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• Italian - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use a range of everyday language both orally and in writing to exchange information about their personal, social, local and about broader issues of personal significance. They communicate thoughts and opinions; make comparisons and contrasts (for example, a differenz...

  Level description | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Korean - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students extend their grammatical knowledge to a range of particles, conjunctive suffixes (clausal connectives) and complex phrasal and sentential structures. Their vocabulary range expands to abstract words and some specialised vocabulary. With an increasing knowledge and control of language...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence

• Korean - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken Korean to interact with peers, teachers and other Korean speakers in face-to-face, local and virtual communications. They exchange information and opinions about personal and immediate interests and experiences and about broader topics of...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Modern Greek - F–10 Sequence: Levels 5 and 6 description

  Students begin to reflect on language and how it is used in different ways to communicate. As they use Modern Greek for a wider range of interactions, students develop a stronger understanding of the interconnection between language and culture. They begin to recognise how language features and...

  Level description | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence

• Non-Roman Alphabet Languages - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use the written and spoken language being studied to initiate and sustain classroom interactions to carry out transactions and to exchange information, ideas, thoughts and feelings about people, objects, places and events. They ask and respond to open-ended questions...

  Level description | Languages | Non-Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Non-Roman Alphabet Languages - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use the language being studied to describe feelings, express likes and dislikes and exchange information about their personal worlds, including information about themselves, their family, friends and interests. They interact with others in collaborative and classroom...

  Level description | Languages | Non-Roman Alphabet Languages | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Roman Alphabet Languages - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use the language to interact and exchange ideas, experiences and interests with teachers, peers and others. When interacting, they ask questions, respond to questions and clarify their answers. Students give opinions, make comparisons and state preferences. They...

  Level description | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Victorian Aboriginal Languages: Levels 3 to 6 description

  Students focus on aspects of their personal and social worlds, and are introduced to content related to the Country/Place and language community. They develop an awareness of their membership of various groups, and their widening social networks, experiences, and communicative repertoires, and...

  Level description | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages

• VCTRU033

  Recognise that languages change over time and that Turkish language is influenced by and also influences other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • understanding that Turkish, like all languages, changes over time, for example, in the spelling and pronunciation of certain words, such as alma/elma, ana/anne, karındaş/kardaş/kardeş, cevap/yanıt, tabiat/doğa
  • recognising differences in language use across generations, for example, by comparing words and expressions used by their grandparents and parents, such as sabah şerifleriniz hayırlı olsun, with some of their own expressions, such as günaydın
  • finding English words used in Turkish, such as web sitesi, Twitter, tişört and blucin, considering differences between these and the types of Turkish words used in English
  • identifying loan words from other languages, for example, tren, doktor, baklava, çikolata, sıfır, şeker, tiyatro, balkon, discussing why particular kinds of words are more likely to be adopted

  VCTRU033 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCVIU014

  Examine the structures and language features of a range of short familiar personal texts, including descriptive, informative and imaginative texts, and identify audience and purpose

  Elaborations

  • identifying the audience, purpose and structural features of short familiar texts in Vietnamese, such as messages, notes, signs, instructions, personal emails/letters, diary entries/blog posts, advertisements, announcements, recipes, stories, songs and poems
  • recognising structural features of familiar personal, informative and imaginative Vietnamese texts, for example, the date on diary entries and letters, titles for stories, and greetings for emails or conversations
  • discussing ways in which different grammatical elements are used for different textual purposes, for example, the use of imperatives in a set of instructions (Đứng lên! Ngồi xuống! Mở tập ra! Nghe và lặp lại!) in recipes and other procedural texts, time and place markers (ngày xửa ngày xưa, hôm qua, hôm nay, ngày mai, tuần tới) in stories, adjectives (đẹp, tốt, bền, tiện lợi) in advertisements, and personal pronouns (ông, bà, tôi, anh, chị, em) in conversations
  • understanding how to create textual cohesion by using linguistic elements such as cohesive devices (thứ nhất, thứ nhì, trước tiên, kế đến, rồi, sau cùng) and conjunctions (và, với, hay, hoặc, vì, nhưng) to sequence and link ideas
  • understanding the use of features of particular text types in simple written, spoken or digital form, such as class signs and rules, birthday invitations, personal profiles, or recipes of favourite foods or drinks

  VCVIU014 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU153

  Understand the structure and language features of familiar texts such as recipes, recounts, narratives, procedures, emails and stories, recognising that linguistic choices depend on purpose, context and audience

  Elaborations

  • identifying and comparing the language features of different text types, such as descriptive language in narratives or persuasive language in advertisements, and making connections between these features and the purpose of the text, for example, the use of descriptive language to entertain, or emotive language to persuade
  • identifying the context, purpose and audience of a range of imaginative, procedural, persuasive or informative texts, such as stories, recipes, advertisements and news reports
  • identifying the context, audience, purpose and structural features of short familiar texts in Vietnamese, such as messages, notes, signs, instructions, personal emails/letters, diary entries/blog posts, advertisements, announcements, recipes, stories, songs and poems
  • recognising structural features of familiar personal, informative and imaginative Vietnamese texts, for example, dates on diary entries and letters, greetings in emails or conversations, and titles of stories
  • discussing ways in which different sets of vocabulary are seen in different contexts, for example, the use of imperatives in a set of instructions (Đứng lên! Ngồi xuống! Mở tập ra! Nghe và lặp lại), the frequent use of time and place markers (ngày xửa ngày xưa, hôm qua, hôm nay, ngày mai, tuần tới) in narratives, the types of adjectives (đẹp, tốt, bền, tiện lợi) seen in advertisements, and personal pronouns (ông, bà, tôi, anh, chị, em) in everyday conversations
  • understanding how to create textual cohesion by using elements such as adverbs of sequence for example, thứ nhất, thứ nhì, trước tiên, kế đến, rồi, sau cùng, and conjunctions, for example, và, với, hay, hoặc, vì, nhưng, to sequence and link ideas

  VCVIU153 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU031

  Analyse the relationship between context, purpose and audience, language features and cultural elements associated with different types of texts in actual or online contexts

  Elaborations

  • exploring different samples of particular types of texts, such as recounts, reports and advertisements, and analysing the relationships between audience, purpose, context and language features to predict the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary
  • exploring the ways in which content is developed in different types of texts, and how ideas and information are sequenced, for example, headings, paragraphing, topic sentences, elaborations, and topic/idea shifts
  • identifying and comparing language features of different text types, for example, the use of first person (mình/tôi), descriptive (trẻ trung/xinh đẹp/thông minh/hiền lành/dịu dàng) and emotive language (buồn bã/hoang mang/vui mừng/hạnh phúc) in personal recounts and diary entries
  • recognising linguistic choices made according to the text’s intended audience and degree of formality, for example, changing personal pronouns or tone to indicate changes in relationship between participants or degree of (in)formality
  • analysing how language choices help achieve particular purposes and effects, for example, descriptive language to promote a product, evaluative language to reflect on an experience or to review a literary work, persuasive language to influence audience, or humorous techniques to entertain
  • understanding the use of text conventions such as culturally appropriate salutations and forms of address (depending on relationship or social status) in specific text types such as letters, speeches or interviews, for example, kính thưa/thưa/thân mến/thương mến/kính chào/chào
  • understanding that texts have different purposes (to persuade, to entertain), different audiences (children, adolescents, Vietnamese or Australian people) and different structures and formats (diary entry, blog post, formal letter, interview, report, speech)

  VCVIU031 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCU024

  Expand vocabulary by using a range of strategies, including knowledge of roots, cognates and derivatives, and use dictionaries to determine the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary in specific contexts

  Elaborations

  • developing vocabulary lists pertinent to particular reading, for example, philosophical words, poetic words and military words, such as στρατός, στρατηγός, στρατιώτης, στρατόπεδον
  • using a dictionary to investigate how vocabulary choices in Classical Greek and English can express shades of meaning, ὑπεροράω (‘look down on’, ‘overlook’, ‘despise’)
  • extrapolating knowledge of word origins, roots and cognates to interpret unfamiliar vocabulary, for example, δίκη/δίκαιος, λάμπω/λαμπρός, φοβοῦμαι/φοβερός
  • extending vocabulary through word-building from Classical Greek roots, for example, τιμῶ/τιμή, ἔργον/ἐργάζομαι, πόλις/πολίτης/πολιτικός/πολιτεία
  • identifying and interpreting compound words, for example, προσβάλλω/καταβάλλω/ἐκβάλλω
  • recognising common patterns of vowel change to identify words from the same root, for example, γίγνομαι/γένεσις, λέγω/λόγος
  • expanding vocabulary by using connections between conceptually related words, for example, chronology, chronic, anachronism

  VCGRCU024 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU129

  Notice and identify different types of simple spoken, written and digital texts used for different purposes in familiar contexts

  Elaborations

  • listening to and viewing different types of simple texts in Korean including digital or online texts and recognising that Korean is used for purposes such as songs, chants, dialogues and stories
  • identifying Korean words in spoken and written texts where Korean is used alongside words from other languages

  VCKOU129 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLVU163

  Distinguish and produce the speech sounds of the language, understanding how these are represented in writing

  Elaborations

  • identifying meaningful sounds, syllables and morphemes in words and phrases
  • confirming sound–symbol correspondences in the language by reading syllables, morphemes and words for meaning
  • using conventions of the written language, for example, punctuation, capitalisation, diacritics, digraphs, to support links with the spoken language
  • identifying morphemes, words and phrases in speech and matching these with their written forms
  • paying attention to consistency in the spelling of the language, with direct reference to the sound system of the language
  • noticing variations in pronunciation of the same word by different speakers and discussing whether this can be reflected in the spelling of the word
  • recognising that in some cases the original sound/parts of the sound of some words in the language may be unknown, considering possible reasons for this
  • understanding that other languages may suggest historical pronunciations for the language
  • learning that very similar languages may have different spelling systems, and how this may mask similarities of their sound systems
  • recognising which speech sounds are not typical for the language, and which sounds are very common, identifying where these can occur in words
  • using knowledge of sound–symbol correspondences to read familiar and new words out aloud from their written forms
  • noticing the various roles of the speech organs in the production of sounds in the language, and comparing these with English and other known languages

  VCLVU163 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCRAC059

  Translate and analyse a range of texts, comparing language choices and exploring differences in meanings

  Elaborations

  • translating texts, identifying culture-specific vocabulary and expressions, discussing the translation process (such as possible reasons for equivalence/non-equivalence), and choosing ‘best fit’ words or omitting words
  • comparing interpretations of texts such as advertisements, songs or film extracts, noticing similarities and differences, and reflecting on why interpretations may vary

  VCRAC059 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIU034

  Understand that the Hindi language is influenced by and in turn influences other languages and cultures

  Elaborations

  • understanding the influence on Hindi of different languages over different times, for example, the use of English words such as ‘post-box’, ‘railway station’, ‘bus’, ‘school’
  • identifying more examples of Hindi words or expressions that are commonly used in English, such as ‘verandah’ from बरामदा, ‘bandana’ from बांधना
  • identifying how words from Sanskrit, Perso-Arabic and English are used in different contexts to mean related concepts such as ‘concern/anxiety’: Sanskrit चिंता; Arabic फ़िक्र; and ‘tension’, English टेन्शन
  • finding examples of expressions in Hindi that include words from English or other languages, for example, क्या यह आपका फ़ाइनल उत्तर है?

  VCHIU034 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCKOU017

  Understand the dynamic nature of Korean and other languages

  Elaborations

  • viewing images of the original version of 훈민정음 and recognising that some lettersin the original are not used in modern Korean script, for example •, ᅙ, ᅀ
  • identifying loan words in Korean borrowed from other languages, for example, 텔레비전, 쇼핑, 컴퓨터
  • identifying hybrid –하다 verbs where a loan word (noun) and –하다 are conjoined to behave as a verb, for example, 쇼핑해요, 조깅해요
  • identifying words which have similar meanings and pronunciation across different languages, reflecting on the possible origins of such words and their associated cultures

  VCKOU017 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCLVC159

  Translate simple texts from the language to English and vice versa, identifying elements which require interpretation rather than translation and involve cultural references

  Elaborations

  • using visual or print dictionaries, word lists and pictures to translate simple familiar texts such as labels, signs, captions, charts, posters, applying knowledge of grammatical rules and context, for example, by locating word stems or by removing affixes
  • translating texts, identifying culture-specific concepts and expressions that do not easily translate into English, for example, language related to artefacts, place names, landforms, kinship relations
  • explaining to others culture-specific words that do not easily translate, such as language associated with artefacts, implements and kinship terms of address
  • identifying words and phrases that have more than one literal meaning
  • explaining the meaning of art works and performances to others, including the use of symbolism

  VCLVC159 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCRAC054

  Interact with others by making requests, seeking clarification, checking understanding and expressing opinions

  Elaborations

  • asking for clarification, such as how to spell a word or asking for meaning
  • apologising and making requests, giving help and responding to instructions and asking and responding to closed and open-ended questions

  VCRAC054 | Languages | Roman Alphabet Languages | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Socialising