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• VCICCD003

  Identify and discuss cultural diversity in the school and/or community

  Elaborations

  • recognising that others have different cultures and beliefs whilst also reflecting on student’s own cultural background, for example, by plotting the location of each student’s background on a world map
  • identifying and listing how many languages are spoken within the families of students within the classroom, and using the internet to learn some common terms, such as how to say ‘hello’, ‘goodbye’, ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ in each language identified
  • exploring cultural diversity by identifying visible elements, such as food and behaviour, and invisible elements, such as how people live and what they value, for example, households with three generations living together
  • using prompt questions to discuss cultural diversity within the classroom/school community, for example, were all students born in Australia? Were all Australians born here? If not, how did they become Australian?
  • discussing events acknowledged, celebrated and/or observed in the school and community, by whom and for what reasons, for example, Eid and Ramadan, Harmony Day or Easter

  VCICCD003 | Capabilities | Intercultural Capability | Foundation to Level 2 | Cultural Diversity

• VCELA295

  Understand how to use spelling patterns and generalisations including syllabification, letter combinations including double letters, and morphemic knowledge to build word families

  Elaborations

  • using phonological knowledge (for example long vowel patterns in multi-syllabic words) and consonant clusters (for example 'straight', 'throat', 'screen', 'squawk')
  • using visual knowledge (for example diphthongs in more complex words and other ambiguous vowel sounds, as in 'oy', 'oi', 'ou', 'ow', 'ould', 'u', 'ough', 'au', 'aw'), silent beginning consonant patterns (for example 'gn' and 'kn')
  • applying generalisations, such as doubling (for example 'running') and 'e'-drop (for example 'hoping')

  VCELA295 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Writing | Language

• VCELA142

  Understand concepts about print and screen, including how books, film and simple digital texts work, and know some features of print, including directionality

  Elaborations

  • learning about print: direction of print and return sweep, spaces between words
  • learning that Standard Australian English in written texts is read from left to right and from top to bottom of the page and that direction of print may differ in other cultures, for example Japanese texts
  • learning about front and back covers; title and author, layout and navigation of digital/screen texts
  • learning about simple functions of keyboard and mouse including typing letters, scrolling, selecting icons and drop-down menu

  VCELA142 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCESC010

  Notice while participating in intercultural activities that interaction involves culture as well as language

  Elaborations

  • exploring Spanish language features that reflect and embody cultural values and practices, for example, regional differences in naming conventions, such as the use of apellidos
  • reading transcripts or viewing recordings of interactions between members of an extended family, and considering how respect, affection and family relationships are expressed in Spanish
  • observing live or recorded Spanish-language interactions in different contexts, and identifying what they find is confusing or surprising, for example, body language, exclamations, gestures, levels of politeness, and ways of requesting or thanking
  • developing language for describing personal reactions to intercultural experience, for example, No me gusta, estoy sorprendido de ver, me encanta, es maleducado, es cortés
  • considering how communicating in Spanish requires thinking about things differently from when communicating in English, for example, making a choice between tú/usted/vos involves thinking about social relations between people, while using ‘you’ does not

  VCESC010 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCGGK140

  Ways in which transportation and information and communication technologies are used to connect people to services, information and people in other places

  Elaborations

  • describing the differences in people’s access to the internet between and within countries and exploring how information and communication technologies are being used to connect people to information, services and people in other places, for example, in rural and remote areas across Australia and the world, including selected countries of the Asia region
  • examining how information and communication technologies have made it possible for places in India and the Philippines, for example, to provide a range of global business services
  • exploring how transport networks operate to connect people to services, including how supply chain logistics influence these connections

  VCGGK140 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 9 and 10 | Geographical Knowledge | Geographies of interconnection

• VCZHU242

  Identify the features of persuasive language and analyse its use in advertising

  Elaborations

  • discussing the impact of word choices, including 连接词, and stylistic devices (for example 排比，拟人，比喻) on the effectiveness of television and print advertising campaigns
  • considering the role of English in the world of Chinese advertising and how English words and expressions are embedded into Chinese speech to market products to Chinese speakers, within China and globally.

  VCZHU242 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCZHU014

  Recognise that Chinese is a major community language in Australia

  Elaborations

  • exploring the range of languages spoken in Australia and identifying people in the local community or in the media who speak a different language, for example, ‘My mum’s friend is from China, and she speaks Chinese’
  • discussing why there are different languages spoken by Australian families and by classmates
  • knowing that Chinese is spoken not only in China but also in other areas of the world, including Australia

  VCZHU014 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESC009

  Create simple bilingual texts such as learning resources, online announcements, games and displays for use in the classroom, school or wider community

  Elaborations

  • creating simple bilingual texts for that include contextual and visual support, for example, community information leaflets, captions for photo displays, or restaurant menus
  • creating bilingual resources for their own use in the classroom, such as word banks, personal Spanish–English dictionaries, and glossaries to explain common idioms
  • designing and maintaining a bilingual website with a sister school or another group of Spanish learners in Australia, considering the best use of each language depending on the context and nature of the information or interaction
  • creating bilingual texts for specific audiences, such as songs or games for younger learners of Spanish, or a schedule for an online event likely to interest both English and Spanish speakers, noticing how meanings need to be tailored for different intended audiences

  VCESC009 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCFRC119

  Consider and discuss own and others’ cultural identities, and how they both shape and are shaped by ways of communicating and thinking

  Elaborations

  • examining the nature of identity, how it is fluid and dynamic and closely related to both language and culture
  • noticing how identity is expressed through languages spoken by people in various cultural contexts, including the range of languages spoken by classmates and family or community members
  • mapping their own linguistic and cultural profile, for example by creating a chart, timeline or web profile to highlight formative elements such as family languages, key relationships and intercultural experiences
  • reflecting on the experience of learning and using French, considering how it might add a further dimension to own sense of identity
  • developing a language for reflecting on language learning and intercultural experience, examining aspects that are unexpected, difficult or enjoyable

  VCFRC119 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCHHK120

  One significant challenge and one development faced by the society that caused progress or decline

  Elaborations

  • Vikings
    • using a cause effect wheel, explain the decline of Viking power such as defeats in battle, the Battle of Stanford Bridge, treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte ending Viking raids in France, new colonies, changing climate and the spread of Christianity
  • Medieval Europe
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia
    • investigating living conditions in London in the fourteenth century, for example, the lack of sanitation, crowded housing; the extent of medical knowledge, for example, based on Hippocrates’ theory; and beliefs about the power of God, for example, that diseases were a punishment of God
    • mapping the origin spread of the Black Death (Asia, Africa, Europe) in the fourteenth century CE and The role of expanding trade between Europe and Asia in the Black Death
    • evaluating the long and short term effects of the Black Death on Asian, European and African populations, and conflicting theories about the impact of the plague. Other immediate and long-term effects of the Black Death, including labour shortages, peasant uprisings, the weakening of feudal structures, and increased social mobility
    • using studies of church records from the period to identify the effect of the Black Death on human populations and to consider the reliability of these statistics
    • using a graphic organiser to identify and describe short-term and long-term effects of the Black Death in Europe and draw conclusions about the severity over time
  • Ottoman Empire
    • examining the significance of the Crusades in challenging Ottoman Empire and their responses to the challenge
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia.
    • mapping the origin spread of the Black Death (Asia, Africa, Europe) in the fourteenth century CE and The role of expanding trade between Europe and Asia in the Black Death
    • evaluating the long and short term effects of the Black Death on Asian, European and African populations, and conflicting theories about the impact of the plague. Other immediate and long-term effects of the Black Death, including expansion of the Ottoman Empire, labour shortages, peasant uprisings, the weakening of feudal structures, and increased social mobility
    • categorising the effects of the Black Death on the Ottoman Empire using a graphic organiser to identify and describe the effects as either short-term or long-term and drawing conclusions about the severity of the Black Death
  • Angkor/Khmer Empire
    • analysing reasons for the decline of the Khmer Empire
    • discussing theories about the causes and/or contributing factors to the decline the Khmer Empire for example, Tai invasions,  economic decline as a result of Jayavarman VII’s building program, population growth and attempts to control trade routes, religious revolution through the rise of Theravada Buddhism, internal political tension, environmental challenges such as soil sterilisation, over-intensified land use, the development of an unstable climate such as drought and monsoons and the breakdown of Angkor’s water management system
  • Mongol Expansion
    • analysing reasons for the decline of the Mongol Empire
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia. The Black Death began in the densely inhabited Mongol dominions from 1313 to 1331. This disastrous plague devastated all khanates, cutting off commercial ties and resulting in the death of millions
  • Japan under the Shoguns
    • examining the theories about the decline of the Shogunate, including modernisation and westernisation, through the adoption of Western arms and technology
    • describing internal pressures in Shogunate Japan, for example, the rise of a commercial class at the expense of the samurai, peasant uprisings such as Osaka 1837, and famine
    • describing the increasing exposure to Western technology and ideas, for example, the establishment of a naval school with Dutch instructors, the translation of Western books
    • evaluating the significance of the Meiji Restoration of 1868 CE that restored imperial rule to Japan
  • Polynesian Expansion
    • investigating the way Polynesian societies used environmental resources (sustainably and unsustainably), including the extinction of the moa in New Zealand, the use of religious/supernatural threats to conserve resources, and the exploitation of Easter Island’s palm trees
    • researching the extinction of the moa in New Zealand as a result of hunting and habitat decline
    • explaining the significance of Rahui as a way of prohibiting the collection of resources, to ensure their sustainability
    • evaluating the evidence for theories about the deforestation of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
  • Renaissance Italy
    • explaining the causes and effects of the spread of Renaissance culture to the rest of Europe, and its legacy
    • outlining the spread of Renaissance culture to England, for example, the rise of literature through Shakespeare
  • Spanish Conquest
    • using a fishbone to explain the conquest on the Aztecs or Incas as well as on the wider world, such as the introduction of new diseases, horses and gunpowder in the Americas, and new foods and increased wealth in Europe
    • outlining the effects of Spanish conquest on the Americas, for example, the spread of disease due to the lack of immunity; the introduction of crops such as maize, beans, potatoes, tobacco and chocolate from the Americas to Europe, the Encomieda system, mining
    • explaining the longer-term effects of conquest and colonisation on the indigenous populations of the Americas, for example, the unequal distribution of land and wealth, and political inequality, rise of the Spanish language

  VCHHK120 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Knowledge | Middle Ages and early exploration

• VCZHC073

  Compare the experiences of young Australians with those of young people in Chinese-speaking communities, reflecting on how these diverse experiences affect individuals’ identity, attitudes and beliefs

  Elaborations

  • constructing texts and participating in interactions with young Chinese which involve sharing aspects of their own identities as young Australians, for example, 中国的年轻人喜欢什么运动？澳洲人喜欢游泳、打板球和打橄榄球
  • comparing own experiences and opinions with those of Chinese youth encountered in diverse texts and contexts, for example, exploring how young people feel about school: What is universal? What is culturally specific? What is environmental? Why do we do things a particular way? 大部分澳大利亚的学生功课压力没有那么重；很多中国学生在食堂吃饭
  • viewing texts related to the experiences of young Chinese speakers (for example, 偶像剧), and discussing aspects of their life, world or values conveyed, asking, for example: What assumptions or generalisations are made? How does this impact on our perception of Chinese youth? Does this reflect the reality of Chinese youth?
  • exploring diversity within Chinese identity and becoming more aware of this when interacting with Chinese speakers, for example, understanding that calling Chinese speakers 中国人 does not reflect the diversity of Chinese speakers’ identities
  • engaging in interaction with Chinese speakers and reflecting on how their own language choices are perceived by Chinese speakers, for example: Is my communication culturally appropriate? Should I adjust language and gesture to help convey meaning more appropriately and effectively?

  VCZHC073 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCEALL102

  Apply some grammatical rules but may overgeneralise for irregular forms

  Elaborations

  • expressing simple questions mostly accurately, including ‘wh–’ questions such as ‘Where did you live before?’ or yes/no questions such as ‘Is that my book?’
  • expressing statements and commands mostly accurately, such as ‘She went home’, ‘Please give it to me’
  • using correct verb and noun endings with some consistency, such as ‘–ing’, ‘–ed’, ‘–s’
  • overgeneralising some rules, such as formation of plurals (for example ‘mouses’) and past tenses (for example ‘swimmed’, ‘buyed’)
  • understanding some common phrases or clauses in both their full and contracted forms, such as ‘I’m’ and ‘I am’; ‘you’re’ and ‘you are’

  VCEALL102 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A2 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCHIU016

  Recognise that all languages change over time and borrow words and expressions from each other

  Elaborations

  • recognising that languages borrow words and expressions from each other and that Hindi includes many words that originated in languages such as Persian, Arabic and English
  • identifying loan words and expressions from English used in Hindi, understanding that they may be pronounced differently in the two languages, for example, phone is pronounced as फ़ोन, dollar is pronounced as डालर
  • finding examples of Hindi words that are used in other languages, for example, ‘yoga’ (योग), ‘sari’ (साड़ी), ‘khaki’ (खाकी), ‘pyjama’ (पायजामा)
  • noticing words that they use in their everyday lives that come from different languages

  VCHIU016 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCJAC027

  Create print, digital and multimodal bilingual resources for the school and wider community, such as notices and instructions, announcements, promotional material and invitations

  Elaborations

  • creating an online bilingual class profile to send to a Japanese sister school or present to Japanese visitors to the school, including translations and/or explanation of key terms and expressions associated with events or school celebrations
  • providing bilingual subtitles or captions for a cartoon or comic that depicts intercultural encounters, for example, interactions between a Japanese exchange student and an Australian host family
  • creating simple bilingual texts for English and Japanese speakers, such as community information leaflets, menus, timetables or brochures, that include contextual and visual support
  • designing and maintaining a bilingual website with a Japanese sister school or another group of Japanese learners in Australia, considering the best use of each language depending on the context and nature of the information or interaction
  • creating bilingual texts for specific audiences, for example, songs or games for younger learners of Japanese, or a schedule for an event likely to interest both English and Japanese speakers, noticing how expression and representation need to be tailored to suit different audiences

  VCJAC027 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCGRCE002

  Convey information and ideas about the daily life and attitudes of the ancient Greeks, in oral, written and digital forms, using Classical Greek as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • gathering, collating and presenting information about daily routine in the ancient Greek world, such as in posters or digital displays about family life, education, food, hygiene, exercise, with annotations in English or words and simple phrases in Classical Greek
  • reading stories about the daily lives of ancient Greeks, and recreating their everyday experiences, for example, through role-play or an imaginative animated cartoon
  • comparing details from different sources about where Greek people lived, such as in urban centres or rural settlements, for example, through dioramas or drawings with labels in English or Classical Greek, and discussing what they reveal about different lifestyles in the Classical period
  • researching the purpose and function of spaces in an ancient Greek home, for example, the ἀνδρών and γυναικών rooms, for an oral or digital presentation, using labels in English and Classical Greek
  • examining artefacts from the classical Greek period, such as those from ancient Athens, and discussing what they reveal about the everyday lives of ancient Greek people
  • collating and sharing information online about ancient Greek inventions, engineering and infrastructure, for example, the Antikythera Mechanism, the Hippodamian urban grid plan, Archimedes’ screw
  • researching the attitudes of ancient Greeks revealed in their myths and legends, and acting out stories, such as the labours of Heracles, to convey these attitudes
  • gathering and creating a class bank of information from texts about ancient Greek religious beliefs and practices, for example, Olympian deities, local festivals (Dionysia in Athens) and panhellenic festivals (Pythian Games at Delphi)
  • reading accounts of historical events, such as Aeschylus’ eyewitness account of the Battle of Salamis, and presenting information in new ways, for example, as a news report

  VCGRCE002 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the ancient Greek world through Classical Greek texts

• VCLAE002

  Convey information and ideas about the daily life and attitudes of the Romans, in oral, written and digital forms, using Latin as appropriate

  Elaborations

  • gathering, collating and presenting information about daily routine in the Roman world, such as posters or digital displays about family life, education, food, hygiene, exercise, with annotations in English or words and simple phrases in Latin
  • reading stories about the daily lives of ancient Romans, and recreating their everyday experiences, for example, through role play or an imaginative animated cartoon
  • comparing details from different sources about where Roman people lived, such as in tenements or houses, or on country estates, for example, through dioramas or drawings, with labels in English or Latin, and discussing what they reveal about different lifestyles in the Classical period
  • researching the purpose and function of spaces in a Roman home, such as in a domus or a villa, for an oral or digital presentation, using labels in English and Latin, for example, vestibulum, atrium, triclinium, cubicula, peristylium
  • examining artefacts from the Roman period, such as those from Pompeii, and discussing what they reveal about the everyday lives of Romans
  • collating and sharing information online about Roman engineering and infrastructure, such as roads, aqueducts, cloaca maxima
  • researching the attitudes of Romans revealed in Graeco-Roman myths and legends and acting out stories, such as Romulus and Remus, or Hercules’ labours, to convey these attitudes
  • gathering and creating a class bank of information from texts about Roman religious beliefs and practices, for example, Olympian deities, Lares et Penates, special festivals such as the Liberalia and the Vestalia
  • reading accounts of historical events, such as Pliny’s eyewitness account of the eruption of Vesuvius, and presenting information in new ways, for example, creating and recording own news report or documentary, making comparisons between Pliny’s account and an online reconstruction of the eruption

  VCLAE002 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the Roman world through Latin texts

• VCHIU084

  Recognise regular and variable elements of spoken Hindi, such as social and regional variations in the pronunciation of diphthongs, or inconsistencies between Hindi pronunciation and spelling and variations from Sanskrit and Perso-Arabic conventions

  Elaborations

  • increasing control of regular and irregular elements of spoken and written Hindi, such as the influence of accents and expression on pronunciation and spelling, for example, the use of वो in spoken Hindi in place of वह in written Hindi
  • recognising ways in which genres of written literary Hindi may differ from everyday speech registers, for example, the use of Sanskrit words in official Hindi, with terms like विनिर्माण क्षेत्र for the manufacturing sector, demonstrating understanding of how such terms are written and spoken
  • understanding that the appreciation of film song lyrics and verse forms can be enhanced by understanding how compound words are formed in Arabic and Persian and used in Hindi, for example, in the film title मुग़ल- ए- आज़म
  • recognising the impermanent and fluid nature of spoken language and how it is influenced by local customs, cultures and regional languages, for example, the addition of honorifics such as sister, ताई, to women’s names by Marathi speakers and देवी to married women’s names by Biharis
  • identifying features of spoken language, such as the use of repetition, pauses, interruptions, incomplete sentences and non-verbal expression, which are not represented in written Hindi but are important elements of ‘live’ interactions
  • recognising and responding to challenges associated with clarity and pace in audio texts such as airport announcements or recorded phone messages

  VCHIU084 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU072

  Reflect on different aspects of the cultural dimension of learning and using French

  Elaborations

  • sharing understandings of what culture ‘is’ and how it relates to identity and experience, using statements such as ‘Culture is...’ and ‘Culture can...’
  • comparing challenges and achievements associated with learning French that can be thought of as cultural or intercultural, for example, learning to ‘read between the lines’ to identify cultural information in language; developing the capacity to look objectively at own cultural experience and ways of communicating
  • discussing how own cultural identities are reflected in home, school and social lives, including attitudes and behaviours, and considering how these might be interpreted and responded to by members of different communities
  • identifying changes in own ways of thinking about culture and identity as a result of learning French
  • discussing attitudes towards diversity and difference, including the use of stereotypes and generalisations, and considering how these affect communication

  VCFRU072 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHC253

  Reflect on the language choices they make when expressing their points of view to others and connect these choices to their identities in Chinese and Australian communities

  Elaborations

  • discussing available choices in how they present their own identity to others and identifying times when they choose to express one aspect of their identity over another
  • reflecting on how their language choices, including the use of English, Chinese, a dialect or accent, are indications of their sense of identity within a particular context
  • considering the differences in their own sense of identity in Australia and when they ‘return home’ (回国) in terms of changes in social contexts and in their relationships with other participants in interactions
  • describing examples of when changes in identity are more evident, such as when they are compared to friends ‘back home’
  • identifying meanings implied in facial expressions, gestures, interjections and exclamations, for example, 哎 can be used to express surprise or dissatisfaction
  • reflecting on how one’s own world view is conveyed through language choices, for example, ‘naming’ China 华夏、九州、神州大地、中原 which reflects their understanding of their history, geography, ethnicity and place in the world

  VCZHC253 | Languages | Chinese | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Reflecting

• VCASFU121

  Understand that signs can include different information, including a gestural overlay, and identify how signers establish spatial locations, types of depicting signs and ways of showing constructed action

  Elaborations

  • noticing that meaning is created in Auslan from fully-lexical signs, partly-lexical signs and non-lexical signing and gesture
  • understanding that fully-lexical signs are in the dictionary and have a standard handshape, movement and location, and partly-lexical signs can be changed to show information such as location or who is involved in indicating verbs
  • noticing that single-digit numbers can be separate lexical items or merged into other signs (numeral incorporation) such as those for ages, for example, 5-YEARS-OLD or adverbs of time, for example, 3-WEEKS-AGO or pronouns, for example, WE3, WE4
  • identifying where and how a signer has established a location in space (through pointing, modifying the movement of a verb, or locating a non-body-anchored noun sign)
  • recognising that signers must make explicit which referent is associated with a location
  • recognising that signers can set up referents in the signing space close to them (viewer space), for example, using a bC handshape (use of non-dominant hand) to indicate putting a glass on a table or distant (diagrammatic) for example, using 5claw in two locations to represent two houses
  • identifying independently instances of DSs and their type
  • learning that the function of CA is to represent the words, thoughts or actions of a protagonist in a text, either themselves or another
  • knowing that in CA a signer can shift into the role of another, or themselves at a different time, through eye gaze change, body shift, head orientation change, and matching facial expressions

  VCASFU121 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language