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• VCHIU120

  Recognise regularities and irregularities of spoken Hindi and conventions of the written script, and apply these to their own language production in increasingly complex ways

  Elaborations

  • recognising and practising the spelling of words that involve combinations of pronouns and postpositions that lose the inherent ‘a’ inside a word in the representation in Devanagari script, such as in उसका, and understanding how the loss of the inherent ‘a’ at the end of a verb stem is not represented in Devanagari, for example, सुनना/सुनता
  • explaining and applying basic rules of Hindi pronunciation, spelling, punctuation and intonation
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to the spelling and writing of unfamiliar words
  • recognising how words can be formed from base words and understanding how prefixes and suffixes change the meaning of words, for example, जीव, सजीव, जीवंत and the impact this has on pronunciation
  • recognising and understanding the impact on Hindi pronunciation and spelling in Devanagari of elements of direct forms of Sanskrit words (तत्सम words) and of derived forms (तद्भव words), understanding that both forms can be used in different contexts, for example, क्षेत्र for field in an abstract sense and खेत for a field for farming
  • increasing control of regular and irregular elements of spoken and written Hindi, such as the influence of accents and expressions on pronunciation and their impact on spelling, for example, the use of वो in spoken Hindi in place of वह in written Hindi
  • recognising the impermanent and fluid nature of spoken language and how it is influenced by local customs, cultures and regional languages, for example, the addition of honorifics such as ताई to women’s names by Marathi speakers and देवी to married women’s names by Biharis
  • recognising and responding to challenges associated with clarity and pace in audio texts, such as station or airport announcements or recorded phone messages

  VCHIU120 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU202

  Apply features and rules of Korean pronunciation and Hangeul to understanding and producing a range of texts for different audiences and purposes

  Elaborations

  • using Korean pronunciation and spelling rules for listening to and reading authentic texts and producing own written and oral texts
  • knowing when to pause in complex sentences with embedded clauses
  • understanding that there are variations in Korean pronunciation across people from different regions of Korea but that spelling follows standardised rules
  • writing in Hangeul independently, observing writing conventions and rules

  VCKOU202 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU025

  Analyse the structure and features of different text types in Latin, exploring how they relate to context, purpose and audience

  Elaborations

  • examining textual features used to influence an audience, such as the contrast of short and periodic sentences to persuade, or the use of repetition and humour to entertain
  • making connections and comparisons between a new text and familiar texts of the same type
  • analysing different texts, such as a story, historical account or speech, to understand how a version of an event can be expressed in different ways
  • recognising different ways of presenting the same story, for example, from the viewpoint of different characters or in the form of a flashback
  • analysing language features used to influence the intended audience, such as imagery or rhetorical devices

  VCLAU025 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCNRC076

  Translate and analyse a range of texts comparing interpretations and explaining differences in meaning

  Elaborations

  • exchanging translations of familiar texts with peers, through email or shared spaces such as ePals, and discussing different versions in order to develop a whole-class translation
  • translating, analysing and explaining expressions and idioms encountered in texts, finding ways to convey the meaning and cultural significance
  • translating stories for others, analysing how words can have different meanings when used in different ways in a sentence and explaining the differences to others
  • translating texts to identify and evaluate cultural elements and influences, for example, proverbs and sayings

  VCNRC076 | Capabilities | Personal and Social Capability | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCNRU114

  Recognise and reproduce sound-letter relationships and combinations in the language being learned in spoken and written forms and key features of pronunciation, rhythm and stress

  Elaborations

  • recognising the differences in tone and rhythm
  • recognising and reproducing rhythms in more complex sentences, using pausing and intonation
  • understanding the role of pronunciation, rhythm and pace in creating effects and relationships in oral texts, such as songs, stories, poems and conversations
  • identifying differences in sounds and using them appropriately when writing
  • experimenting with pronunciation rules and intonation collaboratively with peers

  VCNRU114 | Languages | Non-Roman Alphabet Languages | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken Arabic to initiate, sustain and extend formal and informal interactions with the teacher, peers and others in a range of settings. They use language spontaneously to respond to others, seek and give advice for example, كيف أستطيع أن ...؛ أعتقد أ...

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Chinese - Second Language Learner - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use spoken and written Chinese to initiate and sustain interactions in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. They exchange information, ideas and opinions and enquire into the experiences and opinions of others, using question words such as 为什么，怎么，怎么样 to elicit more...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• French - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken French to socialise with peers, teachers and other French speakers in local contexts and online environments. They communicate about immediate and personal interests and involvements (family, friends, interests), and some broader social and...

  Level description | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Hindi - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students extend and consolidate grammatical knowledge, including the use of compound sentences by using postpositions मैं पहले दिल्ली जाऊँगा और अपना काम पूरा करने के बाद कोलकता पहुँचूँगा। and a range of tenses to describe events and personal experiences, पिछले वर्ष जैसे हमने होली का त्योहार मन...

  Level description | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence

• Indonesian - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use Indonesian to communicate with teachers, peers and others in a range of settings and for a range of purposes. They pronounce the sounds ngg and ng accurately, as well as sy (masyarakat) and kh (akhir), and use stress to create fluency in sentences. Students...

  Level description | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Indonesian - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students interact with peers and adults using written and spoken Indonesian to communicate about personal interests and relationships, practices and experiences, and about broader issues such as health and the environment, including as these relate to Indonesia. They respond...

  Level description | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Japanese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use Japanese to share information, experiences and views related to their social worlds using rehearsed and spontaneous language. They use correct pronunciation, including that of borrowed words, and adopt appropriate rhythm and phrasing to allow for others’ use of

  Level description | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Turkish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use spoken and written Turkish to initiate, sustain and extend interactions with peers, teachers and others in a range of contexts and for a range of purposes. They exchange ideas, opinions and aspirations, for example, Türkçe öğretmeni olmak istiyorum.

  Level description | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Turkish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students extend their grammatical knowledge to a range of forms and functions that give them control of more complex elements of text construction and word formation. They analyse functions of affixation through the identification of adverbial, adjectival and noun phrases, for example, by recognising...

  Level description | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence

• VCARU182

  Understand how rules of Arabic pronunciation, including patterns of stress and rules of pause, and writing conventions enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • understanding that certain sounds in Arabic words can be dropped from pronunciation, such as the t sound in السماء صافية and tashkeel in البنت مريضة؛ الشمس مشرقة
  • understanding that sentences can contain one or more verbs and can be joined with و or other cohesive devices
  • recognising the need for a pause or change of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses, for example, كنت مع صديقي عماد؛ صديقي من المدرسة؛ عندما شاهدنا الحادث الأليم
  • applying understanding of how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! معقولة؟ تعال إلى هنا حالًا
  • reflecting on the role of pronunciation, rhythm, word stress and intonation in effective communication, and applying this knowledge to own interactions
  • using knowledge of Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when engaging with authentic spoken and written texts
  • evaluating own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU182 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU182

  Explore the features of spoken and written language, and apply variations in relation to features such as stress, pronunciation and contractions

  Elaborations

  • recognising ways in which written language is different to spoken language, such as being more crafted, precise, elaborated and complex, for example, the use of interrelated clauses and support detail
  • recognising the interactive, fluid and less permanent nature of spoken language, identifying features such as interactivity, and the use of repetition, pauses, interruptions, contractions, incomplete sentences and reliance on non-verbal elements and vocal expression
  • recognising and responding to challenges associated with clarity and pace in audio texts, such as railway station or airport announcements or recorded phone messages, and variations or differences in pronunciation to ensure clarity, for example, zwei/zwo; Juli (pronounced as Julei)
  • recognising and reproducing rhythms in complex sentences, using pausing and intonation to signal clause boundaries and emphasis
  • analysing and comparing the use of contractions in English and in German, for example, Ich hab keine Lust or Mach’s gut!

  VCDEU182 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU192

  Understand intonation and phrasing patterns in both informal and formal speech, and recognise multiple readings of familiar kanji in different compounds

  Elaborations

  • recognising the basic pattern of intonation in Japanese, taking the form of a downturning curve, and applying it when speaking
  • identifying the use of rising intonation when asking questions in casual speech or ましょう form, for example, 食べない？ 食べましょうか？
  • understanding how to make appropriate pauses in a sentence, that is, dividing up a sentence into cohesive chunks to allow for the use of あいづち
  • understanding that changes occur in kanji readings, for example, 新(あたら)しい、新聞(しんぶん)、聞(き)きます、オーストラリア人(じん)、人(ひと)

  VCJAU192 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU034

  Analyse and compose different types of texts, considering issues such as coherence, cohesion, and the relationship between textual conventions and audiences and contexts

  Elaborations

  • identifying how grammatical choices, words and images combine in a text to achieve particular intentions and effects (for example, using 나 instead of 저 in an advertisement to make the target audience identify with the social group that would use the goods being advertised)
  • exploring and identifying basic cohesive devices in texts such as:
    • consistent use of the informal polite-style ending –어/아요 throughout texts of multiple sentences
    • agreement of honorific elements such as particles, words and suffixes in a sentence (for example, 선생님께꽃을 드려요; 할머니께서 주무세요; 저에게 말씀해 주세요; 그분은 누구세요?) and throughout the text
    • use of conjunctive adverbs, for example, 그런데, 그래서, 그러면, 그렇지만, 하지만 and conjunctive suffixes (clausal connectives) such as –고, –어/아서, –(으)면
  • creating short texts, (print or digital), with a focus on textual coherence and cohesion

  VCKOU034 | Languages | Korean | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAE016

  Read, analyse and interpret Latin texts, using vocabulary, grammar and textual cues, to engage with the Roman world

  Elaborations

  • predicting the context and content of Latin texts through initial holistic reading, by identifying key words and phrases, for example, Romani Carthaginienses valde timebant
  • inferring the meaning of new words, using knowledge of the text type and the author’s purpose and technique, for example, res, gero, rem gerere
  • investigating and explaining the effect of word order in Latin in producing emphasis and tone, such as indignation, anger, suspense, for example, qualis vir? conclamant omnes; miser Catulle
  • examining and interpreting complex sentence structures, such as conditional sentences, indirect speech and subordinate clauses, for example, adjectival, causal, purpose or result clauses, indirect questions or commands
  • reflecting on the precise use of tenses in Latin and making comparisons with English, for example, cotidie ibat; si veneris
  • explaining how the coherence of complex texts relies on devices that signal text structure and guide readers, for example, paulisper … dum … interea …; primo … deinde … tandem; non solum … verum etiam
  • investigating how different conjunctions are used in complex sentences to extend, elaborate and explain ideas, for example, in periodic sentences using quod, quamquam, cum
  • explaining allusions to historical or mythological characters which exemplify Roman values and attitudes, such as Romulus and Remus, Lucretia, Horatius, Cloelia
  • discussing conventions of Latin texts, such as letter format, for example, Marcus Quinto SPD … cura ut valeas, or metre in poetry, for example, acknowledging quantities
  • recognising positive and negative cultural connotations of concepts implicit in Latin vocabulary, for example, rex, imperium
  • analysing cultural values and attitudes embedded in language use, for example, vocabulary and expressions particular to festivals and ceremonies such as Io triumphe; ave Caesar
  • discussing the function and power of cultural representations such as symbols, for example, SPQR, aquila, fasces
  • justifying interpretations of texts, using examples or quotations from or references to the text, such as line numbers or a paraphrase of a longer section of text
  • constructing, editing and presenting interpretations of and responses to literary Latin, using ICT collaboratively

  VCLAE016 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Accessing the Roman world through Latin texts

• VCLVC174

  Engage with peers, the teaching team and visiting respected community members to exchange information about interests, experiences, plans and aspirations

  Elaborations

  • expressing personal experiences, plans, goals and aspirations
  • asking and responding to open-ended questions, for example, why, how, when, using modelled sentence patterns
  • engaging in face-to-face or online discussions with peers about shared interests and experiences, such as sport, food, study, music or fashion
  • recounting experiences, such as holidays, special events, milestones, sports events or celebrations
  • sharing and comparing information about daily routines and responsibilities
  • sustaining and extending conversations by seeking additional information
  • exchanging information about family, friends, teachers, school subjects, entertainment and leisure activities

  VCLVC174 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Communicating | Socialising