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• VCJAU194

  Understand how sophistication in expression can be achieved by the use of a variety of verb and adjective conjugations

  Elaborations

  • further developing metalanguage to describe and increase control of grammatical concepts and language elements and to organise learning resources such as verb charts and lists of vocabulary and sentence structures
  • understanding and applying the rules of the plain form, and knowing that the basic form of all Japanese verbs ends in -u, -eru or -iru, the forms they are listed under in dictionaries
  • understanding that verbs can be divided into three groups according to the way they are conjugated: Group 1 (five-step verbs), Group 2 (one-step verbs) and Group 3 (irregular verbs)
  • using character charts as a systematic framework for recognising patterns for verb conjugation, and applying the formation rules of each verb group
  • using verb て form to connect events, for example, 朝(あさ)おきてジョギングをします。
  • understanding and using the different functions of verb て form
  • using present continuous tense using verb ています, for example, ラジオを聞いています。
  • requesting and giving permission and expressing prohibition using verb て form, for example, ～てもいいです。～てはいけません。～てはだめです。
  • using verb stems with grammatical features such as ～かった。～やすい／にくいです。～に行きます。
  • exploring how to use plain forms in authentic contexts such as conversations with peers, for example, 食べる？　見る？
  • expressing opinions, intentions and thoughts using the plain form, for example:
    • plain verb つもりです。
    • verb /adjective とおもいます。
    • ～たり～たりします。
  • using い and な adjectives in present and past tenses, for example:
    • おいしい ◊ おいしかったです。
    • たのしくない ◊ たのしくなかったです。
    • しずかな ◊ しずかでした。
  • using adverbs and intensifiers such as かなり, ぜんぜん, たいてい
  • sequencing actions, for example, 朝おきてジョギングをします。
  • increasing cohesion within paragraphs by using conjunctions, for example, ですから
  • indicating the status of actions using adverbs such as まだ and もう
  • understanding the concept of uchi-soto (内(うち)と外(そと)) for making appropriate choices of register, for example, 食べる？食べますか？

  VCJAU194 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU032

  Identify and analyse linguistic features of German that vary according to audience, context and purpose in familiar modelled spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the level of formality in a text may be decreased by using some contractions and slang, for example, in an informal conversation or email, or increased by applying key features such as appropriate layout and structure, formal register and subordinate clauses, for example, in a job application letter
  • analysing differences in register and style when using language in different contexts, for example, watching video clips showing introductions, greetings and farewells in different situations, or noticing the use of youth language in songs, graffiti and text messages
  • interpreting, explaining and using textual conventions popular with young German speakers, such as the use of contractions, abbreviations and acronyms in text messages, for example, 4u = für dich = for you, brb = bin gleich wieder da = be right back, 8ung = Achtung!, dubido = du bist doof, sz = schreib zurück, sTn = schöner Tag noch
  • identifying key differences in regional dialects and accents
  • analysing linguistic choices in situations of potential conflict involving an apology and acceptance of an apology (complaining about poor service or faulty goods, or apologising for forgetting someone’s birthday), or dealing with a contentious issue and expressing agreement and disagreement in different ways, for example, Ich bin nicht damit einverstanden;. Das stimmt nicht ganz.; Spinnst du?

  VCDEU032 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELC171

  Initiate, sustain and extend interactions by exchanging experiences, seeking and giving advice, and discussing aspirations and relationships

  Elaborations

  • sustaining interactions with others by acknowledging, asking for repetition or clarification or questioning further, for example, Συγγνώμη, δεν καταλαβαίνω. Τι είπατε; and responding appropriately, for example, όπως έλεγα πριν, σίγουρα ...
  • interviewing peers to extract information on and evaluate views about aspects of life such as school, future aspirations and relationships, and discussing as a class the major themes and concerns that emerge, for example, Τι γνώμη έχετε για τη σχολική στολή; Τι θέλεις να κάνεις όταν τελειώσεις το σχολείο; Ποιες είναι οι φιλοδοξίες σου για το μέλλον;
  • sharing opinions with peers about events and interests, and incorporating language to express emotions and responses such as approval, gratitude, regret and appreciation, for example, Ωραία! Σε/σας ευχαριστώ, Λυπάμαι / δυστυχώς, Δεν μπορώ, Σύμφωνοι
  • exchanging information with peers in Greece or Cyprus, such as through letters, emails or online discussions, about aspects of school, youth lifestyle and social issues, using comparisons when expressing thoughts and ideas, for example, Τι κάνεις τον ελεύθερο χρόνο σου; Πόσο διαρκούν οι διακοπές σας; Πιστεύεις ότι είναι καλύτερα να ... Πώς διασκεδάζουν οι νέοι;

  VCELC171 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCGRCE018

  Respond to Classical Greek texts by analysing themes, values and literary features, such as plot development and characterisation, and sharing and justifying opinions

  Elaborations

  • reading texts in Classical Greek and responding to questions in English to demonstrate understanding of content, context, purpose and technique
  • discussing how language is used to reveal character, values and key messages in texts such as narratives, dialogues, plays, poems, letters or speeches, for example, Pericles’ funeral oration
  • discussing epic plots and characters, such as the depiction of Croesus in Herodotus’ Histories, Dicaeopolis in Aristophanes’ Acharnians, for example, debating significant events and the author’s purpose
  • analysing plot development in texts such as plays and stories, discussing features, for example, use of comic episode, plot twist, climax, resolution
  • interpreting how particular stylistic effects are created, such as emphasis, doubt, irony or supposition, for example, through the use of particles πῶς γὰρ οὔ; καὶ γάρ, ἆρα οὐ/ἆρα μή
  • analysing how writers use language features to achieve particular aesthetic, humorous or persuasive purposes and effects, such as hyperbole, for example, μύριοι, or irony, for example, Socratic dialogue or dramatic irony
  • evaluating the effectiveness of texts, by considering the use of techniques, for example, simile, metaphor, personification or pathos, for particular purposes, such as to entertain or persuade

  VCGRCE018 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Responding to texts

• VCHHK137

  Different experiences and perspectives of non-Europeans and their perspectives on changes to society, significant events, ideas, beliefs and values

  Elaborations

  • Australia
    • investigating sources that record the reactions of new arrivals to other countries in this period, for example, responses to the natural environment and climate
    • investigating the experiences of a specific group of arrivals to Australia, for example, convicts in Sydney, Hobart, Brisbane or free settlers in Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth or Darwin
    • describing the impact of this group on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of the region
    • investigating the differing views of pastoralists and gold miners and how they influenced Victoria
    • examining the experiences of non-Europeans in Australia prior to the 1900s, such as the Japanese, Chinese, South Sea Islanders, Afghans
    • outlining the migration of Chinese to the goldfields in Australia in the nineteenth century and attitudes towards the Chinese as revealed in cartoons, for example, the Mongolian Octopus
  • Asia
    • analysing Commissioner Lin Zexu’s letter to Queen Victoria before the outbreak of the First Opium War 1839-42
    • analysing the ideas that influenced the perspectives of the Society of Righteous Harmonious Fists, Yi He Tuan (The Boxers)
    • comparing and contrast different perspectives about the effect of European colonisation of India or China or Indochina
    • analysing different perspectives of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

  VCHHK137 | The Humanities | History | Levels 9 and 10 | Historical Knowledge | The making of the modern world | Australia and Asia

• VCHIC077

  Present information related to social and cultural issues of interest to their peer group using different modes and formats to take positions and to capture different perspectives

  Elaborations

  • writing a review or creating a commentary of an event such as an India-Australia cricket match, music festival or street fashion show, incorporating expressions and style that characterise these text genres and reflect the writer’s perspective
  • creating texts such as blog posts or items in school newsletters that address social and environmental issues such as पर्यावरण परिवर्तन; बेरोजगारी
  • producing a segment for a local radio station to report on a charity fund raising activity
  • presenting information in the form of promotional or persuasive letters or speeches for audiences such as peers, parents or authorities in order to argue a case or establish a position on an issue, for example, प्रदूषण के प्रभाव, पढ़ाई और मनोरंजन में तालमेल, पौष्टिक आहार और स्वास्थ्य़
  • using data collected via online research or recorded/published interviews to create a digital profile of a significant member of their local community or of the wider Hindi-speaking world, such as a musician, chef, artist or sporting figure
  • presenting an overview of traditional games and sports played in different Hindi-speaking regions, such as कबड्डी or खो-खो, for example, by watching video clips and then writing up the rules

  VCHIC077 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCHIU086

  Analyse and compose different types of texts for specific purposes and audiences that involve different cultural, textual and contextual features

  Elaborations

  • composing and comparing texts such as emails, songs, slogans or public signs, noticing how the choice of vocabulary, structure and tenor combine to achieve each text’s purpose
  • comparing Hindi and English versions of texts such as invitations or newspaper announcements, noticing forms of expression that are culturally significant, such as जय के विवाह का शुभ मुहुर्त ... के दिन ... बजे से.. बजे तक तय हुआ है। आपकी उपस्थिति और आशीर्वाद की प्रतीक्षा रहेगी or रमेश और लीला के पुत्र के नामकरण पर आपको सादर आमंत्रित करते हैं।
  • demonstrating the different organisation of elements, such as introductions, ordering of content and expression of wishes or greetings within different forms of communication, for example, formal letters, emails or web posts
  • composing spoken and written versions of texts such as advertisements, invitations or personal messages, identifying key differences in syntax, register and language choice
  • comparing the textual features of different kinds of Hindi verse, identifying differences in rhythm, meter and cultural framing
  • composing formal and informal versions of selected text genres, such as a written invitation and an invitation by text message, मोहन और गीताकी सगाई के शुभ अवसर पर आपकी परिवार सहित उपस्थिति प्रार्थनीय है; क्या तुम... के दिन.. समय मुझे मिल सकते हो?

  VCHIU086 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCHIU123

  Identify variations in the use of Hindi that relate to social roles, contexts and modes of expression, considering similar variations in language use in English or other known languages

  Elaborations

  • explaining variations in language use between people of different ages, gender or relationships that reflect attitudes and values, for example, ways of expressing authority or humility or inclusivity or exclusivity
  • identifying differences in terms of language features and register between spoken and written forms of texts such as apologies, invitations or narratives माफ़ कीजिए, क्षमा कीजिए
  • noticing and explaining differences in text structure and grammar between formal and informal Hindi use, for example, between the structure of a business letter and an informal email, आपको सूचित किया जाता है..., मैं तुम्हें बताता हूँ....
  • analysing non-verbal elements of communication between Hindi speakers, such as gestures, facial expressions and the use of space and silence, discussing to what extent they contribute to the exchange of meaning and whether they vary in formal and informal contexts
  • finding examples and explaining variations in style, content and intention of different expressions of wishes for a particular event or occasion such as Diwali, for example, हर घर में हो उजाला, आए न कभी रात काली हर घर मनाए ख़ुशियाँ, हर घर में हो दिवाली compared to an sms message such as शुभ दिवाली

  VCHIU123 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCJAU195

  Identify, analyse and compare textual features and conventions that characterise social and informative media in Japanese and English

  Elaborations

  • identifying the use of cohesive devices such as conjunctions to sequence and link ideas and actions in both Japanese and English media texts, for example, verb て form, だから、それに、それで
  • identifying features of familiar types of texts such as emails, songs, slogans or public signs, and noticing how the choice of language and structure works to achieve each text’s purpose
  • comparing language features of Japanese and English versions of texts such as weather reports or text messages, including the use of abbreviations and emoticons, and noting differences that might be culturally significant
  • recognising textual conventions employed within a letter, email or article, identifying elements such as introductions, sequencing of ideas and the use of また to link paragraphs
  • comparing features of spoken and written versions of texts, for example, spoken and print advertisements, face-to-face conversations and emails, to understand how text mode shapes structure and helps a text achieve its purpose

  VCJAU195 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOC195

  Construct and present texts in different formats for different audiences, taking into account own perspectives and intended purpose

  Elaborations

  • producing texts for different types of audience (for example, classmates, parents, peers on social-networking websites, possible future employers) and for different purposes and in different contexts (for example, school, community, social clubs, part-time jobs) to convey own ideas and interpretation of particular texts,using oral, print, multimodal and digital media such as blogs, letters, instructions, articles, podcasts and speeches
  • creating informative texts such as posters, brochures and web pages, for example, a brochure promoting a holiday destination, a poster for a doctor’s surgery encouraging healthy eating, a web page reviewing new music releases
  • writing persuasive texts such as blogs, tweets and posts to persuade or convince others, for example, on global warming (지구온난화), attending to the audience and context, for example, 우리 모두 생각해 봅시다. 지구온난화를 막지 못하면지구가 죽습니다. 북극과 남극의 빙하가 녹고, 자연이 파괴됩니다. 그러므로 … 우리가 먼저 지구 온난화를 막아야 합니다 …
  • combining modes of presentation such as displays, videos or music to explore social and cultural themes, for example, 다문화사회

  VCKOC195 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCLAE018

  Respond to Latin texts by analysing themes, values and literary features, such as plot development and characterisation, and sharing and justifying opinions

  Elaborations

  • reading Latin texts and responding to questions in English to demonstrate understanding of content, context, purpose and technique
  • exploring how language is used to reveal character, values and key messages in texts such as narratives, dialogues, plays, poems and letters, for example, Cena Trimalchionis; odi et amo
  • discussing epic plots and characters, such as the Aeneid, for example, debating significant events and the author’s purpose
  • analysing plot development in texts such as plays and stories, discussing literary features, for example, use of comic episode, plot twist, climax, resolution
  • interpreting how particular stylistic effects are created, such as emphasis, doubt, irony or supposition, for example, sine dubio, satis constat, ut mihi videtur
  • analysing how writers use language features to achieve particular aesthetic, humorous or persuasive purposes and effects, for example, diminutives such as puellula or homuncule
  • evaluating the effectiveness of texts, by considering the use of stylistic features, for example, simile, metaphor, personification or pathos, for particular purposes, such as to entertain or persuade

  VCLAE018 | Languages | Latin | Levels 9 and 10 | Engaging with texts | Responding to texts

• VCTRC107

  Present information collected from different sources that represents different perspectives on selected issues or activities, using appropriate modes of presentation to suit different contexts and purposes

  Elaborations

  • preparing and presenting an oral or multimodal report on an issue that invites different viewpoints, such as kız-erkek çocukların evdeki rolü, yaşlıların huzurevine gönderilmesi, identifying alternative perspectives and inviting discussion and debate
  • writing an article for a print or online magazine/newspaper with a specified audience in mind, for example, a film review for young learners of Turkish or a travel guide for young Turkish visitors planning a trip to Australia
  • creating texts to inform or promote events or community action, for example, a poster or web post to advertise a multicultural evening or a letter to a community newspaper to highlight a school fundraiser
  • creating an interactive presentation for younger students, friends or members of extended families to highlight the advantages of being bilingual/multilingual in today’s world and of maintaining and strengthening a home/first language
  • explaining a procedure to a specified audience such as older or younger people, using supporting images, actions and gestures to highlight key elements and explain key terms, for example, rules of a sport or board game, elements of a video game, instructions on the care of a sick pet, procedure for a henna night

  VCTRC107 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCVIC022

  Convey information and opinions on a variety of selected topics using diverse modes of presentation to suit specific audiences and purposes, and applying conventions of text types

  Elaborations

  • expressing opinions on an event or performance, such as a cultural celebration (lễ Vu lan, tết Trung thu, hội chợ Tết) or a Vietnamese concert, using different forms to record own views, for example, a diary entry or a letter to the editor
  • constructing texts in multimodal and digital forms to present information for particular audiences, aligning language choice and text structure to purpose and topics, for example, announcing an event, promoting a product or service, explaining a recycling system, reporting on a favourite band or song, or creating a virtual tour to introduce the school to Year 7 parents and students
  • conveying information and different perspectives on topics of interest such as peer pressure, the impact of technology, or a health or sustainability issue
  • conveying information to a Vietnamese audience to describe aspects of Australian environment and culture such as famous scenery and landmarks, celebrations, cuisine, or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ histories and cultures
  • developing a glossary of key vocabulary and expressions used in informative and persuasive texts, for example, đặc điểm, chất lượng cao, nội dung phong phú, hình thức trình bày, tiện lợi, giá rẻ không ngờ!, Hãy nhanh chân lên!, Bạn có phải là người năng động, thích thể thao/yêu thiên nhiên/say mê khoa học kỹ thuật không?

  VCVIC022 | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Informing

• VCHIC116

  Translate and interpret familiar social and community texts such as emails/text messages, informal conversations with friends, proverbs or quotations, considering the nature of translation and the role of culture when transferring meaning from one language to another

  Elaborations

  • translating and glossing words, symbols or expressions commonly used in emails and sms messages, for example, हे हे – LOL
  • recording, transcribing and translating short conversations between family members or friends from English into Hindi or vice versa, recording words or phrases that either do not translate or require no translation
  • translating proverbs such as दूर के ढोल सुहावने, examining literal translations for cultural information and identifying English-language proverbs that approximate the ideas behind the words (The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence)
  • identifying the need to sometimes recast language, considering why one language may use more words than another to communicate a particular meaning
  • discussing how translation sometimes involves literal decoding of word-for-word meaning, sometimes involves interpreting meaning and finding equivalent forms in the other language, and sometimes involves cultural meaning that cannot be translated
  • interpreting the significance of terms or phrases that carry specific cultural connotations which might be unfamiliar when translated into English, for example, साला, बहु, दलाल

  VCHIC116 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCHIU120

  Recognise regularities and irregularities of spoken Hindi and conventions of the written script, and apply these to their own language production in increasingly complex ways

  Elaborations

  • recognising and practising the spelling of words that involve combinations of pronouns and postpositions that lose the inherent ‘a’ inside a word in the representation in Devanagari script, such as in उसका, and understanding how the loss of the inherent ‘a’ at the end of a verb stem is not represented in Devanagari, for example, सुनना/सुनता
  • explaining and applying basic rules of Hindi pronunciation, spelling, punctuation and intonation
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to the spelling and writing of unfamiliar words
  • recognising how words can be formed from base words and understanding how prefixes and suffixes change the meaning of words, for example, जीव, सजीव, जीवंत and the impact this has on pronunciation
  • recognising and understanding the impact on Hindi pronunciation and spelling in Devanagari of elements of direct forms of Sanskrit words (तत्सम words) and of derived forms (तद्भव words), understanding that both forms can be used in different contexts, for example, क्षेत्र for field in an abstract sense and खेत for a field for farming
  • increasing control of regular and irregular elements of spoken and written Hindi, such as the influence of accents and expressions on pronunciation and their impact on spelling, for example, the use of वो in spoken Hindi in place of वह in written Hindi
  • recognising the impermanent and fluid nature of spoken language and how it is influenced by local customs, cultures and regional languages, for example, the addition of honorifics such as ताई to women’s names by Marathi speakers and देवी to married women’s names by Biharis
  • recognising and responding to challenges associated with clarity and pace in audio texts, such as station or airport announcements or recorded phone messages

  VCHIU120 | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCITU127

  Understand and use the features of Italian sound and written systems, including pronunciation, stress and intonation in increasingly complex structures and texts

  Elaborations

  • recognising some common interjections, for example, oh!, e?, cioè, ahimè, ohimè, uffa!
  • recognising the differences in pronunciation of words with similar spelling, for example, sùbito, subito
  • comparing and contrasting the pronunciation of similar-sounding words using text-to-speech software or the audio option of word-processing programs
  • recognising common cognate words in speech, for example, organizzazione, programmare, arrivare
  • identifying and interpreting sounds and textual features and devices such as onomatopoeia, repetition, simile and metaphor, and understanding how they are used to express emotion and convey attitudes
  • analysing personal interactions and audiovisual texts such as films to understand how tone, gesture and body language support meaning
  • recognising the difference between anglicised and Italian pronunciation

  VCITU127 | Languages | Italian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VC2M10A12

  solve linear equations involving simple algebraic fractions

  Elaborations

  • solving a wide range of linear equations, including those involving one or 2 simple algebraic fractions, and checking solutions by substitution
  • representing word problems, including those involving fractions, as equations and solving them to answer the question

  VC2M10A12 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 10 | Algebra

• VCMNA340

  Solve linear equations involving simple algebraic fractions

  Elaborations

  • solving a wide range of linear equations, including those involving one or two simple algebraic fractions, and checking solutions by substitution
  • representing word problems, including those involving fractions, as equations and solving them to answer the question

  VCMNA340 | Mathematics | Level 10 | Number and Algebra | Linear and non-linear relationships

• VCZHC103

  Translate simple modified Chinese texts and familiar interactions in different contexts, identifying alternative ways to interpret meaning

  Elaborations

  • translating intended meaning of an interaction by avoiding literal (word-for-word) translations (for example, mediating a response to a compliment such as 你的衣服真漂亮。 ---- 哪里哪里！) and recognising that meaning may be implied rather than stated explicitly, for example, the use of 吧 to indirectly reject or refuse others in 我能来看看你吗？ --- 不太好吧？
  • comparing word choices for public signs across languages, and discussing ways language is used to convey rules, expectations and permission, for example, comparing 闲人免进 to ‘Staff Only’
  • considering the uses of different measure words in Chinese (for example, 小勺 and 茶匙；斤 and 克) when comparing several Chinese translations of the same recipe

  VCZHC103 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating

• VCJAC189

  Create bilingual texts in Japanese and English for a range of communicative and informative purposes, incorporating oral, written and visual elements

  Elaborations

  • creating a bilingual digital database that groups words, for example, words and expressions associated with themes, fields or contexts, such as food, travel, the environment or school
  • producing bilingual texts such as travel advisories for exchange or study tour students, and reflecting on the process of working in both languages
  • creating oral commentaries that switch between English and Japanese for a bilingual audience at a sporting or performing arts event
  • producing bilingual texts such as video clips with subtitles explaining Australian cultural practices, for example, New Year’s Eve or birthday celebrations

  VCJAC189 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Communicating | Translating