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• VCEALL560

  Choose correct syntactic forms for questions, statements and commands

  Elaborations

  • beginning questions with question words such as ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘how’
  • using auxiliary verbs with some accuracy to construct simple open, closed, positive and negative questions, for example ‘Do you like running?’, ‘Why can’t you eat that?’
  • constructing positive and negative statements using subject + verb, for example ‘I finished’ and ‘The bus arrived’
  • beginning commands with an imperative verb, for example ‘Come over here’, ‘Bring that’

  VCEALL560 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCZHU124

  Recognise parts of speech and understand basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • learning about meta-terms for word types, for example, exploring what is considered a verb in English and in Chinese (for example, adjectival verbs in Chinese)
  • categorising words into word types common across languages, for example, 家人 as noun, 四 as number
  • understanding that as for English there are basic rules of word order in Chinese (subject-verb-object)

  VCZHU124 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALA722

  Demonstrate the development of metalanguage appropriate to the content and task

  Elaborations

  • using metalanguage related to text and language, for example ‘topic sentence’, ‘verb’, ‘pronoun’
  • recording terminology in personal notes or word lists, with translations in home language or examples from texts

  VCEALA722 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C3 | Writing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCEALC006

  Follow simple instructions in familiar school routines by relying on key words and non-verbal communication and context

  Elaborations

  • identifying key words and phrases that refer to familiar objects in the classroom
  • recognising familiar action verbs in instructions, such as ‘Line up’, ‘Stand up’, ‘Sit down’
  • relying on contextual information, for example the teacher’s gestures, the actions of peers

  VCEALC006 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A1 | Speaking and Listening | Communication

• VCEALC244

  Understand the language of classroom routines

  Elaborations

  • understanding common classroom action verbs such as ‘sit’, ‘collect’, ‘pack up’
  • following simple task instructions by relying on key words or phrases in context
  • making simple requests and expressing needs, thoughts and opinions

  VCEALC244 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B1 | Speaking and Listening | Communication

• VCEALL646

  Identify some basic language features of texts

  Elaborations

  • identifying types of words in a text, for example rhyming words in a poem, causal connectives in an explanation
  • distinguishing between verb tenses used in different text types, such as the imperative in procedures and the past tense in recounts

  VCEALL646 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C2 | Reading and Viewing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL177

  Use common descriptive language

  Elaborations

  • using common adjectives to express affect (‘sad’, ‘happy’, ‘angry’), judgement (‘kind’, ‘mean’) and appreciation (‘beautiful’, ‘yucky’)
  • combining some common adverbs with verbs to describe action, for example ‘walk slowly’, ‘sing well’

  VCEALL177 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level BL | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL580

  Demonstrate awareness of basic sentence and question patterns

  Elaborations

  • ordering words and phrases to create grammatical and logical sentences and questions
  • pointing out the subject, verb and object in sentences such as ‘She bought some fruit’
  • identifying question words such as ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘why’

  VCEALL580 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Reading and Viewing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL340

  Respond to a short sequence of instructions in a familiar context

  Elaborations

  • understanding and using common classroom action verbs, such as ‘sit’, ‘collect’, ‘open’, ‘stop’
  • understanding and using simple sequence markers, such as ‘first’, ‘next’, ‘and then’
  • asking for clarification, for example ‘What next?’, ‘Is this right?’

  VCEALL340 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL390

  Write sentences with some common errors

  Elaborations

  • writing with some errors such as omission of articles (‘I kicked ball’) and verb endings (‘I am good at defend the goal’), and varied tenses (‘We went to the park and play soccer’)

  VCEALL390 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCLVU186

  Expand vocabulary and understand and use a range of vocabulary sets and grammatical structures that are available in the language

  Elaborations

  • understanding case and case marking on nouns, pronouns and adjectives
  • explaining how verbs can be derived from nouns and vice versa, comparing with similar processes in English and other known languages
  • composing and varying messages according to the available resources of the language, such as:
    • suffixes, including ‘having’, ‘for want of’, ‘similar to’, ‘like’
    • verbless sentences, for example, equative, descriptive, possessive
    • verb categories, including intransitive, transitive, causative, inchoative, reflexive–reciprocal
    • verb aspect, including continuous, transitory, perfective, imperfective
    • verb-stem morphology, including compound verbs, reduplicated verbs, habitual/characteristic, derivation (nouns into verbs)
  • expressing time, manner, attitude and place, according to the available language resources, such as:
    • elaborations of past tense
    • temporal expressions, for example, ‘beforehand’, ‘afterwards’, ‘too late’, ‘originally’
    • expressions of frequency, immediacy and duration, for example, ‘persistently’, ‘at once’, ‘a few times’, ‘for a while’
    • attitudinal words, particles and interjections, for example, terms expressing endearment, embarrassment, shame or pity
    • locational cases as used in locative phrases, and extensions of these, for example, expressing origin or causation
  • structuring and linking clauses, focusing on issues of agreement with transitive and intransitive verbs, using verb-linking devices, for example, serialisation and embedding
  • discussing lexical and grammatical relationships between the language and other languages of the region, for example, common words and structures
  • discussing grammatical and lexical contrasts between the language and English/ other known languages, for example, the figurative use of language, vocabulary associated with specialised domains

  VCLVU186 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALL175

  Use a small range of learnt word patterns for appropriate purposes

  Elaborations

  • using formulas copied from teacher, peers or texts
  • using formulas to ask questions, aid social interaction or for self-expression, such as ‘What’s the time?’, ‘Excuse me’, ‘Oh, no!’, ‘Very good!’
  • using simple grammatical patterns, for example combining subject plus verb or verb plus object, such as ‘Me eat’ or ‘Go toilet’

  VCEALL175 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level BL | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL666

  Write using a range of tenses with varied accuracy

  Elaborations

  • controlling simple and continuous present and past tenses, for example ‘They are waiting’, ‘I was walking’
  • attempting more complex tenses, with varied accuracy, for example multi-word verb groups (‘Was not going to say’), elaborated tenses (‘He had not been told yet’)
  • consistently controlling agreement with common subjects and simple verbs, for example ‘I go’, ‘She goes’, ‘It is’, ‘They are’

  VCEALL666 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C2 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCASFU032

  Understand that clauses can be enriched through the use of adjectives and adverbs (when, where, how), often produced with non-manual features

  Elaborations

  • exploring different semantic types of verbs in a text, for example by showing how:
    • doing (WALK, WRITE) and saying (TELL, CALL-OUT, ANNOUNCE) verbs in narrative texts give information about a characters’ actions
    • sensing (SEE, THINK) or possessing (THAT’S-TYPICAL-OF-THEM, OWN) verbs indicate what characters think, feel or own
    • relating verbs identify or describe a noun (for example, HAVE in PRO3 HAVE LONG-HAIR)
  • noticing that some signs modify the meaning of verbs, such as READ CAREFUL and that these are called adverbs
  • contributing examples of signs that tell:
    • when a verb happens (IN-2-WEEKS PRO1 HOLIDAY or WANT LUNCH NOW)
    • where a verb happens (PRO3 RUN FAR or COME HERE)
    • how a verb happens (FAST or SLOW or PRO2 QUICK FINISH)
  • noticing that sometimes Auslan signers have information about how a verb happens through NMFs rather than separate signs, for example, WRITE -_carelessly
  • noticing that clauses can be made more vivid by integrating CA or DSs to show with body or hands or by showing adverbial or adjectival meanings
  • understanding that, in terms of meaning, a basic clause represents: a happening or a state (verb), who or what is involved (noun or nouns) and the surrounding circumstances (adverb or adverbs)
  • distinguishing between yes/no questions and wh- questions and noticing that each type of question has different NMFs

  VCASFU032 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU158

  Understand that clauses can be enriched through the use of adjectives and adverbs (when, where, how), often produced with non-manual features

  Elaborations

  • exploring different semantic types of verbs in a text, for example by showing how:
    • doing (WALK, WRITE) and saying (TELL, CALL-OUT ANNOUNCE?) verbs in narrative texts give information about a characters’ actions
    • sensing (SEE, THINK) or possessing (BELONG, OWN) verbs indicate what characters think, feel or own
    • relating verbs identify or describe a noun, for example, HAVE in PRO3 HAVE LONG-HAIR
  • understanding how DSs and adverbs can give extra information about an activity
  • noticing that some signs modify the meaning of verbs, such as READ CAREFUL and that these are called adverbs
  • contributing examples of signs that tell
    • when a verb happens (IN-2-WEEKS PRO1 HOLIDAY or WANT LUNCH NOW)
    • where a verb happens (PRO3 RUN FAR or COME HERE)
    • how a verb happens (FAST or SLOW or PRO2 QUICK FINISH)
  • understanding that, in terms of meaning, a basic clause represents: a happening or a state (verb), who or what is involved (noun or nouns) and the surrounding circumstances (adverb or adverbs)
  • knowing that signing involves either telling with signs or showing with DSs and periods of CA
    MAN WALK SLOW
    DS(point):man-walks-slowly
    CA:man-swinging-arms-nonchalantly
    

  VCASFU158 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCIDU099

  Recognise grammatical structures and features in a range of personal, informative and imaginative texts, and notice how these contribute to meaning

  Elaborations

  • analysing the key features of texts such as advertisements, stories, songs and conversations, and comparing these with texts in own language and culture
  • identifying how texts are constructed, such as textual features (for example, salutations in correspondence), grammatical structures (for example, time markers in narratives) and visual cues, for example, images in brochures
  • comparing Indonesian and English grammar, identifying similarities, for example, subject-verb-object sentence construction and differences, for example, word order of nouns and adjectives, absence of the verb ‘to be’ with adjectives and verbs
  • applying knowledge of grammatical rules and context when using dictionaries to support comprehension and creation of texts (for example, locating base words by dropping the ber- prefix), or to recognise a word type, for example, ‘saw’ = ‘see’ (melihat) and not ‘saw’ (noun; gergaji)

  VCIDU099 | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU028

  Use nouns, adjectives and simple sentences to record observations

  Elaborations

  • exploring basic sentence structure in Chinese, consisting of subject–verb–object, and learning to analyse sentences in both Chinese and English, for example, ‘What’s the subject in the sentence “My mum drives a car”? How about in the Chinese sentence 我看书? Do sentences work the same way in Chinese and English?’
  • recognising grammatical features and how their use differs in Chinese and English, for example, the lack of articles in Chinese; that adjectives can be used as verbs; limited use of the verb ‘to be’ (是)
  • following patterns of word order and sentence structure and using negation when creating sentences to express own meanings, for example, replacing the subject pronoun in 我喜欢绿色 to create the sentence 我妈妈不喜欢绿色

  VCZHU028 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCEALA573

  Identify the basic purposes and audiences of different print and digital news media texts

  Elaborations

  • categorising texts as fiction and non-fiction
  • suggesting the purpose and audience of a range of common news media texts, such as websites, news reports, opinion columns, persuasive letters
  • recognising the function of features of an instructional text, such as a title, illustrations, imperative verbs

  VCEALA573 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Reading and Viewing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCEALA148

  Understand a small range of terminology of writing

  Elaborations

  • understanding terminology such as ‘letter’, ‘word’, ‘sentence’, ‘comma’
  • understanding a small range of more technical terminology in structured activities, such as underlining verbs in a short text
  • following instructions for writing, for example ‘Fill in your name’, ‘Write each sentence on a new line’

  VCEALA148 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level A2 | Writing | Cultural and Plurilingual Awareness

• VCEALC376

  Write simple factual texts

  Elaborations

  • writing a small range of factual texts, such as reports, procedures, captions for images, explanations
  • including some features of text types, such as introduction, list of requirements, steps beginning with a verb in a procedure
  • handwriting texts or typing a caption for a digital image in a software application

  VCEALC376 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B2 | Writing | Communication