the way they communicate to adults and authority figures in Vietnamese by using ‘please’ (Dạ, phải. Thưa bác), or the use of different introductions depending on the participants, such as using Thưa ba mẹ, đây là Nam, bạn con to introduce friends to their parents and Đây là Hải, bạn tôi to introduce friends to each other
  • identifying adjustments they make when interacting in an Australian-English context, for example, using different forms of address, or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these adjustments are appropriate
  • reflecting on instances when moving between Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts has felt comfortable, awkward or difficult and explaining why this might be the case
  • discussing the ways they communicate with Vietnamese speakers, for example, making appropriate eye contact, allowing for personal space, and making language choices to show respect to elderly people, parents and teachers; and drawing comparisons with the ways they communicate with English speakers

  VCVIC149 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC114

  Create bilingual texts in both Vietnamese and English for the immediate learning environment such as labels, captions, wall charts and other resources

  Elaborations

  • creating bilingual identity cards that contain personal information, for example, Đây là tôi. Tôi có mắt màu đen. Tôi có tóc ngắn/‘This is me. I have brown eyes. I have short hair’
  • creating parallel cards (in English and Vietnamese) and playing matching games such as Memory or Snap
  • creating bilingual resources such as illustrated Vietnamese–English and English–Vietnamese wall charts or online flashcards for classroom use
  • creating bilingual captions in Vietnamese and English for a photographic display for the classroom about a class event or experience such as a sports day, multicultural day or school camp
  • making and displaying labels in Vietnamese and English for classroom objects

  VCVIC114 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCVIC010

  Compare personal responses and reactions during interactions in Vietnamese and English, noticing how interaction involves culture as well as language

  Elaborations

  • discussing their own level of comfort with particular gestures and body language when interacting across cultures, for example, making or not making eye contact when talking to older people, beckoning downwards or upwards, and hugging or not hugging in greeting
  • sharing with peers how it feels to use Vietnamese and English in different contexts, such as at home, at school and in the Vietnamese community, reflecting on instances when these interactions have felt comfortable, awkward or difficult, and explaining why this might be the case
  • developing language to describe personal reactions to and feelings about intercultural experiences, for example, thoải mái/không thoải mái, thích/không thích
  • noticing how their Vietnamese cultural background influences their linguistic choices in cross-cultural interactions, for example, changing terms of address and level of formality depending on the context of interaction and the relationships between participants, such as the use of ông, bà or title plus the first or full name (ông Bình, bà Hoa, Trưng Nữ Vương, Vua Quang Trung, Tiến sĩ Hiệp, Bộ trưởng Lê Trung Hiếu) when addressing people formally
  • discussing how language reflects cultural concepts and values, for example, the importance of seeking agreement and compromise as reflected in the way Vietnamese people express disagreement (Tôi không nghĩ vậy. Tôi e rằng… Bạn nói cũng có lý nhưng tôi nghĩ khác), the importance of modesty and humility as expressed in the proverb Bảy hai chưa què chớ khoe rằng khoẻ, and the importance of respect as seen in the way Vietnamese people greet each other or address the elderly (dạ/thưa/ kính thưa)

  VCVIC010 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC166

  Reflect on cultural differences between Vietnamese and English communicative styles, discussing how and why they modify language for different cultural perspectives

  Elaborations

  • discussing cultural cues in communication that suggest differences in traditions, ideas or values, for example, the importance of seeking agreement and compromise as reflected in the way Vietnamese people express disagreement (Tôi e rằng… Bạn nói cũng có lý nhưng mà …), or the importance of respect as seen in the way Vietnamese people greet each other or address the elderly (dạ/thưa/kính thưa)
  • reflecting on the influence of Vietnamese culture on own communication style, for example, using gestures, words or expressions with particular cultural significance in Vietnamese, and discussing whether they modify their communication style when interacting in English-speaking contexts
  • reflecting on and explaining which words, expressions or gestures should or should not be incorporated when interacting with Vietnamese speakers or speakers of other languages, for example, using expressions of praise or admiration, beckoning downwards or upwards, hugging someone in greeting, making eye contact during conversation
  • comparing choices of language and behaviours when communicating in Vietnamese and English, explaining the modifications they make and why, for example, being indirect when making refusals in Vietnamese-speaking contexts (Dạ con không dám hứa chắc. Để con xem hôm đó có bận gì không. Con cũng thích món quà này nhưng mà ...) or using both hands when giving something to elderly people

  VCVIC166 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIC027

  Reflect on own ways of communicating in Vietnamese and English, recognising that intercultural communication involves shared responsibility for meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • comparing appropriate ways of communicating in Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese contexts, for example, using different forms of address such as addressing a teacher by their first name in Vietnamese but by their family name in English (Thầy Tùng/Mr Nguyen), or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why each way is appropriate in the right context, and how they enhance intercultural communication
  • reflecting on own language choices and communicative gestures in different cultural contexts, considering how ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds, and making necessary adjustments to establish, maintain and improve relationships with immediate contacts such as family, teacher and peers, for example, addressing extended family members by their order within the family rather than by their name (chú ba, cô hai, bác tư versus ‘Uncle John’, ‘Aunty Lucy’)
  • discussing reasons for different interpretations of meaning in intercultural exchanges, for example, knowing that to avoid offence Vietnamese people may give an indirect answer to a question or request whereas Australians prefer to say what they really think or mean
  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings and behaviours, for example, degrees of formality and politeness, and use of personal space and physical contact
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments to language and/or behaviours that could be made to enhance mutual understanding
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, flexibility, attitudes to privacy or different levels of directness in discussions, and awareness of differences in cultural values and religious practices (such as filial piety, respect for elderly people and education)

  VCVIC027 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCVIU139

  Make connections between cultural practices and language use, such as culture-specific terms or expressions in Vietnamese and English

  Elaborations

  • discussing cultural similarities and differences between ways of interacting with different people, such as peers, family members or teachers, in Vietnamese- and English-speaking contexts
  • recognising the interconnections between cultural practices and language use in Vietnamese and demonstrating cultural awareness when using Vietnamese, for example, using Dạ, thưa to indicate politeness, or adding ông, bà, thầy, cô, … before Vietnamese names rather than addressing Vietnamese adults only by their first names, to show respect
  • identifying traditional cultural practices and related language use that supports the sustainable consumption of resources, for example, cất những túi nhựa đi chợ để dùng lại
  • recognising both the literal and cultural meanings of Vietnamese names and understanding Vietnamese naming traditions, for example, that Vietnamese people traditionally list their family name first, then their middle name, and their first (given) name last
  • exploring how language carries cultural ideas, such as Tết Nguyên đán, Tết Trung thu, đám giỗ, thôi nôi, đầy tháng
  • learning metalanguage to discuss the relationship between language and culture in Vietnamese and English, using metalanguage, for example, ý nghĩa (‘meaning’), sự khác biệt (‘difference’) and cách cư xử (‘behaviour’)

  VCVIU139 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHC120

  Create simple bilingual vocabulary lists identifying and comparing vowel and consonant sounds in Chinese and English

  Elaborations

  • sharing knowledge of Chinese with others, explaining features that differ from English, for example, how periods of the day are defined and word order for date and time
  • comparing ways of communicating and interacting in Chinese and English by identifying similarities and differences in features such as gestures, greetings, titles

  VCZHC120 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC216

  Create texts in Chinese and English, explaining the linguistic and cultural challenges of achieving equivalence of meaning

  Elaborations

  • viewing documentaries on historical events and figures and determining appropriate English equivalents for key terms with multiple meanings, for example, translating 运动 as ‘(political) movement’ rather than its more familiar meaning, ‘sport’
  • reading bilingual signs from a range of places, such as restaurants, shops, pools, schools, hospitals and construction sites, and evaluating the effectiveness of the English translations, and possible reasons for such interpretations
  • comparing word choices for signs across languages and discussing ways language is used to convey rules, expectations and permission, for example, comparing 闲人免进 to ‘Staff Only’
  • observing others involved in interpreting meanings in bilingual contexts and identifying challenges and potential issues in mediation
  • expanding their own linguistic repertoire by exploring available choices to translate unfamiliar ideas when moving between languages, and reflecting on their own choices and preferences
  • experimenting with translations of extended texts, using a range of print and digital dictionaries and translation tools

  VCZHC216 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC151

  Identify and account for the potential loss of subtle meanings from character components and individual characters in compounds when translating into English

  Elaborations

  • reading Chinese texts such as advertisements and signs that include the translation of some words or phrases, and engaging in class discussion about the merits of translations and alternative ways of representing the meanings expressed in the texts
  • reading children’s stories in bilingual form and reflecting on ideas expressed in Chinese and English which may not be readily translated and discussing possible reasons for this
  • observing interactions between speakers of Chinese and attempting to describe the interaction in English, discussing personal interpretations of the meanings conveyed and the cultural messages implicit in the interaction, for example, watching an interaction between a teacher and students in China and contrasting with their own experience in Australia
  • explaining culture-specific concepts such as humility (谦虚) to people from different cultural backgrounds, including examples of when and how 谦虚 should be shown and how it is understood by participants of the communication, for example, when accepting/rejecting appraisal

  VCZHC151 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC135

  Identify common spoken Chinese expressions and discuss examples of actions, words and phrases that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • differentiating between word-by-word meaning and intended meaning when translating from Chinese into English, for example, the word-by-word translation of 我喜欢一个人看书 is ‘I like one person to read’, but it means ‘I like to read alone’
  • designing bilingual signs (characters/Pinyin/English) to post on key buildings and rooms around the school that convey short messages such as descriptions of the place or the rules in that place
  • recognising the role that gesture plays in oral interaction, including emblematic (hand) gestures, gesturing for emphasis and inclusivity, and taboos within Chinese communication, such as pointing directly at someone
  • identifying Chinese symbols in print and digital texts (for example, the longevity symbol), and developing ways to convey the culturally attached value when expressing the meaning of these symbols in English
  • comparing own translation of short texts (such as brand names, signs, slogans and billboard advertisements) to others’, and evaluating the effectiveness of own translation
  • developing strategies for using bilingual (Chinese–English and English–Chinese) dictionaries in both print and digital forms to assist with translation
  • explaining in English features of gestures used in Chinese, for example, hand gestures for numbers
  • comparing versions of a common text across languages and identifying issues in conveying meaning, for example, how to render 小心轻放 into English

  VCZHC135 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC119

  Explain the English meanings of Chinese words and simple phrases heard or seen in everyday social contexts

  Elaborations

  • discussing Chinese words or expressions that appear to have no equivalent in English, for example, 不要客气，快吃吧
  • stating the English equivalent of common Chinese expressions, for example, 对不起, 没关系; 谢谢，不谢
  • discussing meanings of colloquial phrases used on specific occasions (for example, 恭喜发财 to give New Year wishes), and exploring how such sentiments are expressed in English

  VCZHC119 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC071

  Translate a range of Chinese texts and identify how some concepts can be readily translated between Chinese and English and some do not

  Elaborations

  • identifying core values implicit in interactions in Chinese and explaining these to English speakers, for example, describing the language of celebration, including the origins, significance and meanings of commonly used expressions such as 福如东海、年年有余
  • describing interactions, showing consideration of 面子, and discussing the differences in the significance of 面子 when the interaction occurs interculturally
  • interpreting key ideas conveyed in Chinese texts, discussing how to maintain the sentiment and intention of authors when retelling or summarising these in English, and understanding why this is important in translation
  • reading everyday Chinese texts encountered in shop brochures, product packaging and advertising; identifying challenges involved in conveying meaning in English; and explaining word choices and textual features employed to enhance meaning

  VCZHC071 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC199

  Translate short texts and identify words and phrases in Chinese that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • reading bilingual texts such as advertisements and signs, and exploring the effectiveness of and reasons for particular translations
  • reading children’s stories in bilingual form and identifying which ideas in Chinese and English may or may not translate directly
  • observing interactions between speakers of Chinese and describing the interaction in English, including features of prosody as well as language
  • observing an interaction between a teacher and students in China and contrasting the patterns of interaction displayed with their own experience in Australia
  • explaining culture-specific concepts such as humility (谦虚) to people from different cultural backgrounds, providing examples of when and how 谦虚 should be shown and how it is understood by participants in an interaction, for example, when accepting/denying praise
  • identifying times when it is useful to employ words or phrases not normally used in English, for example, applying Chinese speech patterns when speaking about family members in English to a Chinese person, such as saying ‘my brother’s son’ instead of ‘my nephew’
  • identifying cultural differences in how meanings are conveyed by comparing texts in Chinese and English, for example, public announcements, TV advertisements, information brochures, public notices and signs

  VCZHC199 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC039

  Interpret and translate simple texts used for everyday purposes, identifying actions, words and phrases that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • identifying how best to interpret key words when translating English texts into Chinese, for example, the use of 是 after first-, second- and third-person pronouns; numbers with measure words; possessives with 的; plurals
  • viewing spoken interactions in Chinese between peers or in texts (for example, viewing a segment of a movie), and interpreting the meaning of the dialogue as well as comparing and discussing culturally determined manners or behaviour displayed in the interaction
  • differentiating between word-by-word meaning and intended meaning when translating from Chinese into English, for example, the word-by-word translation of 我喜欢一个人看书 is ‘I like one person to read’, but it means ‘I like to read alone’
  • comparing own translation of short texts (such as brand names, signs, slogans and billboard advertisements) to others’, and evaluating the effectiveness of own translation
  • recognising the role that gesture plays in oral interaction, including emblematic (hand) gestures, gesturing for emphasis and encouragement, and taboos within Chinese communication, such as pointing directly at someone
  • identifying Chinese symbols in print and digital texts (for example, the longevity symbol), and developing ways to convey the culturally attached value when expressing the meaning of these symbols in English

  VCZHC039 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHU122

  Recognise the four tones and their function in Chinese, and compare consonant and vowel sounds in Chinese and English

  Elaborations

  • participating in activities aimed at raising awareness of pronouncing and differentiating between tones and syllables in Chinese and noting differences in own spoken language, for example comparing a recording of own spoken Chinese with other students in the class
  • practising the ‘flow’ of a sentence in Chinese, using gesture to help demonstrate tone and stress
  • performing or reciting texts with strong rhythmic features such as nursery rhymes or tongue twisters, for example, 《猴子穿新衣》

  VCZHU122 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC027

  Reflect on how conventions of speech and Arabic cultural concepts can influence own communication style when using both English and Arabic

  Elaborations

  • comparing the ways in which they communicate in Arabic and non-Arabic contexts, for example, using different forms of address or different ways of showing politeness, and discussing why these choices are appropriate and how they enhance intercultural communication
  • reflecting on own language choices and communicative gestures in different cultural contexts, considering how own ways of behaving and communicating might be perceived by people from different backgrounds, and making necessary adjustments to establish, maintain and improve relationships with immediate contacts such as family, teacher and peers
  • exploring the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication, the two-way process of noticing and responding to differences in perceptions, understandings and behaviours, for example, degrees of formality, politeness and directness, use of personal space, and attitudes towards physical contact
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments that could be made to enhance mutual understanding
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, flexibility and awareness of differences in cultural and religious practices such as respect for elderly people and attitudes towards privacy or directness

  VCARC027 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARC180

  Reflect on how meanings vary according to cultural assumptions that Arabic and English speakers bring to interactions, and take responsibility for contributing to mutual understanding

  Elaborations

  • considering how being bilingual offers additional ways of interpreting the world and representing experience
  • challenging cultural assumptions and offering different perspectives to new cultural contexts or situations, for example, the idea that all Arabic-speaking people dress the same or eat the same food, many Arabic speakers speak more than two languages, every Middle Eastern country has its cultural uniqueness
  • identifying moments of embarrassment or communication breakdown in own intercultural interactions, exploring reasons for these and suggesting adjustments that could be made to enhance mutual understanding, for example, explaining to a non-Arabic speaker that exposing the sole of your foot/shoe to a person’s face would be considered extremely bad manners and interpreted as a grievous insult
  • discussing elements of successful intercultural communication, for example, attentive listening and objectivity when discussing social issues, and understanding that mediating and negotiating differences in perspective can prevent and resolve interpersonal problems and conflicts

  VCARC180 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCARC178

  Translate and interpret texts from Arabic into English and vice versa for different audiences and contexts, and reflect on how cultural values, attitudes and perspectives are represented in each language

  Elaborations

  • translating texts such as advertisements and letters from Arabic into English and vice versa, with the assistance of print, electronic and online translators, identifying cultural elements and reflecting on how they are encoded in common words and expressions, for example,

    هيّا أسرعوا؛ لا تدعوا الفرصة تفوتكم؛ إنها رحلة العمر؛ صديقتي الغالية على قلبي؛ سلام حار أرسل لك من أستراليا؛ أشواقي وقبلاتي لك ولجميع أفراد العائلة؛ ودمت لصديقتك ...

  • reflecting on the difficulty of achieving equivalence in translations of creative texts such as poems, songs and video clips, identifying and explaining words and phrases that require particular elaboration or explanation, for example,

    والله ولي التوفيق؛ رافقتك السلامة؛ على ما يرام؛

  • experimenting with interpreting and translating popular Arabic expressions, proverbs or idioms, and reflecting on the social and cultural values that may be embedded in them, for example,

    الجار قبل الدار؛ من جدّ وجد ومن زرع حصد؛ في التّأنّي السلامة وفي العجلة الندامة؛ الوقاية خير من العلاج

  • analysing existing translations of texts, such as subtitled short films, making comparisons with own translations and reflecting on why versions may vary

  VCARC178 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCARC110

  Translate familiar Arabic and English words, phrases and expressions, using visual cues and word lists, and explain the meaning of particular words and verbal and non-verbal expressions

  Elaborations

  • using Arabic and English to name familiar objects and conduct simple conversations, translating when necessary to help others understand
  • translating and interpreting particular words and expressions and simple texts such as songs for friends and family
  • playing matching games with Arabic and English words from Big Books and picture books
  • demonstrating and explaining hand gestures, intonation patterns and facial expressions that can be used without language to convey meaning, for example, nodding to indicate agreement

  VCARC110 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating