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• VCZHC007

  Identify equivalent or similar Chinese words or phrases for familiar objects or terms in English

  Elaborations

  • matching words and phrases spoken in Chinese to images, objects or words in English, such as classroom objects (书包， 笔), to develop vocabulary
  • stating the English equivalent of common expressions in Chinese (for example, phrases such as 对不起, 没关系; 谢谢，不谢) for the benefit of classmates
  • explaining the meaning of Chinese words to classmates

  VCZHC007 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC008

  Identify common Chinese characters and words in Pinyin using contextual cues

  Elaborations

  • experimenting with using high-frequency Chinese sounds to transcribe simple common words into Pinyin, such as 我 wŏ
  • developing a class list of contextual cues such as images, text structure and other features that would help with understanding meaning
  • typing known or given list of Pinyin words into an online dictionary to turn the Pinyin into characters to express good wishes, such as ‘Happy birthday’ (zhὺ nĭ shēng rì kuài le◊ 祝你生日快乐！)
  • using flashcards to indicate likes and dislikes, for example, 喜欢 / 不喜欢

  VCZHC008 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHC023

  Translate the meanings of important everyday words using contextual cues

  Elaborations

  • explaining words and phrases to peers or the teacher, using gestures and actions to help convey meaning, such as facial expressions to express dislike or disappointment, agreement or enthusiasm
  • explaining meanings of colloquial phrases used on specific occasions (for example, 恭喜发财 to give New Year wishes), and discussing how such wishes are expressed in English
  • choosing words to translate information into Chinese, recognising different meanings for the same word, for example 哥哥 can be used to refer to an older male friend as well as older brother

  VCZHC023 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHU237

  Apply understanding of word morphology and vocabulary choices to interpret and convey meaning

  Elaborations

  • examining the relationship between characters in a word, identifying subtle differences in meaning to enhance their own communication, and determining the appropriate context for related words such as 帮助 and 帮忙
  • differentiating 形近词 based on the meanings of each morpheme (for example, in 走进 and 走近) and applying in own writing
  • analysing how words containing a common morpheme are related, for example, how 乘 is used in 乘车 (‘take a ride’), 乘机 (‘take a chance’) and 乘法 (‘multiplication’)

  VCZHU237 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU010

  Reproduce the four tones and recognise how they can change the meaning of words

  Elaborations

  • noticing the tonal nature of spoken Chinese and using gestures to enhance the differentiation of tones
  • applying tones to diverse sounds in Chinese to express different meanings, and recognising differences between words with different tones, for example, 妈mā and 马mǎ
  • practising the pronunciation of syllables that are unique to Chinese, such as 女nǚ, 下 xià
  • working with classmates and teachers to identify initials (, b, p, m, d, t, g, k etc.) that are similar to English consonants (f, l, n, v)

  VCZHU010 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU123

  Recognise that characters are the written representation of spoken Chinese and the morphological nature of Chinese words

  Elaborations

  • discussing the range of strokes and the construction of characters, and applying this understanding to differentiate between similar character forms, such as 日(sun) and 目(eye)
  • copying characters with attention to the location, direction and order of strokes
  • learning the sound and meaning of commonly seen basic characters (独体字) and components (部件), such as 木 (tree) and 人 (person), and making connections between basic characters and their bound forms (非成字), such as 水 and 氵
  • identifying components and their various forms in different locations within characters, for example, 人 、 从 、 合; 心 、 情 、 思
  • learning that Chinese words are made up of two or more characters, with each character contributing meaning to the word, for example, 大人 (literally ‘big person’) means ‘adult’
  • recognising key morphemes in word groups, for example, 白天、白雪、小白兔
  • identifying meanings of each syllable such as in xuéshēng, xuéxiào of Chinese words encountered

  VCZHU123 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU154

  Recognise the use of tone, intonation and stress of words to express emotion, opinion and attitude

  Elaborations

  • reading aloud printed information with attention to pronunciation and tone
  • recognising syllable changes in speech, including change of tonal value and tone sandhi, such as 不要

  VCZHU154 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU124

  Recognise parts of speech and understand basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • learning about meta-terms for word types, for example, exploring what is considered a verb in English and in Chinese (for example, adjectival verbs in Chinese)
  • categorising words into word types common across languages, for example, 家人 as noun, 四 as number
  • understanding that as for English there are basic rules of word order in Chinese (subject-verb-object)

  VCZHU124 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDTDI020

  Recognise different types of data and explore how the same data can be represented in different ways

  Elaborations

  • recognising that numbers, text, images, sounds, animations and videos are all forms of data when stored or viewed using a digital system
  • using a table to reorganise information that includes sentences, and/or words, and/or numbers and/or images
  • recognising representations of different types of data such as waves for sound
  • exploring codes and symbols that are representations of data, for example morse code and semaphore and how similar symbols in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art can represent different concepts depending on the context, for example three circles, drawn as lines, can represent ants, fruit, flowers or eggs depending on the art region

  VCDTDI020 | Technologies | Digital Technologies | Levels 3 and 4 | Data and Information

• VCASFU140

  Recognise that groups of words are combined to make a clause and that Auslan has word classes such as nouns, adjectives or verbs, and distinguish between statements and questions

  Elaborations

  • categorising noun signs into those for people, animals, places or things
  • learning that proper nouns can have a sign name or be fingerspelled
  • knowing that adjectives describe nouns in different ways, such as how they look (BIG or RED), feel (SOFT or HOT), smell (SMELLY) or sound (LOUD)
  • identifying verb signs (SIT, EAT, FEEL, WONDER, HAVE) and recognising that they are central to a clause
  • noticing there is no equivalent of the verb ‘to be’ in Auslan, which is a significant difference to English
  • understanding that a clause is one or more signs expressing a single idea and that a clause has at least one verb, but often one or more nouns as well, for example:
    CALL-_him
    I called him.
    MAN THERE GO-TO POSS3 HOUSE
    That man went to his house.
    BIG MONSTER SCREAM
    A big monster screamed.
    
  • recognising different nouns in clauses, including those that are shown with a pointing sign, such as GIRL READ versus PRO3 READ, or VISIT FRIEND versus VISIT PRO3
  • noticing that Auslan has more flexibility in word order than in English
  • distinguishing between clauses that are statements and those that are questions

  VCASFU140 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALA357

  Use a simple English dictionary or class word list to find words, and/or check home language–English bilingual dictionary for meanings

  Elaborations

  • referring to word lists or charts to find specific vocabulary related to a topic
  • using a bilingual dictionary to find an English equivalent for a word known in home language
  • checking meaning in both home language and English before using a word in speech or writing

  VCEALA357 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Reading and Viewing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCELA250

  Recognise most high-frequency words, know how to use common prefixes and suffixes, and know some homophones and generalisations for adding a suffix to a base word

  Elaborations

  • becoming familiar with most high-frequency sight words

  VCELA250 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA184

  Understand how to use visual memory to write high-frequency words, and that some high-frequency words have regular and irregular spelling components

  Elaborations

  • using strategies such as look-say-cover-write-check to learn an increasing number of high-frequency sight words recognised in texts, including words with regular spelling patterns such as 'them' and 'got' and irregular patterns such as 'one' and 'was'

  VCELA184 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Language

• VCELU135

  Understand that languages change over time and that they influence each other, recognising words in English that are derived from Greek and words in Greek that are derived from other languages

  Elaborations

  • recognising that the language used by the Ancient Greeks has developed into the Modern Greek language and that the Greek language has influenced many languages including English
  • understanding that there is the standard language called ‘Modern Greek’ as well as a number of different dialects spoken throughout Greece and the Greek diaspora
  • noticing that languages are fluid and ever-evolving and can be incorporated into and influence other languages beyond their own (for example, Ancient Greek has influenced and still influences many languages of the world)
  • viewing inscriptions on Ancient Greek tombstones (for example, from Vergina), coins (for example, from from Alexander the Great or King Philip’s reign) and vases (for example, from the Hellenistic era)
  • recognising that some words in Greek are borrowed from other languages, for example, πάρτυ, χόμπυ, μπάσκετ, κομπιούτερ
  • examining the etymology of everyday words in English which are derived from Greek morphemes/words or from Greek myths (for example, aeroplane, Ajax, history, mathematics, Nike, school, story) and discussing the extent to which this has occurred

  VCELU135 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCIDC025

  Translate using textual cues such as pictures, layout and key words to predict meaning, and comment on the non-equivalence of words due to cultural differences

  Elaborations

  • translating Indonesian texts such as public signs to understand gist and noticing how meaning changes when translating into English such as sense of politeness
  • identifying and explaining expressions which do not easily translate into English, for example, Selamat siang, Sudah mandi?
  • comparing translations of Indonesian creative works (such as an advertisement, anthem or extract of a wayang script), noticing how words such as Tanah Air, sedikit-sedikit have more than a literal meaning

  VCIDC025 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCJAC116

  Translate words and familiar phrases used in everyday situations from Japanese into English and vice versa, noticing how some words are shared between Japanese and English

  Elaborations

  • explaining to others the meaning and use of simple expressions such as greetings that are used for different times and occasions, for example, おはようございます、いただきます
  • using classroom resources such as word banks, visual and online dictionaries, word lists and pictures to translate the meaning of single words and common expressions
  • identifying Japanese expressions and practices that do not translate readily into English, for example, きもの、おべんとう、せんせい、～さん、～くん, using two hands for giving and receiving and まる/ばつ (○×)
  • finding examples of Japanese words used in English, for example, ‘sushi’, ‘karate’, ‘origami’, and explaining what they mean
  • identifying key words in children’s stories or songs, for example, むかしむかし、おわり, and providing English translations or explanations of meaning

  VCJAC116 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCKOU033

  Understand and use a range of vocabulary associated with different aspects of everyday life, such as basic honorific or humble words, and identify culture-embedded words and expressions

  Elaborations

  • using a range of common nouns and verbs for everyday interactions at home and school on familiar and broader topics (for example, 방학, 시험, 춤, 노래, 여행, 추다, 부르다, 배우다, 하다, 말하다, 끝나다, 만나다, 놓다, 사다, 팔다, 생기다), including words for clothing (for example, 모자, 바지, 쓰다, 입다) and transportation (for example, 버스, 기차, 자동차, 지하철, 타다) and loan words from English (for example, 파티, 이메일, 인터넷)
  • recognising and using some abstract vocabulary in the school context (for example, 과목, 수업, 과외 활동, and names of school subjects such as 수학, 과학, …)
  • using descriptive vocabulary to describe emotions (for example, 무섭다, 슬프다, 기쁘다. 신나다), senses (기분, 맛,맵다, 짜다, 아프다, 덥다, 춥다) and appearance (아름답다, 깨끗하다)
  • using abstract vocabulary relating to cognitive activity (for example, 뜻, 생각(하다), 필요하다)
  • recognising the difference between 나 and 저 referring to self and using them appropriately according to the audience, for example, peers or adults
  • indicating comparative quality using 더, for example, 더 커요
  • expressing relative frequency of events (for example, 가끔, 보통, 자주, 언제나)
  • using common adverbs such as 다시, 먼저, 한번, 열심히
  • indicating time/seasons using 오전, 오후, 주말,아침, 점심, 저녁, 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울
  • using Korean cardinal and ordinal numbers appropriately with counters, for example, 스무 잔, 백 장, 천 송이, 첫 번째
  • using honorific or humble words such as 분, 주무시다, 계시다, 말씀, 드리다
  • identifying culture-embedded Korean words and expressions in context, for example, 추석, 새해 복 많이받으세요, 쌀밥/보리밥, 아리랑
  • using vocabulary related to youth culture such as 동아리, 힙합, including some hybrid words (for example, K–팝)
  • using reflective vocabulary such as 아마, 글쎄요
  • using location words, for example, 앞, 뒤, 위, 아래, 옆
  • inferring meaning of unfamiliar words or expressions from context, for example, 게으름뱅이 (소가 된 게으름뱅이), 연락하다 (이메일로 연락하세요), 그림의 떡
  • using idiomatic expressions as communication strategies or to enhance the interest of audiences, for example, 제 생각에는 …, –ㄴ/은/는 것 같아요, 괜찮아요
  • using some special vocabulary in Korean to express ideas drawn from other learning areas, for example, 태풍, 강, 호수
  • using exclamatory vocabulary and expressions (for example, 와, 대단해요! 아니, 이럴 수가!)

  VCKOU033 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAC025

  Translate using textual cues such as pictures, layout and key words to predict meaning, and comment on the non-equivalence of words due to cultural differences

  Elaborations

  • translating texts such as public signs to understand their gist and noticing how meaning changes when translating into English, such as levels of politeness
  • identifying and explaining expressions which do not easily translate into English
  • comparing translations of creative works (such as a song or advertisement), noticing how words have more than just a literal meaning

  VCRAC025 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Translating

• VCTRC008

  Explain in English the meaning of everyday Turkish words, phrases and gestures, noticing which are similar or different to equivalent words in English or other known languages

  Elaborations

  • translating simple words and expressions related to ‘Things I do everyday’, using matching word cards, pictures, large print dictionaries, word lists and labels, noticing words that are similar in the two languages, such as televizyon, radyo, yogurt, tren, taksi
  • explaining the English meaning of Turkish words and phrases used for greetings, apologies and appreciations, such as hoş geldiniz, hoş bulduk, geçmiş olsun, merhaba, hoşça kal, günaydın, iyi günler, iyi akşamlar, iyi geceler, and discussing how and when they are used
  • comparing and contrasting the meaning and sounds of key words and expressions that feature in Turkish and English versions of popular children’s rhymes, games and songs, such as ‘Old MacDonald’ and Ali Baba’nın Çiftliği, ‘Are you sleeping?’ and Tembel Çocuk Kalksana
  • demonstrating and explaining in Turkish gestures that are associated with cultural traditions, such as greeting elders by kissing their hand and placing it on the forehead to show respect
  • noticing words or expressions in Turkish that are not easy to translate into English because they carry different meanings, for example, Ellerine sağlık. Çok yaşa! Sen de gör! Geçmiş olsun!

  VCTRC008 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Communicating | Translating

• VCMNA109

  Recognise and represent division as grouping into equal sets and solve simple problems using these representations

  Elaborations

  • dividing the class or a collection of objects into equal-sized groups
  • identifying the difference between dividing a set of objects into three equal groups (partition) and dividing the same set of objects into groups of three (quotition)

  VCMNA109 | Mathematics | Level 2 | Number and Algebra | Number and place value