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• VCJAU031

  Convey meaning by appropriately selecting and combining hiragana, katakana and kanji characters, and use understanding of kanji to predict meaning of unfamiliar words

  Elaborations

  • understanding that kanji are used for nouns, stems of verbs and adjectives, and some adverbs, and that the addition of hiragana to the stem of verbs and adjectives is called okurigana
  • recognising that many kanji have multiple readings and that there are two types of readings, that is, on-yomi (音; on ‘reading’ or ‘sound’), Chinese-style pronunciation; and kun-yomi (訓; kun ‘reading’ or ‘explanation’), Japanese-style pronunciation
  • developing strategies to guess the meaning of unknown words that contain familiar kanji, for example, 小学校(しょうがっこう)、 中学校(ちゅうがっこう)

  VCJAU031 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Korean - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students use Korean to interact in classroom routines, action-related talk and play with teachers and peers. They exchange personal information relating to aspects such as age or interests, using simple questions and short statements as set phrases (for example, 몇 살이에요?...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Korean - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use Korean to interact with each other and teachers in classroom routines and activities, exchanging greetings, wishes, experiences, interests and information. They approximate different sounds and intonation patterns of Korean during spoken interaction, and construct...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• VCJAU032

  Understand the systematic nature of Japanese language and grammatical forms, and explore how to use/combine these elements to express complex ideas

  Elaborations

  • further developing metalanguage to describe and apply grammatical concepts and language elements, and to organise learning resources such as verb charts and lists of vocabulary and sentence structures
  • understanding and applying the rules of the plain form, and knowing that the basic form of all Japanese verbs ends in -u, -eru or -iru, as listed in dictionaries
  • understanding that verbs can be divided into three groups according to the way they are conjugated: Group 1 (five-step verbs), Group 2 (one-step verbs) and Group 3 (irregular verbs)
  • using character charts as a systematic framework that enables recognition of verb conjugation patterns, and applying the formation rules of each verb group
  • understanding and using a range of particles such as:
    • か (or)
    • に (purpose, indirect object, location)
    • で (location of action, by means such as ペンで、 日本語で)
  • understanding and using いand な adjectives in the present and past tense
  • using verb stems with grammatical features such as ～たい、 ～ たくない、 ～ かった、 ～ やすい／にくいです
  • understanding and using verbてforms to express a range of ideas, for example, ～ている、 ～てもいいです、 ～てはいけません、 ～てはだめです
  • creating cohesion and flow by using conjunctions, for example, だから、 それで、 それに、 verbてform, だから、 しかし、 それに、 けれども
  • expressing opinions, intentions and thoughts using the plain form, for example, ～つもりです、 ～とおもいます、 ～たり～たりします
  • asking and responding to questions using 何で? どうして/なぜ？ どのぐらい? いくつ？
  • building vocabulary that relates to daily life and the world beyond school and home and that can be used for cross-curricular content learning
  • elaborating ideas or statements using expressions such as 今(こん)しゅう、 先(せん)しゅう、 来年(らいねん)、 いつも、 ぜんぜん、 あまり
  • understanding Japanese counting systems using units of 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 and associated kanji, for example, 百(ひゃく) 、 千(せん)、 万(まん)
  • extending the use of counter classifiers to include ～円(えん)、 ～分、 ～まい、 ～本、 ～つ、 ～日 (date)
  • expressing superlative forms using 一番(いちばん)、 for example, 一番好きなかもくは日本語です。
  • expressing the location of items by using prepositions such as 右(みぎ)、 左(ひだり)、 前(まえ)、 後(うし)ろ、 上(うえ)、 下(した)、 となり、 そば　
  • understanding and using plain or polite forms as appropriate to context, for example, understanding the concept of uchi-soto (内(うち)/外(そと)) for making appropriate choices of register

  VCJAU032 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU031

  Observe that signers can include different information, including gestural overlays, within a single sign, and identify examples of signers using space grammatically through points, depicting signs and constructed action

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Auslan has fully-lexical signs that are in the dictionary and have a standard handshape, movement and location, and partly-lexical signs that cannot be listed in a dictionary in all forms as they change their form each time they are signed, such as DSs
  • noticing that fully- and partly-lexical signs can include grammatical information not included in a ‘citation’ form, for example, the sign TELL -_me is not listed separately to TELL (towards neutral space) and GO-TO includes GO-TO -_often
  • discussing the functions of different pointing signs, such as pronouns, determiners and locatives
  • understanding that some verb forms in Auslan indicate who is involved in a verb by changing the direction of the movement or orientation of the handshape
  • noticing the relationship between the location of referents and the direction of some indicating verbs
  • recognising who is the actor and undergoer of the verb in a clause
  • identifying with support examples of DSs and becoming familiar with the terms entity, handling and SASS DSs
  • comparing English adjectives with SASS DSs
  • knowing that signers can reconstruct/act out their own or another’s talk and/or actions and that this is called CA

  VCASFU031 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCIDU014

  Understand that language is organised as ‘text’, and recognise features of texts such as songs, chants, labels and captions

  Elaborations

  • recognising that sentences have parts, such as subject, verb and object
  • observing features of familiar texts such as greetings in a conversation, the chorus in a song, or rhyme in a song/poem
  • understanding that texts have a purpose, for example, recounts are ways of describing past events (Pada suatu hari…) and greeting cards can convey feelings (Saya cinta padamu)

  VCIDU014 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU140

  Understand and identify elements of basic grammar and sentence structure and interaction patterns

  Elaborations

  • developing metalanguage for communicating about language, using concepts such as parts of speech, for example, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and ‘adjective’
  • understanding the rules of Japanese word order (subject + object + verb), the use of associated particles は、を、と、も、に, and the use of が in formulaic expressions, for example, noun　が　すき　です。
  • describing actions using verb ます form, for example, すし　を　たべます。
  • understanding the rules for conjugating verbs, such as ～ます、～>ましょう、～ました、～ません
  • understanding that Japanese uses name + suffix instead of pronouns when referring to other people, for example, Johnくん、はなさん、Grant せんせい
  • indicating time and frequency using expressions such as まいにち、ときどき
  • describing people, animals, places and things using adjective–noun phrases, for example, 大きい　目、おいしい　もも
  • understanding time words associated with days of the week, months of the year and seasons
  • building vocabulary that relates to familiar environments in daily life and personal worlds and that can be used for cross-curricular content learning
  • beginning to use counters in Japanese, for example, ～人、～さい、～月
  • telling time using ～じ/ ～じはん　です。なんじ　です　か。
  • seeking information using question words such as なに、なん、いつ、どこ and だれ and the sentence-ending particle か, for example, なに　が　すき　です　 か。なんさい　です　 か。なんにん　です　 か。いつ　です　か。

  VCJAU140 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU128

  Notice and use simple vocabulary to identify familiar objects and to describe simple actions, states or qualities in familiar contexts

  Elaborations

  • identifying and using basic words for familiar objects, for example, body parts, pets and days of the week
  • responding to a simple question using 네/아니요 to express agreement/disagreement
  • using basic verbs with the –어/아요 ending in familiar contexts, for example, 있어요, 없어요, 좋아해요

  VCKOU128 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAU013

  Recognise questions, commands and simple sentences, and develop vocabulary for people, places and things in their personal world

  Elaborations

  • identifying people using pronouns
  • describing possession in familiar phrases
  • greeting and farewelling others
  • specifying location
  • describing actions using simple verbs
  • understanding different question words and the anticipated answer
  • using imperatives to tell others to do something
  • referring to numbers of things using cardinal numbers
  • describing the colour, size, shape and character of a person, place or thing
  • joining words or phrases using conjunctions
  • using negation

  VCRAU013 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU140

  Develop ways to structure sentences in Chinese to elaborate own ideas

  Elaborations

  • elaborating ideas in sentences, including details such as time, place and manner, for example, 星期一我从上海坐飞机到北京
  • learning meta-terms to describe grammar rules in Chinese, for example, the placement of 主语 (subject), 动词 (verb), 名词 (noun) in sentences
  • recognising that there are multiple ways to structure a sentence, such as 我吃了早饭后去学校 and 吃了早饭后我去学校

  VCZHU140 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU132

  Notice and apply elements of German grammar such as gender and singular/plural forms, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and word order in simple spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • recognising the link between a noun’s gender and its definite/indefinite article and nominative pronoun in relation to people, for example, der Bruder, ein Bruder, er
  • using the nominative and accusative indefinite articles to denote an unspecified person or object, for example, Rotkäppchen hatte einen Korb.
  • comparing pluralisation of nouns in German and English, and using die for plural nouns in German, for example, der Apfel/die Äpfel
  • describing a relationship using a possessive adjective, for example, mein/e, dein/e, sein/e, ihr/e
  • understanding and using pronouns to refer to people, for example, ich, du, er, sie (singular); wir, ihr, sie (plural); Sie heißt Anna. Sie heißen Ben und Sarah.
  • using the correct verb form associated with a noun or pronoun or combination thereof, for example, Die Lehrerin singt ein Lied; Herr Schwarz trinkt Kaffee; Sie spielt Tennis; Mein Freund und ich sprechen Englisch.
  • using present tense forms of irregular verbs such as haben and sein and recognising similarities to the English verbs ‘to have’ and ‘to be’
  • describing capabilities and preferences using limited forms of the modal verbs können and mögen, for example, Ich kann gut schwimmen. Er mag Cricket. Wir möchten eine Party machen.
  • understanding and describing current and recurring actions using verbs such as essen, fliegen, fressen, laufen, leben, schwimmen, sprechen and trinken
  • understanding and describing past events using the simple past tense of familiar verbs such as war, hatte, ging, sah, spielte and machte
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using und, oder and aber
  • understanding the meaning of and using common time phrases and cohesive devices, for example, gestern, heute, dann and zuerst
  • understanding and formulating questions using subject–verb inversion, for example, Magst du Sport?
  • understanding and using a range of question words and the intended/related answer, for example, woher, welcher and wie viel
  • locating events in time with regard to days, months, seasons and ‘half past’ time, for example, Ich spiele im Winter Fußball. Die Schule beginnt um halb neun.
  • describing location formulaically using prepositional phrases such as im Wasser, in der Luft, auf dem Land, neben dem Tisch or auf der linken Seite
  • using ordinal numbers to give the date, for example, Heute ist der dritte Juli. Er hat am siebten August Geburtstag.
  • referring to quantities of people and things (including money) using cardinal numbers up to 100

  VCDEU132 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU031

  Notice and apply elements of French grammar such as word order, gender and singular/plural forms, adverbs, pronouns and prepositions in simple spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • developing a metalanguage in French for talking about language, using terms similar to those used in English, such as le verbe, l’adjectif, l’adverbe, la conjonction and le vocabulaire
  • observing the relationship between subject pronouns and verb endings, using je/tu/il/elle + present tense of verbs associated with familiar actions and environments, for example, il chante bien, je suis fatigué, tu aimes le yaourt, elle est en classe
  • expressing negation in simple sentence structures and colloquial expressions, for example, je ne sais pas; elle ne mange pas; tu ne viens pas? Pas du tout!
  • understanding the difference between definite and indefinite articles, and how to refer to a specific or unspecific person, place or object, for example, tu manges la pomme, j’achète un livre, une vȃche énorme, le climat français
  • understanding the function of verb moods, recognising and knowing how to use statements, simple questions and imperatives, for example, Tu peux commencer; je peux commencer? Commence!
  • using an increasing range of adjectives (for example, bizarre, magnifique, formidable), including additional gender forms, for example, blanc/blanche, gros/grosse
  • using some adverbs to elaborate on simple verb statements, for example, elle mange lentement, je chante doucement, il parle très vite
  • using additional prepositions to indicate direction or location, for example, à gauche, à droite, à côté de
  • strengthening vocabulary knowledge by making connections with known words (for example, triste, la tristesse; le marché, le supermarché, le marchand), recognising word patterns and building word clusters, for example, number knowledge to 60+, words associated with food, family members or sports

  VCFRU031 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU049

  Develop knowledge of grammatical elements such as tenses, and combine them with an increasing range of nouns, adjectives and adverbs to construct simple statements, questions and exclamations

  Elaborations

  • building a metalanguage to talk about grammar, using terms such as ‘tenses’ and ‘personal pronouns’, and identifying language elements and talking about how they are used
  • using all forms of the present tense of regular -er, -ir and -re verbs and of high-frequency irregular verbs such as avoir, être, aller and faire
  • becoming familiar with l’imparfait when encountered in familiar expressions and scaffolded language contexts, for example, Il était une fois…C’était…
  • using the indicative plus the infinitive (for example, J’aime jouer au tennis, il sait conduire) and le futur proche, for example, je vais partir
  • becoming familiar with and using with support le passé composé, for example, j’ai mangé trois biscuits, elle a dormi sous les étoiles
  • playing games such as ‘matching pairs’ to reinforce grammatical rules, for example, pairing nouns and subject pronouns (Jean travaille: il travaille; Marianne aime le fromage: elle aime le fromage) or a subject with a conjugated verb (nous parlons, tu manges)
  • using a range of nouns, including more unusual plural forms (for example, les bureaux, les choux-fleurs, mes grands-parents), more complex adjectives (for example, beau, belle, beaux, belles) and possessive forms (mon, ma, mes, ton, ta, tes…)
  • formulating questions using est-ce que…, the inverted form of the verb, or changed intonation, for example, est-ce que tu as un chien? as-tu un chien? tu as un chien…?
  • understanding and using negative constructions (for example, tu ne viens pas ce soir?), including the use of de after a negative verb form, for example, je n’ai pas de photos
  • using exclamations to indicate agreement, disagreement, intention or understanding, for example, D’accord! Mais non! bien sûr; voilà!
  • using a range of adverbs to elaborate or accentuate meaning, for example, il parle si doucement; moi j’écoute attentivement

  VCFRU049 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU203

  Understand how grammatical elements, such as particles and suffixes, impact on higher levels of grammar, such as tense, mood, honorification, speech level and formality, and on meaning-making from the phrasal level to that of the entire text

  Elaborations

  • understanding and using the dictionary forms of action and descriptive verbs, for example, to identify the meaningful part or to look up unknown verbs in a dictionary (가다, 오다, 하다, 먹다, 들다, 듣다, 읽다, 덥다, 예쁘다, …)
  • using a range of case markers and particles, including honorific forms as applicable, for appropriate grammatical functions, for example, –한테/에게, –한테서/에게서, –께, –께서, –께서는,–(으)로, –보다, –만, –마다
  • understanding various functions/meanings of a topic marker –은/는, using it for functions other than marking the subject as the topic of the sentence (저는 마이클이에요) such as highlighting, emphasising or making contrast, for example, 저는 오렌지를 좋아하지 않아요. 그런데 사과는 좋아해요; 한국에는 태풍이 오고 호주에는 사이클론이 와요. 태풍은 …, 사이클론은 …
  • making a relative clause, that is, a noun-modifying clause, by replacing the verb ending of the clause- final verb with –(으)ㄴ, –는, or –(으)ㄹ appropriately, for example, 저기에서 노래하는 사람이 누구예요?; 제가 어제 본 영화는 정말 슬펐어요; 언제 갈계획이에요?; 날씨가 좋은 날에 바비큐를 해요; 재미있을 것 같아요
  • using long negative forms of verbs, such as –지 않다, –지 못하다
  • using negative questions and answering appropriately, for example, 그 영화를 안 봤어요/보지 않았어요? 아니요, 봤어요 / 네, 안 봤어요/보지 않았어요; 김치를 못먹어요/먹지 못해요? 아니요, 먹어요/ 네, 못 먹어요/먹지 못해요; 숙제가 없어요? 아니요, 있어요 / 네, 없어요)
  • understanding the concept of different speech levels and styles in Korean, and using sentence-final verb endings in three speech styles appropriately for the audience: –ㅂ/습니다, –ㅂ/습니까, –ㅂ/읍시다, –(으)십시오 (the formal polite style); –어/아요 (the informal polite style); and –어/아 (the intimate style)
  • analysing the structure of complex verb phrases and expanding their use, understanding how meanings are added to the main verb, such as desire, likelihood, shift of actions, designation, habits, pretence (as if …) and verge (almost ...), for example, 알고 싶어요, 비가 올 것 같아요, 갔다 왔어요, 보러 가요,조깅을 하곤 했어요, 바쁜 척했어요, 가지 못할 뻔했어요
  • reporting speech or thought using –다고/–(이)라고, forexample, 맞다고 생각해요, 4 번이라고 생각해요; 한국에서 가장 큰 축제라고 해요
  • connecting ideas in different relationships using a range of conjunctive suffixes, noting the different tense expressions in the two connected clauses, for example:
    • –다가: 학교에 가다가 친구를 만났어요: 학교에 갔다가 친구를만났어요
    • –(으)니까: 비가 올 것 같으니까 우산을 가지고 가세요
    • –(으)ㄴ/는데: 생각을 많이 해 봤는데 아직 잘 모르겠어
    • –느라고: 축구를 하느라고 숙제를 못 했어요
    • –더니: 한국에 갔더니 아름다운 산이 아주 많았어요
    • –(으)면서: 소라가 음악을 들으면서 책을 읽고 있어요
    • –다면: 한국에 간다면 제주도에 가 보고싶어요
  • using the structures: a verb stem + –기 때문에 and a noun + 에 대해서 appropriately, for example, 비가 자주 오지 않기 때문에 물을 아껴야 해요; 쓰레기 분리수거에 대해서 이야기해 봅시다
  • understanding the function and meaning of a range of defective nouns (불완전 명사, for example, 동안, 때, 뻔, 것/거, 척, …) used in complex structures, and using them appropriately: …노래하는 동안(에) …; 한국에 갈 때(에) …; 비행기를 못 탈 뻔했어요; 학교에 갔을 거예요; 바쁜 척 했어요
  • using a range of sentence enders and understanding their differences in meaning and appropriateness to the context, for example, –잖아요, –(으)ㄹ래요, –(으)ㄹ까요, –(으)ㅂ시다, –(으)ㄴ/는데요, –지요

  VCKOU203 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 2, students interact with the teacher and peers to exchange information about themselves, their family and friends, for example, إسمي هاني؛ أنا ليلى؛ عمري ست سنوات؛ أمي سميرة؛ أبي خالد؛ عندي أخ وأخت؛ صديقي رامي؛ صديقتي رنا , and initiate interactions by asking and responding...

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken Arabic to initiate and sustain classroom interactions with others, to exchange views, for example, السباحة رياضة ممتعة؛ أعتقد أن السفر مفيد جدا , and express feelings such as أشعر بالفرح؛ بالسعادة عندما ألعب رياضت المفضلة؛ عندما أعزف الموسيقى ....

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken Arabic to initiate, sustain and extend formal and informal interactions with the teacher, peers and others in a range of settings. They use language spontaneously to respond to others, seek and give advice for example, كيف أستطيع أن ...؛ أعتقد أ...

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Auslan - Second Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use Auslan to build relationships and to initiate, sustain and extend interactions with teachers, peers and contacts in the wider community. They engage in debate and discuss aspirations and social issues, explaining and justifying positions and elaborating opinions...

  Level description | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• German - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken German to initiate and sustain interactions with teachers, peers and others in a range of settings and for a range of purposes. They use language spontaneously in the classroom environment to seek clarification and advice, assist others,...

  Level description | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• German - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken German to interact with teachers, peers and others; to make decisions, solve problems and negotiate transactions; and to exchange and justify ideas, opinions and views. When interacting, they use both rehearsed and spontaneous language to...

  Level description | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8