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• VCZHU028

  Use nouns, adjectives and simple sentences to record observations

  Elaborations

  • exploring basic sentence structure in Chinese, consisting of subject–verb–object, and learning to analyse sentences in both Chinese and English, for example, ‘What’s the subject in the sentence “My mum drives a car”? How about in the Chinese sentence 我看书? Do sentences work the same way in Chinese and English?’
  • recognising grammatical features and how their use differs in Chinese and English, for example, the lack of articles in Chinese; that adjectives can be used as verbs; limited use of the verb ‘to be’ (是)
  • following patterns of word order and sentence structure and using negation when creating sentences to express own meanings, for example, replacing the subject pronoun in 我喜欢绿色 to create the sentence 我妈妈不喜欢绿色

  VCZHU028 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Auslan - First Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students communicate with each other, the teaching team and others about aspects of their personal worlds, daily routines, preferences and pastimes at school and in the Deaf community. They show aspectual marking on verbs to indicate frequency when communicating about daily...

  Level description | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Arabic - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students explore Arabic sounds, intonation and writing conventions to further develop their speaking and writing skills and initial understanding of their developing biliteracy. They use key grammatical forms and structures, such as verbs, pronouns, singular/plural forms and prepositions, to provide...

  Level description | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence

• Chinese - Second Language Learner - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students use spoken and written Chinese in simple personal interactions with familiar participants about self, family, people, places, routine, school life, and their own interests and preferences, for example, 你叫什么名字？ 你上几年级？ 你有狗吗？ 你喜欢什么运动？ They use appropriate pronunciation...

  Level description | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Japanese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students recognise the predictable nature of pronunciation in Japanese and apply their knowledge of sound–letter associations to spell new words. They recognise and use elements of grammar including simple verb forms, adjectives, interrogatives and some particles to understand and create...

  Level description | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students recognise and use intonation patterns to express different meanings. They apply their knowledge of sound–letter associations to spell new words. They recognise and use elements of grammar such as gender and singular/plural forms, simple verb forms, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students explore Vietnamese sounds and spelling strategies to further develop their speaking and writing skills. They compare the formation of Vietnamese and English nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions to extend their vocabulary, and use simple sentences to provide information about...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence

• VCLVU164

  Expand vocabulary in the language through word-formation processes and recognise and use simple language structures

  Elaborations

  • exploring known word formation processes, for example, changing a word with the addition or change of a suffix or prefix to convey different meanings
  • constructing expressions that refer to people, places, things and events using:
    • nouns and adjectives in phrases, for example, compound nouns, reduplications and nominalisations, adjectives without an associated noun
    • sentences without verbs, for example, ‘This (is) my bag’
    • pronouns, for example, personal, kinship, demonstrative and interrogative in all persons and numbers
    • determiners and quantifiers, for example, ‘some’, ‘every’, ‘other’, ‘few’, ‘much’, ‘all’, and words for groups
    • marking to indicate possession and other types of association, for example, ‘Let’s go for water’
    • transitive and intransitive verbs
    • verbs of stance used in existential expressions, for example, ‘There is a creek lying near the road’
    • verbs to talk about actions, processes, thoughts and feelings
    • moods of verbs, including statements, questions, imperatives, commands, intention, purpose, likelihood, reported speech
    • negation
  • expressing time, manner, attitude and place according to available language resources, such as:
    • tenses, including past, present and future/non-past
    • temporal expressions, for example, day–night cycle, lunar and seasonal cycles, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘soon’, ‘recent’, ‘long ago’, expressions for cosmological time
    • expressions of frequency, for example, ‘often’, ‘always’, ‘once’, ‘briefly’
    • attitudinal particles, for example, ‘maybe’, ‘it is said’, ‘what do you say?’, ‘would you mind?’, ‘you see’
    • locational cases, for example, ‘in’, ‘an’, ‘at’, ‘near’, ‘besides’, ‘to’, ‘towards’, ‘from’
    • adverbs of manner, location and time, for example, ‘again’, ‘more’, ‘in turn’, ‘too late’, ‘as well’
    • structuring and linking clauses, for example, using coordination, subordination, embedding
  • understanding that rules vary between languages, for example, in relation to word-formation, word order at phrase and sentence level
  • making comparisons and identifying patterns in and between languages, for example, free and fixed word order, tenses in verbs, use of affixes versus prepositions
  • noticing similarities between particular vocabulary sets in languages from the same region, such as words for body parts, kinship terms
  • developing metalanguage for talking about language, for example, noun phrases, suffixes, prefixes, tense, transitivity, using resources from both the language and English

  VCLVU164 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 3 to 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• French - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students interact with teachers and each other through classroom routines, action-related talk and play. They exchange greetings and wishes, respond to familiar instructions and to questions such as Qu’est-ce que c’est? and Qu’est-ce que tu fais? They share...

  Level description | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Hindi - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students recognise and apply elements of Hindi grammar, such as the use of tenses, गया था, जाऊँगा, जा रहा हूँ, खाया था, खा रहा हूँ, खाऊँगा, possessive adjectives, मेरी पुस्तक, तुम्हारा बस्ता, and pronouns for places and objects, यहाँ, वहाँ, यह, वह. They understand the use of constructions related...

  Level description | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students use Vietnamese to interact with the teacher and peers to exchange information and experiences relating to themselves, their family and friends. They use formulaic expressions to participate in simple transactional exchanges and collaborative activities, and to seek...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Korean - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students use Korean to interact in classroom routines, action-related talk and play with teachers and peers. They exchange personal information relating to aspects such as age or interests, using simple questions and short statements as set phrases (for example, 몇 살이에요?...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• VCASFU031

  Observe that signers can include different information, including gestural overlays, within a single sign, and identify examples of signers using space grammatically through points, depicting signs and constructed action

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Auslan has fully-lexical signs that are in the dictionary and have a standard handshape, movement and location, and partly-lexical signs that cannot be listed in a dictionary in all forms as they change their form each time they are signed, such as DSs
  • noticing that fully- and partly-lexical signs can include grammatical information not included in a ‘citation’ form, for example, the sign TELL -_me is not listed separately to TELL (towards neutral space) and GO-TO includes GO-TO -_often
  • discussing the functions of different pointing signs, such as pronouns, determiners and locatives
  • understanding that some verb forms in Auslan indicate who is involved in a verb by changing the direction of the movement or orientation of the handshape
  • noticing the relationship between the location of referents and the direction of some indicating verbs
  • recognising who is the actor and undergoer of the verb in a clause
  • identifying with support examples of DSs and becoming familiar with the terms entity, handling and SASS DSs
  • comparing English adjectives with SASS DSs
  • knowing that signers can reconstruct/act out their own or another’s talk and/or actions and that this is called CA

  VCASFU031 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAU140

  Understand and identify elements of basic grammar and sentence structure and interaction patterns

  Elaborations

  • developing metalanguage for communicating about language, using concepts such as parts of speech, for example, ‘noun’, ‘verb’ and ‘adjective’
  • understanding the rules of Japanese word order (subject + object + verb), the use of associated particles は、を、と、も、に, and the use of が in formulaic expressions, for example, noun　が　すき　です。
  • describing actions using verb ます form, for example, すし　を　たべます。
  • understanding the rules for conjugating verbs, such as ～ます、～>ましょう、～ました、～ません
  • understanding that Japanese uses name + suffix instead of pronouns when referring to other people, for example, Johnくん、はなさん、Grant せんせい
  • indicating time and frequency using expressions such as まいにち、ときどき
  • describing people, animals, places and things using adjective–noun phrases, for example, 大きい　目、おいしい　もも
  • understanding time words associated with days of the week, months of the year and seasons
  • building vocabulary that relates to familiar environments in daily life and personal worlds and that can be used for cross-curricular content learning
  • beginning to use counters in Japanese, for example, ～人、～さい、～月
  • telling time using ～じ/ ～じはん　です。なんじ　です　か。
  • seeking information using question words such as なに、なん、いつ、どこ and だれ and the sentence-ending particle か, for example, なに　が　すき　です　 か。なんさい　です　 か。なんにん　です　 か。いつ　です　か。

  VCJAU140 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHU140

  Develop ways to structure sentences in Chinese to elaborate own ideas

  Elaborations

  • elaborating ideas in sentences, including details such as time, place and manner, for example, 星期一我从上海坐飞机到北京
  • learning meta-terms to describe grammar rules in Chinese, for example, the placement of 主语 (subject), 动词 (verb), 名词 (noun) in sentences
  • recognising that there are multiple ways to structure a sentence, such as 我吃了早饭后去学校 and 吃了早饭后我去学校

  VCZHU140 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU132

  Notice and apply elements of German grammar such as gender and singular/plural forms, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and word order in simple spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • recognising the link between a noun’s gender and its definite/indefinite article and nominative pronoun in relation to people, for example, der Bruder, ein Bruder, er
  • using the nominative and accusative indefinite articles to denote an unspecified person or object, for example, Rotkäppchen hatte einen Korb.
  • comparing pluralisation of nouns in German and English, and using die for plural nouns in German, for example, der Apfel/die Äpfel
  • describing a relationship using a possessive adjective, for example, mein/e, dein/e, sein/e, ihr/e
  • understanding and using pronouns to refer to people, for example, ich, du, er, sie (singular); wir, ihr, sie (plural); Sie heißt Anna. Sie heißen Ben und Sarah.
  • using the correct verb form associated with a noun or pronoun or combination thereof, for example, Die Lehrerin singt ein Lied; Herr Schwarz trinkt Kaffee; Sie spielt Tennis; Mein Freund und ich sprechen Englisch.
  • using present tense forms of irregular verbs such as haben and sein and recognising similarities to the English verbs ‘to have’ and ‘to be’
  • describing capabilities and preferences using limited forms of the modal verbs können and mögen, for example, Ich kann gut schwimmen. Er mag Cricket. Wir möchten eine Party machen.
  • understanding and describing current and recurring actions using verbs such as essen, fliegen, fressen, laufen, leben, schwimmen, sprechen and trinken
  • understanding and describing past events using the simple past tense of familiar verbs such as war, hatte, ging, sah, spielte and machte
  • joining words, phrases and sentences using und, oder and aber
  • understanding the meaning of and using common time phrases and cohesive devices, for example, gestern, heute, dann and zuerst
  • understanding and formulating questions using subject–verb inversion, for example, Magst du Sport?
  • understanding and using a range of question words and the intended/related answer, for example, woher, welcher and wie viel
  • locating events in time with regard to days, months, seasons and ‘half past’ time, for example, Ich spiele im Winter Fußball. Die Schule beginnt um halb neun.
  • describing location formulaically using prepositional phrases such as im Wasser, in der Luft, auf dem Land, neben dem Tisch or auf der linken Seite
  • using ordinal numbers to give the date, for example, Heute ist der dritte Juli. Er hat am siebten August Geburtstag.
  • referring to quantities of people and things (including money) using cardinal numbers up to 100

  VCDEU132 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU031

  Notice and apply elements of French grammar such as word order, gender and singular/plural forms, adverbs, pronouns and prepositions in simple spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • developing a metalanguage in French for talking about language, using terms similar to those used in English, such as le verbe, l’adjectif, l’adverbe, la conjonction and le vocabulaire
  • observing the relationship between subject pronouns and verb endings, using je/tu/il/elle + present tense of verbs associated with familiar actions and environments, for example, il chante bien, je suis fatigué, tu aimes le yaourt, elle est en classe
  • expressing negation in simple sentence structures and colloquial expressions, for example, je ne sais pas; elle ne mange pas; tu ne viens pas? Pas du tout!
  • understanding the difference between definite and indefinite articles, and how to refer to a specific or unspecific person, place or object, for example, tu manges la pomme, j’achète un livre, une vȃche énorme, le climat français
  • understanding the function of verb moods, recognising and knowing how to use statements, simple questions and imperatives, for example, Tu peux commencer; je peux commencer? Commence!
  • using an increasing range of adjectives (for example, bizarre, magnifique, formidable), including additional gender forms, for example, blanc/blanche, gros/grosse
  • using some adverbs to elaborate on simple verb statements, for example, elle mange lentement, je chante doucement, il parle très vite
  • using additional prepositions to indicate direction or location, for example, à gauche, à droite, à côté de
  • strengthening vocabulary knowledge by making connections with known words (for example, triste, la tristesse; le marché, le supermarché, le marchand), recognising word patterns and building word clusters, for example, number knowledge to 60+, words associated with food, family members or sports

  VCFRU031 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Hindi - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students interact with the teacher and peers to share information about their interests, activities and personal worlds, for example, नमस्ते, मुझे अपने दोस्तों के साथ खेलना अच्छा लगता है, मुझे क्रिकेट खेलना अच्छा लगता है क्योंकि …, गृह कार्य करने के बाद मैं टीवी देखत...

  Level description | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 4, students interact with teachers and peers in classroom routines, action-related talk and play. They use formulaic expressions when participating in classroom routines and collaborative activities, such as complimenting others (for example, El bolso de Susana es hermoso), reque...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4

• VCJAU141

  Recognise that texts such as stories, games and conversations have particular language features and textual conventions

  Elaborations

  • recognising features of familiar genres of Japanese texts such as picture books, digital books or games, video clips or songs
  • recognising differences between the layout and language features of different types of texts, including たてがき, よこがき
  • recognising the role played by different elements in texts to contribute to meaning-making, for example, the layout, title, illustration and use of punctuation in a picture book or the use of speech bubbles in a cartoon
  • recognising patterns in simple spoken or written texts in Japanese, for example, in relation to the use of particles, verb endings and other frequently occurring features

  VCJAU141 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language