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• VCRAU114

  Recognise pronunciation of the sounds of the language, and use of rhythm and stress in complex sentences

  Elaborations

  • recognising the sounds of the language and using appropriate intonation
  • recognising and reproducing the rhythm of extended sentences

  VCRAU114 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAU081

  Analyse complex noun and verb forms, and recognise sentence structures and elements of grammar

  Elaborations

  • describing people and things using, for example:
    • a range of noun forms
    • acronyms and abbreviations
    • indicators of groups or plurals
    • terms of address
    • classifiers
  • describing the qualities of people and things using, for example:
    • adjectives
    • comparatives and superlatives
  • referring to abstract ideas
  • indicating action using, for example:
    • the verb system
    • adverbs as modifiers
  • referring to the past, present and future, and relating events in time using adverbs
  • contrasting ideas using conjunctions
  • indicating register using colloquial and formal language
  • expressing opinions
  • influencing others by persuading using superlatives, encouraging and advising
  • evaluating
  • expressing imagination by using imagery, metaphor and simile
  • using idiomatic language and proverbs
  • maintaining interaction using rhetorical devices and verbal fillers
  • expressing emphasis

  VCRAU081 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHC022

  Create short written imaginative texts using simple characters and short sentences

  Elaborations

  • comparing the themes and content of nursery rhymes (童谣) (such as 小蜜蜂，嗡嗡嗡，飞到东，飞到西； 小白兔，白又白， 两只耳朵竖起来；小燕子，穿花衣， 年年春天来这里), for example, noting the frequent appearance of particular animals in童谣 and recognising how this relates to traditional agricultural life
  • creating a storyboard to describe characters and key events in planning a story
  • creating plot diagrams using characters provided by teacher to annotate diagram
  • using pictographs such as 马, 田，山 to create cartoons to illustrate a story
  • designing play props and costumes appropriate to the context and setting of a story read or listened to in class, and identifying traditional Chinese clothes and accessories

  VCZHC022 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Communicating | Creating

• VCZHU044

  Form sentences to express details such as the time, place and manner of an action and to sequence ideas

  Elaborations

  • developing knowledge of metalinguistic terminology, discussing, for example: What is the plural form? How do we know it’s plural when reading in English? Can we tell when we read a Chinese word?
  • recognising that in Chinese, verbs convey tense without verb conjugation, for example, explaining why 有 can mean ‘have’, ‘had’ and ‘will have’
  • comparing the use of tenses in English and Chinese, for example, how future tense is often expressed through time phrases in Chinese (我明天去北京，下个星期去上海)
  • identifying the use of adverbial phrases, and extending understanding of sentence structure using subject–time–place–manner–verb–object, for example, 我星期一上学。我在墨尔本上学。我走路上学
  • examining the clauses of a sentence in Chinese and noticing how they are linked coherently, for example, 他叫王晓明，(他) 是我的朋友 (i.e. no subject/pronoun)
  • applying processes of discourse development, including joining (也、 和), contrasting (但是) and sequencing (就) information
  • using alternative language to clarify intended meaning, for example, saying 我不胖不瘦 when they don’t know the phrase 中等身材

  VCZHU044 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU140

  Develop ways to structure sentences in Chinese to elaborate own ideas

  Elaborations

  • elaborating ideas in sentences, including details such as time, place and manner, for example, 星期一我从上海坐飞机到北京
  • learning meta-terms to describe grammar rules in Chinese, for example, the placement of 主语 (subject), 动词 (verb), 名词 (noun) in sentences
  • recognising that there are multiple ways to structure a sentence, such as 我吃了早饭后去学校 and 吃了早饭后我去学校

  VCZHU140 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU124

  Recognise parts of speech and understand basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • learning about meta-terms for word types, for example, exploring what is considered a verb in English and in Chinese (for example, adjectival verbs in Chinese)
  • categorising words into word types common across languages, for example, 家人 as noun, 四 as number
  • understanding that as for English there are basic rules of word order in Chinese (subject-verb-object)

  VCZHU124 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken Arabic to initiate and sustain classroom interactions with others, to exchange views, for example, السباحة رياضة ممتعة؛ أعتقد أن السفر مفيد جدا , and express feelings such as أشعر بالفرح؛ بالسعادة عندما ألعب رياضت المفضلة؛ عندما أعزف الموسيقى ....

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• German - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken German to interact with teachers, peers and others; to make decisions, solve problems and negotiate transactions; and to exchange and justify ideas, opinions and views. When interacting, they use both rehearsed and spontaneous language to...

  Level description | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students interact with teachers and peers in classroom routines, action-related talk and play. They use formulaic expressions when participating in classroom routines and collaborative activities, such as complimenting others (for example, El bolso de Susana es hermoso), reque...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• VCGRCU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex sentences in Classical Greek, including subordinate clauses, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • using the indefinite adjective τις with nouns to supply the meaning of the indefinite article in English, for example, κακόν τι πάσχει, νῆσόν τινα
  • conjugating -ω verbs in perfect and pluperfect tenses, active and middle, indicative, imperative and infinitive forms, for example, εἴρηκα/εἴρημαι, ἑόρακα/ἑώραμαι
  • conjugating -ω verbs in the passive voice in all applicable tenses including first and second aorist and future, for example, ἐλύθην/λυθήσομαι, ἐφάνην/φανήσομαι
  • conjugating contract verbs in all tenses and voices, including verbs in –οω, for example, δηλῶ, ἐλευθερῶ
  • conjugating -μι verbs, including δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, ἵημι, δείκνυμι, φημί
  • conjugating common irregular verbs, for example, oἶδα, ἒοικα
  • forming the comparative and superlative degrees of common irregular adjectives, for example:
    • ἀγαθός/ἀμείνων/ἄριστος, ἀγαθός/βελτίων/βέλτιστος, ἀγαθός/κρείττων/κράτιστος
    • κακός/κακίων/κάκιστος, κακός/χείρων/χείριστος
    • καλός/καλλίων/κάλλιστος
    • μέγας/μείζων/μέγιστος
    • πολύς/πλείων/πλεῖστος
  • identifying the use of participles with the genitive absolute and the accusative absolute, for example, ἡμέρας γενομένης, ἔδοξεν ταῖς κόραις πρὸς τὸν κρήνην βαίνειν and δέον τὴν πόλιν ἀμύνεσθαι, οἱ ἄνδρες τὰ ὅπλα ἔφερον
  • recognising the forms and uses of the subjunctive mood, for example, ταχέως ἵωμεν (exhortation), τί ποιῶμεν; (deliberation), μὴ δέξησθε τὰ δῶρα (prohibition), οἱ στρατιῶται φεύγουσιν ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ληφθῶσιν (purpose clause), φοβοῦμαι μὴ ὁ δεσπότης οὐκ ἐθέλῃ παῦσαι τὸν πόνον (clause of fearing)
  • recognising the forms and uses of the optative mood, for example, εἴθε τὴν πατρίδα σῴζοιμεν (wish), βουλοίμεθα ἄν τοῦ ἀοιδοῦ ἀκούειν (potential optative)
  • understanding the structure and use of indirect statements with ὅτι, the infinitive or the participle, for example, ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ἤδη προσχωροῦσιν/ὁ πάτηρ ἔφη ἀνάγκην εἶναι οἴκαδε ἐπανιέναι/οἱ παῖδες εἶδον λύκον μέγαν πρὸς τὴν οἰκίαν προσιόντα
  • understanding the structure and use of conditional clauses, for example, ἐὰν τῷ δημαγωγῷ πιστεύῃς, μῶρος εἶ/ἐὰν τὸν δοῦλον καλέσῃς, βραδέως ἀφίξεται/εἰ ὁ παῖς τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, ἐδέξατο ἄν τον ἔπαινον
  • understanding the structure and use of indefinite clauses, for example, ὅστις ἄν ἔξω τῶν τῆς πόλεως ὁρῶν εὑρεθῇ, ἐν κινδύνῳ μεγάλῳ ἔσται/ἐπειδὰν γένηται ἡ πανήγυρις, πάντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν σπεύδουσιν
  • identifying the articular infinitive, for example, ἀγαθὸς εἰς τὸ λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν
  • identifying the verbal adjective in –τέος, for example, οὐ λεκτέοι εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι
  • identifying verbs that take supplementary participles, for example, ἔτυχον παροῦσαι αἱ γυναῖκες/οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐφαίνοντο οὐ βουλόμενοι ἀγορεύειν
  • understanding the sequence of tenses and moods in complex sentences (primary and secondary sequences), for example, λέγει ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἶπεν, ἐψεύδετο/εἶπεν ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἴποι, ψεύδοιτο ἄν
  • recognising creative variations in Classical Greek word order to focus on action, or to create suspense by delaying a key word, phrase or clause
  • elaborating strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCGRCU023 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU165

  Understand and apply rules of intonation and pronunciation in spoken texts, and apply writing conventions with increased accuracy in written texts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Arabic sentences can be separated by commas and that a paragraph may only have one full stop at the end
  • understanding that the marks used in the Arabic script such as التنوين؛ الشدة ؛المدة influence pronunciation and meaning in words and sentences, for example, أمل /آمال؛ دعوة/دعوى
  • using the rhythms of the Arabic language, including intonation, tone and stress, to increase fluency and enhance expression
  • applying spacing rules between words and using their knowledge of writing conventions to expand on ideas when writing short texts
  • making choices in relation to the use of punctuation such as (؛) and adjusting the flow of ideas by enhancing text cohesion and expression

  VCARU165 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU165

  Identify and reproduce irregularities of some sound–letter relationships and combinations, such as σμ, αυ, ευ, μία/μια, όι, άι, οϊ, αϊ, κι εγώ, build on pronunciation, using the accent mark for both intonation and meaning, spell frequently used words and apply accurate punctuation to writing

  Elaborations

  • examining differences in digraphs/diphthongs, consonant and vowel combinations, and double consonants
  • reinforcing the sounds represented by, for example, δ, θ, β, ξ,ψ, χ, and comparing similarities and differences between the Greek and Roman scripts
  • examining and applying the rules of accentuation when using Greek
  • identifying differences in tone, intonation and rhythm between statements, questions, exclamations and commands, for example, ορίστε, παρακαλώ, identifying and using irregularities in the language such as κι εγώ, μία-μια, δύο-δυο
  • applying punctuation and spelling rules to own writing
  • experimenting with pronunciation of less familiar texts

  VCELU165 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use spoken and written Vietnamese to initiate and sustain interactions with peers, teachers, family members and other known adults, and to engage in transactions and exchange ideas and experiences. They ask and respond to open-ended questions such as Bạn nghĩ...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• VCKOU031

  Understand and use key features of Korean sound and writing systems, including pronunciation, intonation and print conventions, applying this understanding to own speech and writing

  Elaborations

  • recognising and reproducing sounds of Korean in sentences consisting of multiple clauses, attending to pauses and intonation to identify clause sequences and types of sentences
  • pronouncing syllable blocks in a word, making appropriate changes to the sounds on syllable boundaries according to pronunciation rules, for example, pronouncing such words as 한국어, 같이, 감사합니다, 먹고 and어떻게 as 항구거, 가치, 감사함니다, 먹꼬 and 어떠케
  • experimenting with pronunciation rules and intonation collaboratively with peers
  • using basic punctuation in writing, including a question mark (?) for questions and a full stop (.) for other types of sentences
  • using spacing and spelling rules in reading and writing, recognising their differences to English, for example, 소라가 방에 있어요 versus 소라 가방에 있어요

  VCKOU031 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• German - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken German to initiate and sustain interactions with teachers, peers and others in a range of settings and for a range of purposes. They use language spontaneously in the classroom environment to seek clarification and advice, assist others,...

  Level description | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• VCARU115

  Recognise parts of speech and frequently used words in familiar contexts, and understand the basic rules of word order in simple sentences, such as the role of verbs in a sentence; the masculine and feminine forms of nouns, verbs and adjectives; and simple possessive forms

  Elaborations

  • identifying and using high-frequency words and expressions related to home and school environments in interactions, for example,

    بيت؛ عائلة؛ أب؛ إخوة؛ معلمة؛ مدرسة؛ حصة؛ صف؛ كتاب؛ دراسة؛ فرصة؛ وقت فراغ؛ أيام الأسبوع

  • recognising word order in simple phrases and sentences, for example,

    الجملة الفعلية: نام سليم؛ قام الولد؛ أكل سامي التفاحة؛ شربت سحر الحليب

  • identifying different parts of speech, for example,

    الاسم؛ الفعل؛ الصفة؛ الحرف

  • recognising that nouns have definite and indefinite articles and gender, for example,

    تلميذ/التلميذ؛ معملة العلوم؛ المعلمة

  • using masculine and feminine forms of singular nouns and adjectives, for example,

    الأب الحنون؛ الأم الجميلة ؛ كرسي كبير؛ الطاولة الصغيرة؛ أسد شرس؛ قطة أليفة

  • using simple present tense verbs to describe aspects of own daily activities, for example,

    إستيقظ في الصباح؛ أتناول الفطور؛ أركب الباص؛ أدخل الصف؛ أكمل الواجب؛ ألبس ثيابي

  • using simple verbs to express likes and dislikes, for example,

    أحب طعام أمي؛ لا أحب الأكل السريع؛ أحب الرياضة ولا أحب الرسم

  • understanding and responding to imperative verb forms in familiar instructions, for example,

    إفتح الباب؛ إجلس في مكانك؛ لا تتكلم دون إذن؛ نظّف غرفتك؛ اكمل طعامك

  • using singular possessive adjectives related to self, for example,

    بيتي؛ سريري؛ معلمتي؛ غرفتكَ؛ كتابكِ؛ حقيبتها؛ دفتره

  • understanding that adjectives follow nouns and their gender, for example, كتاب كبير؛ طاولة كبيرة
  • using singular personal pronouns, both masculine and feminine, with appropriate simple present tense verbs to describe aspects of home or school life, for example,

    أمي تحب العمل؛ هي نشيطة؛ أبي يحب الطبخ؛ هو ماهر؛ صديقي سليم شاطر؛ هو ذكي؛ هي تكتب القصص

  • developing knowledge of cardinal numbers
  • beginning to use simple conjunctions to link words and expressions, such as و؛ أو؛ أيضا

  VCARU115 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU127

  Recognise some basic features of the Korean grammatical system, such as the verb- final rule, the sentence-final –요, and notice chunks in which a noun or pronoun is combined with a case marker as part of a sentence

  Elaborations

  • recognising –요 at the end of a sentence through its repetitive use in sentences such as 따라하세요 and 안녕하세요?
  • noticing that the Korean copula alternates between two forms (–이에요 and –예요) and using it with own names, for example, 마이클이에요/매튜예요
  • understanding that 저 is used to refer to the self
  • identifying a structure where a noun ora pronoun is followed by a basic case marker such as –은/는, –이/가 and –을/를 (for example, 저는) as a chunk which has a syntactic function in a sentence
  • understanding how to make a simple question using a basic question word, for example, 뭐 좋아해요?

  VCKOU127 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU008

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in simple and compound Latin sentences, including parts of speech, case, gender, number, person, declension and conjugation, agreement and tense, and conventions of sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • identifying parts of speech and their functions in texts, such as in statements, direct speech, commands and questions
  • exploring the concepts of number, gender, case and the metalanguage used to describe nouns
  • understanding noun inflections and their usage in first, second and third declensions:
    • case: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, for example, amicus, amice, amicum, amici, amico, amico
    • number: villa, villae
    • gender: masculine dominus, feminine domina, neuter atrium, common canis, parens
  • recognising personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives, and identifying number, gender and case, for example, ego, tu, nos, vos; meus, tuus
  • recognising interrogative pronouns, for example, quis, quis, quid
  • recognising demonstrative pronouns, for example, hic, haec, hoc; ille, iste
  • identifying cardinal numbers unus to viginti and ordinal numbers primus to decimus
  • recognising prepositional phrases and the different forms of prepositions, for example, e villa, ex urbe
  • distinguishing between the meanings of prepositions when governing different cases, for example, in villam, in villa
  • exploring the concepts of verb number, person and tense, the metalanguage used to describe verbs
  • identifying endings of verbs in the four conjugations, and regular and irregular verbs in the present tense, active voice
  • identifying the use of the imperative, for example, tacete vos omnes
  • identifying first/second and third declension adjectives, for example, laeta/laetus; tristis
  • recognising agreement of adjectives and nouns in number, gender and case, for example, puella tristis, frater magnus, and how word order may differ from English
  • interpreting compound sentences using conjunctions, for example, canis intrat sed non latrat
  • recognising adverbs, for example, servus diligenter laborat
  • understanding conventions of word order in Latin sentences, such as subject + direct object + indirect object + verb, for example, puella librum fratri legit, and how those conventions can be used to anticipate the development of a sentence
  • developing strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCLAU008 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex Latin sentences, including subordinate clauses, non-finite verb forms, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • identifying the endings of fourth and fifth declension nouns, for example, exercitus, cornua; dies, fides
  • acknowledging that nouns may have unexpected genders, for example, first declension agricola (m), second declension pirus (f)
  • recognising relative, emphatic and indefinite pronouns, for example, qui, quae, quod; ipse; quisquis; quidam
  • recognising reflexive pronouns and adjectives, for example, se; suus
  • analysing case usage of nouns in all five declensions, for example, partitive genitive quid novi?
  • identifying and understanding the use of the locative case, for example, Romae, Pompeiis
  • identifying and understanding words used in apposition in all cases, for example, Venus, dea, est pulchra
  • explaining case usage of pronouns, for example, personal ego, tu, nos, vos; demonstrative hic, ille; interrogative quis, quis, quid; relative qui, quae, quod; emphatic ipse, ipsa, ipsum; reflexive me, te, nos, vos, se
  • distinguishing the use of different moods
  • extending identification of indicative endings of regular and irregular verbs to different tenses
  • understanding the concept of the principal parts for verbs in all conjugations, for example, voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum; sum, esse, fui
  • identifying and understanding the use of infinitives for all four conjugations and irregular verbs, for example, a prolative infinitive with amat, such as natare amat
  • recognising impersonal expressions, for example, mihi difficile est dormire
  • understanding the use of present, future and perfect participles, for example, clamans, moriturus, vocatus
  • recognising passive voice forms and the forms of deponent verbs and distinguishing their meanings, for example, laudata est – she has been praised; collapsa est – she collapsed
  • distinguishing in complex sentences between principal and subordinate clauses, for example, relative, causal, temporal, concessive, conditional, such as si/nisi with the indicative
  • recognising comparison of adjectives and adverbs, regular and irregular, for example, stulta, stultior, stultissima; malus, peior, pessimus
  • recognising quam + superlative, for example, quam celerrime
  • understanding conventions of the use of numbers to express distance, capacity, time and price, for example, duo milia passuum, quinquaginta denariis
  • understanding the conventions of the Roman calendar, for example, a.d. XIV Kal Jul
  • recognising creative variations in Latin word order, for example, delay of a key word or clause to create suspense, ordering of clauses to increase impact, bracketing/nesting, juxtaposition

  VCLAU023 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Japanese - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students interact with one another and the teacher in classroom routines and activities, exchanging greetings, wishes and information about their personal and social worlds. They use gestures and formulaic expressions appropriately, for example, おくれて すみません。しつれいします。 They...

  Level description | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8