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• VCJAU194

  Understand how sophistication in expression can be achieved by the use of a variety of verb and adjective conjugations

  Elaborations

  • further developing metalanguage to describe and increase control of grammatical concepts and language elements and to organise learning resources such as verb charts and lists of vocabulary and sentence structures
  • understanding and applying the rules of the plain form, and knowing that the basic form of all Japanese verbs ends in -u, -eru or -iru, the forms they are listed under in dictionaries
  • understanding that verbs can be divided into three groups according to the way they are conjugated: Group 1 (five-step verbs), Group 2 (one-step verbs) and Group 3 (irregular verbs)
  • using character charts as a systematic framework for recognising patterns for verb conjugation, and applying the formation rules of each verb group
  • using verb て form to connect events, for example, 朝(あさ)おきてジョギングをします。
  • understanding and using the different functions of verb て form
  • using present continuous tense using verb ています, for example, ラジオを聞いています。
  • requesting and giving permission and expressing prohibition using verb て form, for example, ～てもいいです。～てはいけません。～てはだめです。
  • using verb stems with grammatical features such as ～かった。～やすい／にくいです。～に行きます。
  • exploring how to use plain forms in authentic contexts such as conversations with peers, for example, 食べる？　見る？
  • expressing opinions, intentions and thoughts using the plain form, for example:
    • plain verb つもりです。
    • verb /adjective とおもいます。
    • ～たり～たりします。
  • using い and な adjectives in present and past tenses, for example:
    • おいしい ◊ おいしかったです。
    • たのしくない ◊ たのしくなかったです。
    • しずかな ◊ しずかでした。
  • using adverbs and intensifiers such as かなり, ぜんぜん, たいてい
  • sequencing actions, for example, 朝おきてジョギングをします。
  • increasing cohesion within paragraphs by using conjunctions, for example, ですから
  • indicating the status of actions using adverbs such as まだ and もう
  • understanding the concept of uchi-soto (内(うち)と外(そと)) for making appropriate choices of register, for example, 食べる？食べますか？

  VCJAU194 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAU064

  Develop knowledge of verb rules and how to link and extend ideas by using adverbs, cohesive devices and other elements of grammar

  Elaborations

  • naming a range of animals and describing qualities of people using adjectives of character and appearance
  • identifying people and their occupations
  • describing qualities of things using adjectives
  • indicating quantity
  • identifying things using concrete nouns
  • describing actions using verbs
  • indicating negation
  • referring to the past and future using time indicators
  • seeking information using a range of questions
  • describing frequency using adverbs
  • creating cohesion using conjunctions
  • adding further information using embedded clauses
  • accepting or declining invitations
  • well-wishing
  • comparing and contrasting
  • expressing opinions
  • expressing emotions
  • describing state of actions

  VCRAU064 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAU098

  Develop knowledge of structures and vocabulary for describing people, places and things, such as pronouns, verbs, adjectives, word order and other elements of grammar

  Elaborations

  • identifying people using, for example, terms of address, pronouns and some nouns
  • identifying things and animals using concrete nouns describing the qualities of people, for example, adjectives of character and appearance
  • describing qualities of objects and animals using adjectives
  • indicating quantity using plurals
  • referring to numbers of things using cardinal numbers and things in a sequence using ordinal numbers
  • greeting and farewelling
  • telling others to do something using imperatives
  • indicating possession
  • describing simple actions
  • negating
  • specifying place and location
  • referring to existence/presence
  • giving directions and information about place using prepositions
  • locating events in time and referring to the past and future seeking information and assistance using interrogatives
  • joining ideas using cohesive devices
  • expressing emotion
  • expressing modality
  • comparing things using comparatives and superlatives

  VCRAU098 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU169

  Understand and use elements of Vietnamese grammar to organise and elaborate on ideas and opinions, such as direct/indirect speech and verbs to express modality

  Elaborations

  • differentiating interrogative forms with tag questions and using them according to context, for example, Em thích ăn cơm chiên không? (a yes/no question to discover whether the other person likes fried rice) and Em thích ăn cơm chiên phải không? (a tag question to confirm that the other person likes fried rice)
  • recognising differences in Vietnamese and English responses to negative tag questions to avoid misinterpretation, for example, in Vietnamese the response to the question Em chưa làm bài tập về nhà phải không? (‘You haven’t done your homework, have you?’) would be Dạ phải. Em chưa làm (‘YES, I haven’t’), while in English it would be ‘NO, I haven’t’
  • recognising the purpose and effect of exclamatory sentences as opposed to statements, for example, the statement Hôm nay Lan đi học sớm simply states that Lan came to school early today, while the exclamatory sentence Hôm nay Lan đi học sớm thế/vậy! may suggest surprise or irony
  • constructing a range of sentences in affirmative, negative, interrogative and imperative forms for different purposes
  • understanding the use of được and bị for positive and negative meaning, for example, Em được điểm tốt. Em được thầy cô khen. Em bị bệnh. Em bị ba mẹ la
  • understanding and using verbs to express modality such as nên (‘should’), cần (‘need to’) and phải (‘must’), for example, Các em nên chăm học. Chúng ta cần không khí để thở, thức ăn để ăn và nhà để ở. Học sinh phải mặc đồng phục khi đi học
  • using direct speech, for example, Ba mẹ nói với tôi: ‘Con nên chăm học’, and indirect speech, for example, Ba mẹ bảo tôi nên chăm học, to relate ideas, opinions, actions and events
  • using a range of expressions for indefinite quantities, for example, hàng ngàn, triệu triệu, vô số, hàng hà sa số, biết bao nhiêu là …
  • exploring homonyms encountered in texts, for example, bò (‘cow’ or ‘to crawl’), ăn (‘eat’ or ‘win’), đỗ/đậu (‘pass the exam’ or ‘bean’), bàn (‘table’ or ‘discuss’), lợi (‘benefit’ or ‘gum’), đen (‘black’ or ‘unlucky’)
  • recognising the features of alliteration in Vietnamese, for example, vui vẻ, mát mẻ, lanh lợi, and using them in own spoken and written texts
  • explaining to peers the meaning of common idioms and proverbs, for example, tiền rừng bạc biển, mò kim đáy biển<; đói cho sạch, rách cho thơm

  VCVIU169 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU135

  Develop knowledge of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs to describe actions, people and objects, and express possession

  Elaborations

  • exploring different types of nouns such as common nouns (bàn, tủ, mèo, chó), proper nouns (Hoa, Hải, Việt Nam), single nouns (gà, bò, bàn), and compound nouns (đất nước, nhà trường, học sinh)
  • expressing possessive cases by using của + noun/pronoun, for example, con mèo/cái bàn/căn phòng của tôi, cây thước/cái áo của bạn, and noticing cases when của can be omitted, for example, ba tôi, mẹ tôi, bạn tôi, nhà tôi, phòng ba mẹ tôi
  • creating plural forms of nouns by adding another word in front of the stem word according to context, for example, hai cái áo, những cái áo, nhà nhà, người người
  • understanding how time expressions are formed through the use of đang, đã, rồi, sẽ or hôm qua, ngày mai, for example, Tôi đang ăn. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Tôi ăn rồi. Ngày mai tôi (sẽ) đi coi phim
  • using adverbs to modify actions, for example, chạy nhanh, đi chậm, học giỏi, hát hay
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong ngoài, ở giữa), for example, Con chim bay trên trời means ‘The bird flies in the sky’, rather than the literal translation, ‘The bird flies above the sky’
  • understanding and applying appropriate word order in sentences, for example, recognising that adjectives follow nouns (áo trắng), and experimenting with word order to see how meaning changes, for example, Lan hay hát ≠ Lan hát hay
  • creating affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Ba mẹ không thích tôi coi phim nhiều. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tạo sao mình phải uống nước nhiều?
  • noticing that interrogatives (khi nào, ở đâu, bao nhiêu) can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of questions, for example, Khi nào em đến? or Em đến khi nào?; Bao nhiêu tiền một nải chuối? or Một nải chuối giá bao nhiêu tiền?

  VCVIU135 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU013

  Understand and use aspects of key grammatical forms and structures in spoken and written texts, such as articles, nouns, adjectives, personal pronouns, verbs and verb tenses, conjunctions, adverbs, statements, negation and questions, and use vocabulary that relates to familiar environments and activities

  Elaborations

  • learning frequently used words related to the home and school environment, for example,

    بيت؛ عائلة؛ أب؛ أم؛ إخوة؛ معلمة؛ مدرسة؛ حصّة؛ صف؛ كتاب؛ دراسة؛ فرصة؛ وقت فراغ؛ ايام الأسبوع

  • understanding the effect of word order in phrases and sentences, for example,

    الجملة الفعلية: كتب الولد القصة؛ جاءت البنت إلى المدرسة؛ يعمل أبي في المطار

  • recognising the different parts of speech and categorising words into groups, for example, الاسم؛ الفعل ؛ الصّفة؛ الحرف
  • recognising definite and indefinite articles with nouns and knowing that nouns have a gender, for example, تلميذ/التلميذ؛ مُعلّمة العلوم؛ المعلمة
  • understanding that adjectives have a gender and that they follow the noun and its gender, for example, الأب حنون؛ الأم جميلة؛ الكرسي كبير؛ الطاولة صغيرة
  • describing aspects of own daily activities, using simple present tense verbs, for example, أستيقظ في الصباح؛ اتناول الفطور؛ أستقلّ الباص؛ أدخل الصف؛ أكمل الواجب؛ ألبس ثيابي
  • understanding and using simple verbs to express likes and dislikes, for example, أحب طعام أمي؛ لا أحب الأكل السريع؛ أحب الرياضة ولا أحب الرسم
  • using demonstrative pronouns to identify people, objects or animals, for example, هذا كتاب؛ هذه مسطرة
  • using singular possessive pronouns, for example, بيتي؛ سريري؛ معلمتي؛ غرفتكَ؛ كتابكِ؛ حقيبتها؛ دفتره
  • using singular personal pronouns, both masculine and feminine, with appropriate simple present tense verbs to describe aspects of home or school life, for example, تحبّ أمي العمل؛ هي نشيطة؛ يحب أبي الطبخ؛ هو ماهر
  • understanding and responding to basic familiar instructions using imperatives, for example, إفتح الباب؛ أجلس في مكانك؛ لا تتكلم دون إذن؛ نظّف غرفتك؛ اكمل عملك
  • exploring the use of simple conjunctions such as و؛ أو؛ أيضا؛ كذلك
  • using adverbs of place and time to expand expression, for example,

    باكراً؛ صباحاً؛ بعيداً ؛ قريباً؛ شرقاً؛ غرباً

  • understanding and using singular nouns and regular plural noun endings in masculine and feminine forms, for example, معلم/معلمون؛ معلمة/معلمات؛
  • expressing negation in simple sentences, for example, لا أحب السفر؛ ليس لدي إخوة
  • using a range of adjectives in singular form to describe appearance, feelings and personalities, for example,

    أمي طويلة وأبي وسيم؛ صديقي سعيد ومعلمتي حزينة؛ أخي ظريف وأختي مزعجة

  • using past tense verbs to recount events related to home and school contexts, for example,

    قدمت فرضي للمعلمة؛ تأخرت عن الدرس؛ نمت متأخرا؛ نسيت كتبي في البيت

  • understanding and using simple question words in their interactions with peers, for example,

    متى أتيت إلى البيت؟ من أعدّ لك الفطور؟ ماذا احضرتِ للغداء؟ كيف أتيت إلى المدرسة؟

  • developing knowledge of cardinal and ordinal numbers to describe time and date, for example, (آذار) الساعة الواحدة ظهراً؛ اليوم السادس من إبريل (نيسان)/اليوم أربعة مارس
  • applying rules of present tense verb conjugation when speaking to peers and the teacher, for example,

    أنتَ تدرس كثيرا؛ أنتِ تلعبين مع غيري؛ أنتم تلاميذ مجتهدون

  • building metalanguage to describe grammatical concepts and develop learning resources, for example, verb charts, vocabulary lists, and groups of pronouns, adverbs or adjectives

  VCARU013 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU157

  Understand how space is used in Auslan to show who is involved in an event through the meaningful location of nouns and verbs, the use of depicting signs and enacting

  Elaborations

  • recognising that non-body-anchored nouns can be located in space and identifying instances of this
  • discussing the functions of different pointing signs, such as pronouns, determiners and locatives
  • noticing that single-digit numbers can be separate lexical items or merged into other signs (numeral incorporation) such as those for ages (for example, 5-YEARS-OLD) or adverbs of time (for example, 3-WEEKS-AGO) or pronouns (WE3, WE4)
  • understanding that some verb forms in Auslan indicate who is involved in a verb by changing the direction of the movement or orientation of the handshape
  • noticing the relationship between the location of referents in real space and the direction of some indicating verbs in a text
  • identifying instances of DSs with appropriate support
  • comparing English adjectives with SASS DSs

  VCASFU157 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU229

  Recognise and restrict signing to the standard signing space, and understand that pronouns, depicting signs and verbs can be located meaningfully in that space to show participants in a process

  Elaborations

  • describing the range of signing space in normal signed discourse
  • recognising that non-body-anchored nouns can be located in space and identifying instances of this
  • comparing and contrasting Auslan and English pronouns, in particular noticing that Auslan pronouns don’t show gender but they can show location and a specific number of referents, for example, WE2 (inclusive) and WE3 (inclusive) or WE2-NOT-INCLUDING-YOU (exclusive)
  • discussing the functions of different pointing signs, such as pronouns, determiners, locatives
  • noticing that enacting a role or modifying the beginning and end locations of some verbs can show the referents involved, for example:
    PRO1 ASK PRO3 versus PRO1 ASK-_her
    PRO3 ASK-_me CA:I-was-shocked
    
  • identifying what sorts of things can be represented in a DS by a particular handshape, for example a distant person, pole or tree can be represented by a point handshape, and a cylinder can be traced by a C handshape
  • identifying examples of DSs in an Auslan text, and recognising that handshape and movement represent different things in each type of DS, for example:
    • entity DSs: the handshape is an object or person, and the movement is the movement or location of that object or person
    • handling DSs: the handshape represents a person’s hands touching or moving another object, and the movement shows how the hands move
    • SASS DSs: the handshape and movement outline the shape or size of something

  VCASFU229 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU103

  Recognise and restrict signing to the standard signing space, and understand that particular signs, depicting signs, some verbs, enacting and pronouns make use of spatial relationships

  Elaborations

  • describing the range of signing space in normal signed discourse
  • recognising that non-body-anchored nouns can be located in the signing space and identifying instances of this
  • noticing that Auslan pronouns are different from English because they don’t show gender but they can show the location and a specific number of referents, for example, WE2 (inclusive) and WE3 (inclusive) or WE2-NOT-INLCLUDING-YOU (exclusive)
  • noticing that a point can refer to a person, place or thing
  • noticing that enacting a role or modifying the beginning and end locations of some verbs can show the referents involved, for example:
    PRO1 ASK PRO3 versus PRO1 ASK-_her
    PRO3 ASK-_me CA:I-was-shocked
    
  • identifying what sorts of things can be represented in a DS by a particular handshape, for example a distant person, pole or tree can be represented by a point handshape, and a cylinder can be traced by a C handshape

  • distinguishing between entity, handling or SASS DSs by looking at what the handshape represents in each type:

    • entity: the handshape is an object or person
    • handling: the handshape represents a person’s hands touching or moving another object
    • SASS: the handshape traces the shape or size

  VCASFU103 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU140

  Recognise that groups of words are combined to make a clause and that Auslan has word classes such as nouns, adjectives or verbs, and distinguish between statements and questions

  Elaborations

  • categorising noun signs into those for people, animals, places or things
  • learning that proper nouns can have a sign name or be fingerspelled
  • knowing that adjectives describe nouns in different ways, such as how they look (BIG or RED), feel (SOFT or HOT), smell (SMELLY) or sound (LOUD)
  • identifying verb signs (SIT, EAT, FEEL, WONDER, HAVE) and recognising that they are central to a clause
  • noticing there is no equivalent of the verb ‘to be’ in Auslan, which is a significant difference to English
  • understanding that a clause is one or more signs expressing a single idea and that a clause has at least one verb, but often one or more nouns as well, for example:
    CALL-_him
    I called him.
    MAN THERE GO-TO POSS3 HOUSE
    That man went to his house.
    BIG MONSTER SCREAM
    A big monster screamed.
    
  • recognising different nouns in clauses, including those that are shown with a pointing sign, such as GIRL READ versus PRO3 READ, or VISIT FRIEND versus VISIT PRO3
  • noticing that Auslan has more flexibility in word order than in English
  • distinguishing between clauses that are statements and those that are questions

  VCASFU140 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU115

  Understand some first elements of German grammar, such as simple verb forms, definite articles and pronouns, to identify and describe people and objects in the family and school domains

  Elaborations

  • noticing that German has multiple words for ‘the’ and ‘a/an’
  • identifying people, animals and things using an article and a concrete noun (der Lehrer, eine Freundin) or a pronoun (ich, du, er, sie, es, wir)
  • using the possessive adjectives mein/e and dein/e or a form of haben and an indefinite article to express a relationship to a person or object, for example, Das ist mein Bleistift; Ich habe einen Bruder
  • describing people, animals or objects using bin/bist/ist and an adjective, for example, Ich bin klein; Der Bär ist braun; Das Buch ist neu
  • understanding and describing actions using verbs such as gehen, kommen, machen, malen, lesen, schreiben, sehen, singen, spielen and wohnen
  • negating verbs and adjectives using nicht
  • understanding and using some question words and the intended/related answer in limited contexts, including was (an object), wer (a person), wie (manner), wo (a place), wann (a time) and wie viele (quantity)
  • understanding the location or origin of a person or object, such as hier, links and rechts, and prepositions such as auf, aus, hinter, in, neben and unter
  • gaining awareness of vocabulary referring to time, such as days, months, time of day (Morgen, Nachmittag, Mittag) and o’clock time, for example, Es ist drei Uhr.
  • gaining awareness of terms referring to quantities of people and things, including cardinal numbers (0–20) and mehr, viel/e, nichts and kein/e

  VCDEU115 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELA179

  Explore differences in words that represent people, places and things (nouns, including pronouns), happenings and states (verbs), qualities (adjectives) and details such as when, where and how (adverbs)

  Elaborations

  • talking about effective words that describe a place, person or event
  • learning how a sentence can be made more vivid by adding adjectives, adverbs and unusual verbs

  VCELA179 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELU149

  Develop knowledge of grammatical elements such as tenses, combining them with an increasing range of verbs, nouns and adjectives, and use conjunctions to construct and expand sentences

  Elaborations

  • describing present, past and future actions, situations and events using familiar verbs, for example, Παίζω στο σχολείο, Θα διαβάσω αύριο, Κάνει ζέστη σήμερα, Xθες ήταν Τρίτη, Αύριο θα είναι Σάββατο
  • expressing preferences, for example, Μου αρέσει πολύ, Δε μου αρέσει
  • using correct word order to ask questions and make requests, for example, Θέλεις το βιβλίο; Τον λένε Γιώργο;
  • using numbers in different contexts, such as telling the time, stating dates, ordering/shopping, or in simple descriptions, for example, Είναι μία η ώρα, Τα γενέθλιά μου είναι στις 8 Απριλίου, Πέντε κιλά πατάτες παρακαλώ
  • using the plural form of common nouns, for example, το αγόρι, τα αγόρια, η μπανάνα, οι μπανάνες
  • recognising the agreement between nouns, adjectives and gender, for example, Μία μεγάλη τσάντα, δύο μικρές τσάντες, η κόκκινη πόρτα, ο άσπρος γάτος
  • using simple conjunctions such as και, αλλά, γιατί to create compound or complex sentences, for example, in descriptions of self, family, friends, hobbies, for example, Παίζω πιάνο, αλλά μου αρέσει και η κιθάρα
  • expanding vocabulary base by using and recognising common everyday nouns

  VCELU149 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU115

  Understand elements of grammar such as word order, verb forms and personal pronouns related to questions, commands and short sentences, and develop vocabulary to describe self, friends and family

  Elaborations

  • recognising the order of words in phrases and sentences, for example, η μαμά μου, Δεν κάνει κρύο, Nα η θεία μου
  • observing that the accent mark indicates emphasis, for example, το βιβλίο, η γάτα, ο σκύλος
  • recognising that all nouns, in particular names in Greek, have an article and gender, for example, η Άννα, το σκυλί, ο μπαμπάς
  • understanding that adjectives have gender, for example, κόκκινος, κόκκινη, κόκκινο, μεγάλος, μεγάλη, μεγάλο, καλός, καλή, καλό
  • using adverbs to show where, for example, έξω, μέσα, εδώ, εκεί, πάνω, κάτω, γύρω
  • using simple adjectives and adverbs to enhance sentences, for example, Κάνει λίγο κρύο, Σ’ αγαπώ πολύ μαμά! Το σπίτι είναι πολύ μεγάλο
  • using verbs in the first person to describe aspects of self, for example, Είμαι αγόρι, είμαι έξι, έχω γάτα
  • recognising terms for common everyday nouns, for example, η πόρτα, η καρέκλα, το σπίτι, ο μπαμπάς
  • responding to and issuing commands, for example, έλα εδώ, κάτσε κάτω
  • responding to questions which include verbs in the second person, singular or plural, such as Πόσω(ν) χρονών είσαι; Τι κάνετε;
  • developing number knowledge for numbers up to 29 and using them in sentences such as Είμαι έξι
  • beginning to use conjunctions such as και

  VCELU115 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU166

  Apply knowledge of grammatical features, such as tense, voice, regular and irregular verbs, adverbs, pronouns and adjectives, and use conjunctions to construct compound and complex sentences

  Elaborations

  • using a range of tenses and voices to describe routines and actions
  • using a range of regular and irregular verbs to develop sentence structures, for example, Χτες είδα το Γιάννη και μου είπε τα νέα
  • using adjectives to describe and compare people and aspects of the immediate environment, for example, O Γιάννης είναι ψηλός αλλά η Μαρία είναι πιο ψηλή/ψηλότερη, and using simple word order (subject–verb–object), for example, Η Άννα τρώει καρπούζι
  • using adverbs to modify and intensify the meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, αρκετά, πολύ, λίγο
  • using pronouns such as αυτός, κάτι, as substitutes in sentences
  • recognising that some Greek nouns do not always reflect their grammatical gender, for example, in η γιατρός
  • using suffixes to vary and intensify the meaning of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, for example, to create diminutives/augmentatives such as μικρούλι, γατούλα, σπιτάκι, Γιαννάκης, ομαδάρα, σπιταρόνα
  • creating compound and complex sentences by using conjunctions, for example, Δε θα πάω στο σχολείο την Τετάρτη, γιατί θα πάω στη Μελβούρνη με την οικογένειά μου

  VCELU166 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU013

  Recognise and use vocabulary and grammatical elements such as articles, pronouns and gender forms, and a limited range of common verbs in the present tense to create simple sentences and phrases

  Elaborations

  • using nouns and verbs, recognising agreement and word order, for example, Η μαμά μου είναι ...
  • understanding and applying the concept of verb conjugation by using appropriate verb endings
  • indicating quantity using plural forms, for example, ο, η, το, οι, οι, τα
  • using negative expressions such as δεν, μη
  • conjugating the present tense
  • using common verbs such as γράφω, θέλω, τρέχω to describe simple actions
  • using definite and indefinite articles, for example, ο, η, το,ένας, μία, ένα
  • applying appropriate gender to nouns
  • using singular and plural pronouns εγώ, εσύ, αυτός/η/ο, εμείς, εσείς, αυτοί/ες/α
  • developing knowledge of vocabulary related to personal world, for example, self, family, friends, school and home, leisure activities, food and drink

  VCELU013 | Languages | Modern Greek | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU121

  Notice and apply grammatical rules such as those relating to gender, simple verb forms and definite articles when describing people, places, things and relationships

  Elaborations

  • learning the structure of simple affirmative/negative statements and questions based on models, for example, No tengo perro. Gloria come verduras. ¿María tiene cinco años?
  • recognising definite and indefinite articles with nouns, for example, la mesa, una mesa; el niño, un niño
  • noticing that adjectives usually follow nouns and are used to describe the colour, size, shape or characteristics of a person, place or object, for example, la casa grande, el balón gris, la silla amarilla, un auto azul, una mesa cuadrada, una niña alta
  • noticing and using singular masculine or feminine forms of nouns and adjectives, for example, el plátano delicioso, la canción chilena
  • understanding and responding to basic familiar instructions and imperatives, for example, siéntate, escucha, cierra la puerta, silencio
  • observing gender in patterns of naming, for example, Julio/Julia, Patricio/Patricia
  • using subject pronouns to identify people, objects or animals, for example, Yo, tú, él, ella
  • building vocabulary related to familiar environments (lápiz, casa, mamá, papá), and using cognates such as animal, color, triángulo, familia…
  • learning simple verbs to express likes and dislikes, for example, comer, bailar, hablar, correr, jugar and caminar, and using them in modelled and formulaic expressions such as No me gusta correr/caminar; ¿Te gusta este juguete?
  • using singular possessive adjectives, for example, mi casa, mi hermano, tu amiga

  VCESU121 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU175

  Understand and control grammatical structures such as different forms of the past tense, regular and irregular verbs, interrogative and imperative moods, and conjunctions in a range of familiar types of texts

  Elaborations

  • conjugating common regular verbs and high-frequency irregular verbs (ir, tener, ser, haber) in the present (hablo inglés) past (nadasteis en el río) and present perfect (¿han llegado ya?) tenses
  • using present, past and future tenses of modal verbs, for example, no pudo comer, debemos dormir bien
  • using adjectives to describe and compare people and some aspects of the environment, for example, mi tía es generosa, los Andes son inmensos
  • using adverbs to modify the meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, casi nunca, demasiado
  • using subject-verb-object word order and comparing it to English structures, for example, Simón busca la información para la tarea en la red
  • expressing quantity, for example, miles de personas, mucha gente, varios libros, tanto dinero, pocas ideas, bastante calor, algunos amigos
  • joining elements of more complex sentences using conjunctions, for example, y, pero, porque, además
  • using interrogative and imperative moods, for example, ¿Has comido? ¡Abre la puerta!
  • indicating possession by using de followed by a pronoun (de él) or noun, for example, El carro de mi mamá, Las camisas de mi hermano

  VCESU175 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU139

  Notice and apply elements of Spanish grammar such as gender, singular/plural forms, adjectives, adverbs, verb forms, pronouns and prepositions in simple spoken, written and digital texts

  Elaborations

  • specifying location or direction using prepositions such as en, encima, debajo, a la izquierda and a la derecha, for example, La regla está en el estuche
  • using imperatives to tell others to do something, for example, date prisa, colorea el dibujo
  • using question words to seek information, for example, ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Dónde está tu casa? ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes? ¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?
  • using a range of adjectives to describe appearance and to express feelings or personality, for example, extraño, fantástico, estupendo, serio, responsable, inteligente
  • linking ideas using conjunctions such as y, o and pero
  • noticing the use of personal pronouns, for example, yo, tú, él, ella, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/as
  • using possessive adjectives in singular and plural forms, for example, nuestra clase, vuestra escuela, tu abuela, mis amigos, tus compañeros
  • using cardinal numbers to describe quantity, to tell the time and for dates and ages, for example, tengo cinco amigas, Son las tres en punto, Hoy es veintiuno de agosto, Tengo nueve años
  • using common verbs in familiar contexts, for example, ser and estar, dormir, estudiar and cantar
  • identifying and applying the use of singular, plural and gender forms in simple sentences, for example, la motocicleta es negra, los bolsos son verdes
  • using words and expressions to locate events in time (hoy, ayer, mañana), to describe weather (Hoy hace calor) and to name days of the week (Mañana es lunes)
  • using suffixes such as –ísimo/a- and –ito/a to modify the meaning of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, for example, lentísimo; graciosísimos; casita; gatito
  • building metalanguage to talk about grammar and vocabulary (singular, plural, masculino, femenino, artículo, adjetivo, sinónimo…) and comparing with equivalent terms in English

  VCESU139 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU103

  Understand and use elements of the French grammatical system, including word order, gender and number variation, and present and compound forms of regular and some irregular verbs

  Elaborations

  • using and understanding nouns as core elements of sentence structure
  • using definite and indefinite articles (le, la, l’, les; un, une, des)
  • marking plural forms (le chien/les chiens, une femme/des femmes), including some irregular plural forms (l’œil/les yeux, le nez/les nez)
  • understanding and using the three main conjugations for present tense regular verbs -er, -ir and -re, and the irregular present tense conjugations of the verbs être, avoir, aller and faire
  • understanding that while some adjectives in French follow the noun (un élève intelligent, un match extraordinaire), some precede the noun (une bonne étudiante, une grande maison)
  • understanding that adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun (des élèves intelligents, de bonnes étudiantes) and that des changes to de if the adjective precedes the noun
  • understanding the form and function of subject pronouns je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils and elles, how they determine verb conjugations and substitute for noun subjects (voila le frère de Michel; il est beau, n’est-ce pas?)
  • recognising and using locative prepositions à, en, au, aux and dans when describing where people live (Jean-François habite à Montréal au Canada, ma copine Juliette habite aux Phlippines, la famille Maréchal habite dans une ferme)
  • using the negative ne…pas in simple statements, questions and commands (je n’aime pas l’histoire, tu n’aimes pas le bifteck? ne recommence pas!), recognising substitution of the indefinite article with de in negative sentences (Non, je n’ai pas de frère. J’ai une sœur)
  • understanding three ways of forming a question: a simple declarative sentence with rising intonation (tu as un animal chez toi?), inverting the verb form (as-tu un animal chez toi?), and using est-ce que before a declarative sentence (est-ce que tu as un animal chez toi?)
  • gaining awareness of simple and compound tenses, using le passé composé to recount events that occurred in the past and le futur proche to describe immediate future events (il a regardé la télé, il va regarder la télé)
  • expressing ownership through the use of singular and plural possessive adjectives (mes yeux, ses cheveux, ta mère, ses copains)
  • using the imperative verb mood (mes enfants, soyez sages! va demander à ta mère)
  • recognising the function of irregular verbs such as avoir, être and faire in expressions such as avoir faim, avoir 13 ans and faire beau and as auxiliary verb forms (je suis arrivé, nous avons mangé)
  • recognising the functions of elements such as prefixes and suffixes (désagréable, la camionette, la réorganization) and how word patterns and clusters connect (triste, la tristesse; le marché, le marchand, la marchandise)
  • building metalanguage to talk about grammar and vocabulary (for example, les formes négatives, interrogatives, le futur proche, masculin, féminin, singulier, pluriel), and comparing with equivalent English terms

  VCFRU103 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language