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• VCITU128

  Extend knowledge of and use more complex features and patterns of the Italian grammatical system, including possessive, reflexive, demonstrative and relative pronouns; irregular and reflexive verbs; and comparatives and superlatives

  Elaborations

  • learning how to use:
    
    • articles — rules for inclusion or omission, for example, mio padre and il mio papà; Buongiorno signora… È la signora …
      
    • nouns — irregular plurals (for example, la città/le città, il dito/le dita), and collective nouns, for example, la gente
      
    • pronouns — possessive, reflexive, demonstrative and relative
      
    • comparatives and superlatives (regular and irregular) to make descriptions more precise, for example, Il film è piu bello del romanzo; è bellissimo
      
    • adverbs of time and manner, for example, ieri, di solito
      
    • prepositions (articulated or simple) to indicate destinations and directions, for example, in Italia, a Roma, al parco
      
    • interrogatives, for example, Chi …? Quando …? Come…?
      
    • verbs indicating action in the present (including irregular verbs and reflexives) and action across time: present perfect; imperfect; exposure to the future and conditional tenses and impersonal si; use of modals to indicate ability/willingness/necessity
      
    • compound sentences (for example, Mi piace la pizza ma preferisco le lasagne), and complex sentences, for example, La città che ho visitato era bellissima

  VCITU128 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCITU109

  Understand and use key features and patterns of the Italian grammatical system, including definite and indefinite articles, gender and agreement, present tense of regular and common irregular verbs, and simple sentence construction

  Elaborations

  • learning how to use:
    
    • nouns to identify people and objects — singular and plural regular forms, gender, some exceptions; developing awareness of various categories of nouns with common endings such as -ista, -zione, -tore and -trice (for example, il/la dentista, la stazione, il vincitore/la vincitrice) and comparing them to their English equivalents
      
    • definite and indefinite articles — use and omission
      
    • adjectives to describe things (including agreement and exceptions); and possessive adjectives, for example, Il mio libro
      
    • demonstratives, for example, Questo è il libro
      
    • interrogatives, for example, Chi, che, cosa, quale, come?
      
    • subject pronouns, for example, io, tu, lui, lei
      
    • numerals — cardinal, ordinal, dates, time
      
    • prepositions of time and place to describe when and where
      
    • articulated prepositions with a, da, in, di, su (for recognition only)
      
    • commonly used adverbs to qualify verbs and adjectives
      
    • verbs describing state (essere), possession (avere) and regular verbs describing actions in the present tense (for example parlare, cantare)
      
    • sentence structure to construct simple sentences in Italian ([subject]–verb–object); making statements, asking questions and giving/receiving instructions (verb + object), for example, Chiudi il libro!
      
    • negation to form negative statements and questions, for example, Non ti piace il gelato

  VCITU109 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU165

  Understand and use aspects of the Korean grammatical system such as verb conjugations, suffixes, some particles, basic conjunctions and the honorific system, building a metalanguage to talk about basic grammatical features in Korean

  Elaborations

  • expressing simple events occurring in the past using –었/았–, for example, 캔버라에 살았어요
  • making simple negation using 안 and 못, for example, 비가 안 와요, 김치를 못먹었어요
  • expressing events occurring in sequence by using:
    • conjunctive adverbs such as 그리고 at the beginning of thesecond of two sentences, for example, 밥을 먹어요. 그리고 운동해요
    • a conjunctive suffix (clausal connective) in a coordinative structure –고, for example, 밥을 먹고 운동해요
  • using particles –하고 (as a meaning of ‘together with’) and–에서, for example, 친구하고 쇼핑했어요, 학교에서 공부해요
  • using a structure, a noun + –(으)로, as a set phrase and understanding the meaning of the particle–(으)로, for example, 펜으로 쓰세요. 한국어로 뭐예요?
  • using the complex structures –(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 and –도 되다 in the informal polite style ending –‍어/아요 to express opinions and give/request permission, for example, 맞는 것 같아요; 가도 돼요?
  • using question words to ask about reasons and prices in set phrases 왜요? and 얼마예요? and asking about states, feelings or opinions using 어때요, for example, 영화가 어땠어요?
  • recognising the formal polite ending –ㅂ/습니다 and the intimate ending –어/아, 해, and understanding the different contexts where different levels of politeness and formality are indicated by verb endings, for example, 미안합니다/미안해요/미안해
  • recognising how word ordersare different and syntactic functions are realised differently in simple sentences in Korean and English, for example,‘저는 (subject) 사과를 (object) 먹어요 (verb)’ versus ‘I (subject) eat (verb) an apple (object)’

  VCKOU165 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU127

  Recognise some basic features of the Korean grammatical system, such as the verb- final rule, the sentence-final –요, and notice chunks in which a noun or pronoun is combined with a case marker as part of a sentence

  Elaborations

  • recognising –요 at the end of a sentence through its repetitive use in sentences such as 따라하세요 and 안녕하세요?
  • noticing that the Korean copula alternates between two forms (–이에요 and –예요) and using it with own names, for example, 마이클이에요/매튜예요
  • understanding that 저 is used to refer to the self
  • identifying a structure where a noun ora pronoun is followed by a basic case marker such as –은/는, –이/가 and –을/를 (for example, 저는) as a chunk which has a syntactic function in a sentence
  • understanding how to make a simple question using a basic question word, for example, 뭐 좋아해요?

  VCKOU127 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU184

  Understand and use grammatical forms and structures such as suffixes for tense, honorifics and polite style marking, and auxiliary verbs and particles, using appropriate metalanguage to identify or explain forms, structures and parts of speech

  Elaborations

  • extending the use of case markers and particles to express the genitive case (소라의 생일이에요), a time frame (아침부터 저녁까지 서핑했어요), the instrumental case (색연필로 그림을 그려요) and the directional case (왼쪽으로 가세요), and to use a nominal connective –와/과 (불고기와 김치를 먹어요)
  • learning how to modify a noun by using an adjectival form of the premodifying descriptive verb suffixed by –(으)ㄴ, for example, 좋은 생각, 착한 사람
  • expressing future plans using –(으)ㄹ 거예요, for example, 한국에 갈 거예요
  • expressing intention or conjecture using –겠–, for example, 파티에 참석하겠어요, 비가 오겠어요
  • asking for or offering suggestions using –(으)ㄹ까요?, for example, 무엇을 살까요? 이 책을 읽을까요?
  • connecting clauses using conjunctive suffixes (clausal connectives) such as –어/아서, –지만, –(으)면 to express events or ideas in different relationships
  • identifying time references expressed by forms and structures of verbs such as –었/았– and –(으)ㄹ 거예요 and learning how to use them in two-clause sentences, for example, 김치가맛있었지만 조금 짰어요; 학교에 가서 공부할 거예요
  • using basic complex-verb structures such as –어/아 주다, –고 있다, –(으)ㄹ 줄 알다, –(으)ㄹ수 있다 and –어/아 보다 as set phrases in their –어/아요 form to express complex ideas, for example, 보여 주세요, 자고 있어요, 할 줄 알아요, 먹을 수 있어요, 읽어 보세요
  • learning how to construct noun phrases out of verbs using a suffix –기 and using it with case markers or particles, for example, 한국어를 배우기가 쉬워요
  • extending the use of polite language to honorific particles and humble/honorific words, for example, 할머니께 선물을 드렸어요; 할아버지, 진지 드세요
  • understanding and developing metalanguage for parts of speech relating to grammatical functions such as naming (학교, 연필), referring to people or objects (나/저, 이것/저것/그것), qualifying things (예쁜 꽃) and expressing actions, states or qualities (먹어요, 좋아요)
  • comparing how the case of a noun or pronoun is identified in Korean and English sentences, for example, 저는 사과를 먹어요 versus ‘I eat apples’

  VCKOU184 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex Latin sentences, including subordinate clauses, non-finite verb forms, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • identifying the endings of fourth and fifth declension nouns, for example, exercitus, cornua; dies, fides
  • acknowledging that nouns may have unexpected genders, for example, first declension agricola (m), second declension pirus (f)
  • recognising relative, emphatic and indefinite pronouns, for example, qui, quae, quod; ipse; quisquis; quidam
  • recognising reflexive pronouns and adjectives, for example, se; suus
  • analysing case usage of nouns in all five declensions, for example, partitive genitive quid novi?
  • identifying and understanding the use of the locative case, for example, Romae, Pompeiis
  • identifying and understanding words used in apposition in all cases, for example, Venus, dea, est pulchra
  • explaining case usage of pronouns, for example, personal ego, tu, nos, vos; demonstrative hic, ille; interrogative quis, quis, quid; relative qui, quae, quod; emphatic ipse, ipsa, ipsum; reflexive me, te, nos, vos, se
  • distinguishing the use of different moods
  • extending identification of indicative endings of regular and irregular verbs to different tenses
  • understanding the concept of the principal parts for verbs in all conjugations, for example, voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum; sum, esse, fui
  • identifying and understanding the use of infinitives for all four conjugations and irregular verbs, for example, a prolative infinitive with amat, such as natare amat
  • recognising impersonal expressions, for example, mihi difficile est dormire
  • understanding the use of present, future and perfect participles, for example, clamans, moriturus, vocatus
  • recognising passive voice forms and the forms of deponent verbs and distinguishing their meanings, for example, laudata est – she has been praised; collapsa est – she collapsed
  • distinguishing in complex sentences between principal and subordinate clauses, for example, relative, causal, temporal, concessive, conditional, such as si/nisi with the indicative
  • recognising comparison of adjectives and adverbs, regular and irregular, for example, stulta, stultior, stultissima; malus, peior, pessimus
  • recognising quam + superlative, for example, quam celerrime
  • understanding conventions of the use of numbers to express distance, capacity, time and price, for example, duo milia passuum, quinquaginta denariis
  • understanding the conventions of the Roman calendar, for example, a.d. XIV Kal Jul
  • recognising creative variations in Latin word order, for example, delay of a key word or clause to create suspense, ordering of clauses to increase impact, bracketing/nesting, juxtaposition

  VCLAU023 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU030

  Expand grammatical and vocabulary knowledge to communicate, link and extend ideas, for example, using cohesive devices such as conjunctions, verbs to express modality, direct/indirect speech, abstract vocabulary and common Vietnamese idioms

  Elaborations

  • knowing how to use alternatives for negative (chưa, không, chẳng, đâu có) and imperative (chớ, đừng) sentences in Vietnamese, for example, Em không/chẳng ăn đâu. Chớ/đừng nói chuyện trong lớp!
  • differentiating interrogative forms with tag questions and knowing how to use them according to context, for example, Em thích ăn cơm chiên không? (a yes/no question to discover whether the other person likes fried rice) and Em thích ăn cơm chiên phải không? (a tag question to confirm that the other person likes fried rice)
  • recognising differences in Vietnamese and English responses to negative tag questions to avoid misinterpretation, for example, in Vietnamese the response to the question Em chưa làm bài tập về nhà phải không? (‘You haven’t done your homework, have you?’) would be Dạ phải. Em chưa làm (‘YES, I haven’t’), while in English it would be ‘NO, I haven’t’
  • recognising the purpose and effect of exclamatory sentences as opposed to statements, for example, the statement Hôm nay Lan đi học sớm simply states the fact that Lan came to school early today, while the exclamatory sentence Hôm nay Lan đi học sớm (thế)! may suggest surprise or irony
  • using a range of sentence types, such as interrogative, affirmative, negative and imperative forms, for different purposes, such as formulating questions, agreeing with or making statements, expressing dislikes, and making polite requests, for example, Bạn thích đọc sách hay xem phim hơn? Tôi thích xem phim hơn đọc sách. Tôi không thích trời mưa. Làm ơn nói nhỏ lại
  • understanding the use of được and bị in Vietnamese for positive and negative meaning, for example, Em được điểm tốt. Em được thầy cô khen. Em bị bệnh. Em bị ba mẹ la
  • understanding and using Vietnamese verbs such as nên, cần and phải to express modality, for example, Các em nên chăm học. Chúng ta cần bảo tồn văn hóa Việt Nam ở hải ngoại. Học sinh phải mặc đồng phục khi đi học
  • using direct and indirect speech to report on ideas, opinions, actions and events, for example, Ba mẹ nói với tôi: ‘Con nên chăm học.’ and Ba mẹ bảo tôi nên chăm học
  • using a range of cohesive devices, such as thứ nhất, thứ nhì, trước hết, kế đến, rồi, sau cùng, ngoài ra, hơn nữa, tuy nhiên, bên cạnh đó, to sequence, add or connect ideas in texts
  • connecting and contrasting ideas, events and actions by using conjunctions to emphasise contrast or cause and effect, such as tuy … nhưng, nếu … thì and vì … (cho) nên, for example, Tuy không giàu có nhưng gia đình tôi rất hạnh phúc. Nếu chăm học thì chúng ta sẽ mau tiến bộ.
  • understanding conjunctions such as càng … càng, vừa … vừa …, chẳng những … mà còn and không … mà cũng không, and using them as appropriate to context and purpose, for example, Càng học em càng hiểu biết nhiều hơn. Học sinh Việt Nam vừa thông minh vừa chăm chỉ. Em chẳng những biết nói mà còn biết viết tiếng Việt nữa.
  • using a range of expressions for indefinite quantities, for example, hàng ngàn, triệu triệu, vô số, hàng hà sa số, biết bao nhiêu là …
  • expanding vocabulary knowledge to include a range of common nouns, adjectives and verbs for everyday interactions at home and school, on topics such as friendship (Bạn tốt thì luôn sẵn sàng giúp đỡ lẫn nhau), leisure activities (Tôi đã có dịp thưởng thức một buổi hòa nhạc rất thú vị), teenage life (Giới trẻ ngày nay giỏi khoa học kỹ thuật hơn thế hệ trước) and special events (Năm nào tôi cũng đi hội chợ Tết để tìm hiểu thêm về văn hóa Việt Nam)
  • recognising the features of alliteration in Vietnamese, for example, vui vẻ, mát mẻ, lanh lợi, thân thiện, lạnh lùng, tử tế, and using them in own spoken and written texts, for example, Mùa thu thời tiết mát mẻ, dễ chịu. Thầy/Cô giáo tiếng Việt của em rất thân thiện và vui vẻ với học sinh. Anh ta trông có vẻ lạnh lùng nhưng thật ra rất tử tế
  • understanding Vietnamese onomatopoeic words, such as ầm ầm, ào ào, rào rào, rì rào, róc rách, tí tách, đì đùng, and using them in own spoken and written texts, for example, thác đổ ầm ầm, mưa rơi tí tách, gió thổi rì rào, suối chảy róc rách, pháo nổ đì đùng
  • exploring the meaning of Sino-Vietnamese words and providing their equivalents in modern Vietnamese, for example, tổ quốc = đất nước, phụ nữ = đàn bà, huynh đệ = anh em, phi trường = sân bay
  • using adjectives and verbs to express and convey emotions and attitudes, for example, vui mừng, hạnh phúc, tự hào, hãnh diện, hổ thẹn, thú vị, buồn chán; thích, thương, kính phục, ghét, coi thường, đồng ý, ủng hộ, tán thành, phản đối
  • using evaluative language to express perspectives, for example, hấp dẫn, thú vị, nhàm chán, tiện lợi, hữu ích, biện pháp thực tế/thiết thực
  • inferring the rules of forming abstract nouns from adjectives and verbs used to express attitudes, feelings and emotions by exploring various examples of abstract nouns such as tình thương, sở thích, niềm vui, hạnh phúc, nỗi buồn/khổ

  VCVIU030 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU013

  Develop knowledge of common grammatical elements and structures such as nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives, verbs, compound words, adverbs of frequency, conjunctions, statements, negations and questions, to describe events, actions and qualities of people and objects, and to express courtesy...

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Vietnamese has multiple words for personal pronouns, for example, con, cháu, em and tôi can be used to indicate both first and second person depending on relationships
  • using appropriate terms of address for diverse speakers in different contexts, for example, ông, bà, anh, chị, em
  • understanding that personal pronouns in Vietnamese do not change according to their grammatical function as in English, for example, Anh ta biết tôi nhưng tôi không biết anh ta (‘He knows me but I don’t know him’)
  • exploring and using pluralisation of nouns, for example, hai cái áo (‘two shirts’), những/nhiều/các ngôi nhà (‘houses’), making connections and comparisons between Vietnamese and English
  • understanding the position of nouns and adjectives in Vietnamese compared to English, for example, một học sinh giỏi versus ‘a good student’
  • using concrete nouns related to self, family, home, school and the local environment, including loan words from other languages, for example, thức ăn, quần áo, gia đình, cha mẹ, trường học, học sinh, thầy cô, bạn bè, chợ, nhà hàng, trạm xe lửa, tivi, game, internet, email, canteen, gara sale, online shopping, sushi, pizza, McDonald, chocolate, cà rốt, ya-ua, nhẩm xà/yumcha
  • using adjectives to describe the appearance and personality of people, places, events, actions and objects, for example, già, trẻ, rộng lớn, chật hẹp, quan trọng, thú vị, anh hùng, mắc, rẻ, tốt, xấu
  • exploring and using synonyms, for example, chăm chỉ = siêng năng; ngăn nắp = gọn gàng, and antonyms, for example, tốt ≠ xấu; mới ≠ cũ; ngày ≠ đêm; nóng ≠ lạnh
  • recognising and using Vietnamese prefixes such as vô and bất to form antonyms, for example, lễ phép ≠ vô phép; có duyên ≠ vô duyên; lịch sự ≠ bất lịch sự; cẩn thận ≠ bất cẩn
  • using adverbs to modify verbs and adjectives, and to indicate time, for example, chạy nhanh, học giỏi, hát hay, đẹp lắm, hay quá, hôm qua, ngày mai, tuần rồi, tháng tới
  • experimenting with the use of prepositions (trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, ở giữa), for example, ở trên trời, ở trên bàn, ở dưới đất, ở nhà, ở thành phố, ở ngoài đường
  • recognising possessive cases using formation of noun + pronoun/noun or của, for example, ba mẹ (của) tôi, anh/chị (của) tôi, nhà/trường/lớp (của) tôi
  • using some honorific words to express courtesy, for example, dạ, dạ thưa, kính thưa, kính chào
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using common simple conjunctions, for example, Tôi và bạn, Cuối tuần bạn thường đi bơi hay đi xem phim? Tôi thích ăn phở nhưng chị tôi thích ăn mì
  • understanding that Vietnamese does not conjugate verbs according to number, gender and/or tense, for example, Tôi/Bạn tôi thích phim hoạt họa
  • understanding and describing past, current and future events using appropriate terms for time expressions such as đã, sẽ, đang, chưa, rồi, for example, Tôi ăn rồi. Tôi đã sống ở đây hai năm. Ngày mai tôi sẽ đi coi phim
  • using simple sentence structures (subject + predicate) to construct affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences, including closed and open-ended questions with ai, cái gì, gì, nào, ở đâu, thế nào, tại sao, for example, Tôi thích ăn cơm. Tôi không thích ăn cháo. Bạn thích ăn cơm không? Bạn thích ăn món gì? Tại sao bạn thích bộ phim này? Bạn thích ca sĩ nào?
  • understanding word order in questions, noticing that question words are placed at the end of sentences in Vietnamese, for example, Tên em là gì? Nhà em ở đâu?
  • understanding and using a range of Vietnamese comparative and superlative forms, for example, đẹp, đẹp hơn, đẹp nhất
  • understanding and applying the rules of compound word formation, for example, trường + học = trường học; học + hành = học hành, to generate words for enhancing conversations
  • understanding the use of appropriate punctuation in writing, for example, full stops, commas and exclamation marks

  VCVIU013 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU013

  Develop knowledge of elements of the German grammatical system, including gender and number, nominative and accusative cases, present tense of regular and some irregular verbs, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and word order, to describe people, objects, actions, events and relationships

  Elaborations

  • understanding that German has multiple words for ‘the’ and ‘a/an’ according to the gender of the relevant noun, and noticing that the articles for masculine nouns sometimes change (nominative to accusative), for example, Die Frau hat einen BMW.; Der Film hat ein Happy End
  • comparing pluralisation of nouns in German and English, for example, die for plural nouns
  • using post-nominal (predicative) adjectives, for example, Unsere Deutschlehrerin ist intelligent.; Die Berge in Österreich sind sehr schön.; Meine Augen sind blau.
  • noticing the relationship between gender, article, adjective and case when using pre-nominal (attributive) adjectives to describe people, objects, places and events, for example, Ich habe einen kleinen Bruder.
  • noticing that as well as the articles (for masculine nouns), some pronouns change after certain verbs (accusative direct object), for example, Wir sehen heute den Film.; Es gibt einen neuen Schüler in Klasse 8A.; Ich mag dich.
  • noticing that articles and pronouns change after particular prepositions (dative), such as those associated with location and destination, for example, Wir sind in der Stadt.; Die Party ist im Garten.; Wie kommst du zur Schule?
  • using common prepositional phrases formulaically, for example, nach Hause, zu Hause
  • using personal pronouns to refer to people and things, for example, Was kostet die App? Sie kostet… .
  • understanding the three German pronouns for ‘you’ (du/ihr/Sie) and when to use them
  • expressing a relationship to a person or object using some possessive adjectives in the nominative and accusative case, for example, Seine Familie kommt aus Afrika.; Ich liebe meinen Hund .
  • recognising that in German a subject + verb can have multiple English translations, for example, wir spielen can mean ‘we play’, ‘we are playing’, ‘we do play’, ‘we shall/will play’ and ‘we’re going to play’, and applying this understanding when formulating own German sentences
  • understanding the concept of regular and irregular verbs (spielen and lesen) and noticing that this is a feature of both German and English (and other languages, such as French, Italian and Spanish)
  • conjugating the present tense of regular verbs and some common irregular verbs, including sein and haben
  • understanding structures to express likes, dislikes and preferences, for example, Ich mag Tennis. Ich spiele nicht gern Fuβball. Ich spiele lieber Kricket.
  • using common modal verbs such as können to describe capabilities (Ich kann gut schwimmen., and Ich möchte and Darf ich… ?) or to make polite requests
  • gaining awareness of a limited number of routine past tense expressions including some with war and hatte and the present perfect, for example, Sabine war gestern krank. Das hat Spaβ gemacht. Habt ihr ein schönes Wochenende gehabt?
  • negating verbs and adjectives using nicht and nouns using kein/e, for example, Nein, Marcus hat keine Geschwister.
  • describing frequency using adverbs and adverbial expressions such as oft, manchmal, jeden Tag, ab und zu, nie
  • understanding the subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, for example, Ich spiele Basketball., and the need for subject-verb inversion to keep the verb as the second idea/element in the sentence, for example, Heute Abend spiele ich Basketball.
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using the coordinating conjunctions und, oder, aber
  • understanding how to form a question, using subject-verb inversion, for example, Hast du Geschwister? and with interrogatives such as wann, was, wer, wie, wie viel, wie viele, wo, woher, warum, welche(-r/s/n) and wohin
  • locating people, places and objects using adverbs such as rechts, links, oben, unten, hier, dort
  • using ordinal numbers to give the date or a birthday, for example, Heute ist der erste Ma.i; Seine Mutter hat am 22. April Geburtstag.
  • understanding and locating events in time (days, months, seasons), including the use of the 24-hour clock, prepositions such as nach and vor, and adverbs and formulaic expressions such as heute, vorgestern, früher, später, am Wochenende, in den Ferien
  • referring to quantities of people and things, including money, using cardinal numbers up to a billion, as well as decimals, common fractions and negative numbers, for example, Deutschland hat 81,9 Millionen Einwohner.; Die Tagestemperatur liegt bei minus 3 Grad.; Ich habe eine Halbschwester.
  • building metalanguage to comment on grammar and vocabulary (for example, Nomen, Verben, Zahlen, Fragewörter, groβ/klein schreiben), comparing with equivalent English terms

  VCDEU013 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU031

  Extend knowledge of and use more complex features and patterns of the Spanish grammatical system, including possessive, demonstrative, object and relative pronouns; comparative and superlative adjectives; irregular verbs in the present tense, compound and simple past tenses, future and conditional...

  Elaborations

  • understanding and using definite and indefinite articles, including omission and gender-change cases, for example, me gusta mucho el cuadro del salón, me gusta mucho un cuadro del salón, ¿tienen cuadros de paisajes?, el agua está fría
  • understanding and using indefinite adjectives and pronouns such as alguno/a/os/as, ninguno/a/os/as, otros/as, todos/as, alguien, nadie, nada, algo, todo, noticing the constructions with a double negative, for example, No hay nadie en clase, no tenemos nada
  • using collective nouns such as gente and familia, and noticing the use of singular verbs, for example, la gente en Australia pasa mucho tiempo al aire libre, mi familia tiene una casa en la playa
  • noticing the differences in meaning when the adjective precedes the noun, for example, un pobre hombre/un hombre pobre
  • expressing comparisons using comparatives and superlatives, including some irregular forms, for example, mejor que ..., peor que ..., el mayor, el menor, más ... que, menos ... que, el más ..., ...ísimo/a, tan ... como
  • understanding and using possessive and demonstrative pronouns (aquel es el tuyo, este es el mío) and the use of neutral demonstratives (¿qué es esto?, me gustó aquello que dijo)
  • understanding the form and function of personal object pronouns, and differentiating between direct and indirect objects in the third person, for example, me, te, lo, la/le, nos, os, los, las/les
  • understanding the function and use of relative pronouns, for example, que, el/la/los/las que, quien/es, el/la cual, los/las cuales, donde
  • understanding and using the different past tense forms for regular and irregular verbs (pretérito perfecto, pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto), and comparing the uses with English past tense forms, for example, hemos estudiado los tiempos pasados, Marcos nació en Filipinas, ayer mi amigo estaba contento
  • using appropriate temporal markers, for example, hace ..., desde hace ..., durante ..., en 2011 ..., esta mañana ..., cuando era pequeño ..., desde ... hasta..., ayer ...
  • understanding and using the future and conditional tenses of regular and irregular verbs, for example, mañana iremos de excursión al zoo, me gustaría visitar México, saldría con vosotros pero tengo tarea
  • using some set expressions that require the use of the present subjunctive, for example, ¡que aproveche! ¡que te mejores! espero que estés bien
  • expressing agreement, disagreement and opinions using adverbs and expressions such as Yo también ...., yo tampoco ..., a mí sí ..., a mí no ...
  • indicating rules and giving instructions using expressions such as hay que ..., se puede/no se puede ..., and tener que + infinitive, and regular imperative affirmative forms, for example, cantad conmigo, pase el dado, toma mi bolígrafo, abran las ventanas, repita más despacio
  • understanding the function of impersonal expressions such as se necesita ..., se habla ..., se dice ..., se puede ...
  • using cohesive devices to link elements of complex sentences, for example, por lo tanto, además, sin embargo, al contrario de, de la misma manera
  • expanding the use of prepositions such as por, para, con, sin, contra, hacia to provide more detail or information
  • understanding how to form adverbs from adjectives, for example, normalmente, seguramente, probablemente
  • understanding and using an increasing range of prefixes and suffixes (anónimo, antibiótico, despeinado, supermercado, claustrofobia, lavadora, navideño, hermanito) and building lexical families (árbol, arbolito, arboleda, arbusto, arborícola, arbóreo, arboricultura, enarbolar)
  • developing awareness of the presence of ‘false friends’ in Spanish and English, for example, actualmente / currently, realizar / carry out, embarazada / pregnant, constipado / a cold
  • developing metalanguage to talk in Spanish about elements such as sentence structure (sujeto, verbo, objeto), verb tenses (pretérito, futuro, tiempo compuesto, participio pasado) and other linguistic features (sinónimo, concordancia, párrafo)

  VCESU031 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU146

  Understand and use key grammatical forms and structures such as basic pronouns and case markers and the polite verb ending –어/아요 in own simple language production, and recognise politeness embedded in humble or honorific forms such as 저 and –(으)세요

  Elaborations

  • constructing sentences with an –어/아요 ending on topics of personal interest in simple structures withsupport such as scaffolding, modelling or cues and in meaningful contexts, for example, 저는 사과를 먹어요
  • using –(으)세요 for different types of sentences (such as statements, questions, requests or commands) and recognising the honorific meaning embedded in −세−
  • using 저 and 나 to refer to self and understanding different contexts where they are used
  • using a structure, a noun or pronoun + a case marker/particle (–은/는, –이/가, –을/를, –에, –도) as a set phrase, for example, 저는, and understanding differences in meanings
  • understanding that 이게, 저게 and 그게 refer to objects without naming and that they are subjects in sentences, for example, 이게 뭐예요?
  • asking simple questions about a person, object or number using a basic question word such as 누구/누가, 무엇/뭐 or 몇, for example, 지금 뭐 해요? 누구예요?

  VCKOU146 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELT173

  Modify familiar texts

  Elaborations

  • changing familiar texts by innovating on elements of text structure, for example replacing rhyming words or substituting verbs with other verbs

  VCELT173 | Curriculum content | English | Foundation Level | Speaking and Listening | Literature

• VCELA305

  Understand differences between the language of opinion and feeling and the language of factual reporting or recording

  Elaborations

  • identifying ways thinking verbs are used to express opinion, for example ‘I think’, ‘I believe’, and ways summary verbs are used to report findings, for example ‘we concluded’

  VCELA305 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA272

  Examine how evaluative language can be varied to be more or less forceful

  Elaborations

  • exploring how modal verbs, for example ‘must’, ‘might’,’ or ‘could’ indicate degrees of certainty, command or obligation
  • distinguishing how choice of adverbs, nouns and verbs present different evaluations of characters in texts

  VCELA272 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCEALL104

  Express simple negation correctly

  Elaborations

  • expressing simple negation using common auxiliary verbs in full and contracted forms, such as ‘don’t’, ‘did not’, ‘can’t’

  VCEALL104 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A2 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCNRU098

  Recognise and use vocabulary and grammatical elements to create simple sentences and phrases

  Elaborations

  • using nouns and verbs, recognising agreement and word order
  • indicating quantity using plural forms
  • using negative expressions
  • using the present tense
  • using common verbs to describe simple actions
  • developing knowledge of vocabulary related to personal world, for example, self, family, friends, school and home, leisure activities, food and drink

  VCNRU098 | Capabilities | Personal and Social Capability | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALL257

  Use the most basic forms of modality

  Elaborations

  • understanding basic expressions of modality, such as ‘want to’, ‘have to’, ‘should’
  • beginning to use basic modal verbs, such as ‘want to’, ‘have to’, ‘should’

  VCEALL257 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B1 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL363

  Understand and use a range of learnt metalanguage to talk about text

  Elaborations

  • matching labels to parts of a text, such as ‘introduction’, ‘topic sentence’, ‘example’
  • identifying and labelling learnt features of language in a text, for example ‘noun’, ‘verb’, ‘conjunction’

  VCEALL363 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Reading and Viewing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCNRU064

  Apply knowledge of grammatical features and construct compound and complex sentences

  Elaborations

  • using a range of tenses and voices to describe routines and actions
  • using a range of regular and irregular verbs to develop sentence structures
  • creating compound and complex sentences

  VCNRU064 | Capabilities | Personal and Social Capability | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALL101

  Construct a small range of sentence forms

  Elaborations

  • constructing positive and negative statements using subject plus verb, for example ‘I finished’, ‘The bus didn’t come’
  • beginning questions with question words such as ‘Who’, ‘What’, ‘When’, ‘How’
  • beginning commands with an imperative verb, for example ‘Come over here’, ‘Bring that’
  • constructing subject–verb-–object sentences with accuracy
  • giving some additional detail using short noun groups or adjectival phrases, such as ‘He gave me a new book’, ‘I ran really fast’

  VCEALL101 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A2 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features