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• VCVIU156

  Understand that language use is shaped by the values and beliefs of a community

  Elaborations

  • discussing connections between the Vietnamese language and cultural beliefs, for example, con số hên, số đẹp, ngày tốt/tốt ngày
  • understanding that Vietnamese values and beliefs influence language choices, for example, the use of family terms such as chú, bác, cô or dì instead of first names reflects the importance of family in Vietnamese culture
  • discussing the meaning of ‘culture’, how it involves visible elements such as language, symbols, food, national costumes and dancing, and invisible elements such as values and beliefs, including respect for the environment; and comparing these visible and invisible elements of Vietnamese culture to other cultures of the Asia region
  • making connections between language and culture, such as vocabulary and expressions related to people, lifestyle and the environment, for example, con rồng cháu tiên, khéo ăn thì no, khéo co thì ấm, trời nắng tốt dưa, trời mưa tốt lúa

  VCVIU156 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCZHC148

  Plan and present key points of information to familiar audiences

  Elaborations

  • developing informed opinions to share with others, giving examples (for example, 澳大利亚人说很多语言，比如英语，汉语，法语等等) and comparing information, for example, 中国人口比澳大利亚的多)(我觉得我们应该帮爸爸妈妈做家务
  • working in teams to prepare and present an oral presentation, supported by digital media, related to own school or community or on topics of interest, for example, endangered animals, popular singers in Asia
  • preparing and creating a video clip to share with peers overseas introducing aspects of local culture, including interesting places, history, famous people, and lifestyle, for example, 墨尔本的电车
  • producing a digital display containing text and images to present a personal perspective on life in Australian schools to share with peers overseas
  • creating poster displays using graphics, photographs and illustrations to document and convey ideas related to topics of interest, for example, their country of origin, family tree or favourite sports team
  • collaborating with others to prepare a report for a school or community newsletter about Chinese language learning experiences or activities at day school and community school

  VCZHC148 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Informing

• VCZHC147

  Locate and compare factual information from different sources about different communities and lifestyles

  Elaborations

  • viewing TV programs, documentaries or interviews with young people such as 《智慧树》, discussing the participants’ experiences and comparing with own life experiences
  • investigating aspects of life of Chinese communities overseas, for example, web-chatting with relatives overseas to find out more about own family origins, history or circumstances
  • identifying and selecting visual sources (for example, 优酷, and comparing and contrasting different perspectives on issues, such as how children in different locations in China describe their school experience
  • following an instructional video in order to complete an action collaboratively, for example, watching 如何画中国画, or preparing for a cultural celebration by following video procedures on how to 包粽子 for 端午节
  • representing information in a new format, for example, watching a TV cooking show then converting each step into a written recipe with essential information including ingredients and quantities, and amount of time required
  • selecting appropriate resources to research a topic of interest such as a major place, person or event in Chinese history, and identifying key information to share with others
  • researching a topic by analysing what information is needed, employing Chinese search engines to access a range of sources of information online, and choosing the most suitable sources, for example, 这个网站看上去像正规网站吗？ 这个网站是官网吗?

  VCZHC147 | Languages | Chinese | Background Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Informing

• VCZHC039

  Interpret and translate simple texts used for everyday purposes, identifying actions, words and phrases that do not readily translate into English

  Elaborations

  • identifying how best to interpret key words when translating English texts into Chinese, for example, the use of 是 after first-, second- and third-person pronouns; numbers with measure words; possessives with 的; plurals
  • viewing spoken interactions in Chinese between peers or in texts (for example, viewing a segment of a movie), and interpreting the meaning of the dialogue as well as comparing and discussing culturally determined manners or behaviour displayed in the interaction
  • differentiating between word-by-word meaning and intended meaning when translating from Chinese into English, for example, the word-by-word translation of 我喜欢一个人看书 is ‘I like one person to read’, but it means ‘I like to read alone’
  • comparing own translation of short texts (such as brand names, signs, slogans and billboard advertisements) to others’, and evaluating the effectiveness of own translation
  • recognising the role that gesture plays in oral interaction, including emblematic (hand) gestures, gesturing for emphasis and encouragement, and taboos within Chinese communication, such as pointing directly at someone
  • identifying Chinese symbols in print and digital texts (for example, the longevity symbol), and developing ways to convey the culturally attached value when expressing the meaning of these symbols in English

  VCZHC039 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Translating

• VCZHU044

  Form sentences to express details such as the time, place and manner of an action and to sequence ideas

  Elaborations

  • developing knowledge of metalinguistic terminology, discussing, for example: What is the plural form? How do we know it’s plural when reading in English? Can we tell when we read a Chinese word?
  • recognising that in Chinese, verbs convey tense without verb conjugation, for example, explaining why 有 can mean ‘have’, ‘had’ and ‘will have’
  • comparing the use of tenses in English and Chinese, for example, how future tense is often expressed through time phrases in Chinese (我明天去北京，下个星期去上海)
  • identifying the use of adverbial phrases, and extending understanding of sentence structure using subject–time–place–manner–verb–object, for example, 我星期一上学。我在墨尔本上学。我走路上学
  • examining the clauses of a sentence in Chinese and noticing how they are linked coherently, for example, 他叫王晓明，(他) 是我的朋友 (i.e. no subject/pronoun)
  • applying processes of discourse development, including joining (也、 和), contrasting (但是) and sequencing (就) information
  • using alternative language to clarify intended meaning, for example, saying 我不胖不瘦 when they don’t know the phrase 中等身材

  VCZHU044 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCFRU049

  Develop knowledge of grammatical elements such as tenses, and combine them with an increasing range of nouns, adjectives and adverbs to construct simple statements, questions and exclamations

  Elaborations

  • building a metalanguage to talk about grammar, using terms such as ‘tenses’ and ‘personal pronouns’, and identifying language elements and talking about how they are used
  • using all forms of the present tense of regular -er, -ir and -re verbs and of high-frequency irregular verbs such as avoir, être, aller and faire
  • becoming familiar with l’imparfait when encountered in familiar expressions and scaffolded language contexts, for example, Il était une fois…C’était…
  • using the indicative plus the infinitive (for example, J’aime jouer au tennis, il sait conduire) and le futur proche, for example, je vais partir
  • becoming familiar with and using with support le passé composé, for example, j’ai mangé trois biscuits, elle a dormi sous les étoiles
  • playing games such as ‘matching pairs’ to reinforce grammatical rules, for example, pairing nouns and subject pronouns (Jean travaille: il travaille; Marianne aime le fromage: elle aime le fromage) or a subject with a conjugated verb (nous parlons, tu manges)
  • using a range of nouns, including more unusual plural forms (for example, les bureaux, les choux-fleurs, mes grands-parents), more complex adjectives (for example, beau, belle, beaux, belles) and possessive forms (mon, ma, mes, ton, ta, tes…)
  • formulating questions using est-ce que…, the inverted form of the verb, or changed intonation, for example, est-ce que tu as un chien? as-tu un chien? tu as un chien…?
  • understanding and using negative constructions (for example, tu ne viens pas ce soir?), including the use of de after a negative verb form, for example, je n’ai pas de photos
  • using exclamations to indicate agreement, disagreement, intention or understanding, for example, D’accord! Mais non! bien sûr; voilà!
  • using a range of adverbs to elaborate or accentuate meaning, for example, il parle si doucement; moi j’écoute attentivement

  VCFRU049 | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCVIU151

  Recognise and apply features of intonation and pronunciation and writing conventions used in different types of texts and contexts

  Elaborations

  • applying basic pronunciation rules, including adding or changing tone markers, initial consonants or vowels to form new words, for example, buổi, cuối, đuổi, tuổi, chuối
  • understanding and reproducing Vietnamese words with different tone markers, and understanding that pitch changes affect the meaning of a word, for example, thương, thường, thưởng, thượng
  • understanding the variability of sound–letter matches and distinguishing between similar sounds such as ch and tr, s and x (chai/trai or song/xong)
  • exploring Vietnamese sounds such as heterographs, for example, giai and dai, dây and giây, and homonyms, for example, bàn (bàn bạc) or bàn (cái bàn)
  • analysing Vietnamese pronunciation and intonation, for example, Anh ăn trưa chưa? Anh chưa ăn trưa? and Anh chưa ăn trưa
  • applying Vietnamese spelling rules, for example, k, gh and ngh only go with i, e, and ê (kiến, kẻ, kể, ghi, ghe, ghế, nghỉ, nghe, nghệ)
  • comparing Vietnamese words that end with i and y, and identifying words that are commonly misspelled, such as tai and tay, mai and may, ngài and ngày
  • using appropriate punctuation in writing, including commas, full stops, question marks, semicolons, colons, inverted commas and exclamation marks

  VCVIU151 | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARC137

  Socialise and maintain relationships with peers and the teacher by sharing information about their personal experiences and social activities

  Elaborations

  • exchanging information about everyday experiences, for example,

    ماذا تفعل بعد المدرسة؟ متى تأكل طعام العشاء؟ أين تلعب الرياضة؟

    بعد المدرسة ألعب كرة القدم؛ في الساعة الثامنة أذهب إلى النوم؛ وأنت متى تنام؟

    أقرأ قصة قبل النوم؛ وأنتِ هل تقرأين قبل النوم؟

  • describing friends and family members, including physical appearance and personal characteristics/qualities, for example,

    أمي إمرأة طويلة ورشيقة؛ تحافظ على صحتها؛ أبي شخص منتظم في عمله ومسؤول في بيته؛ صديقي سامي مهذب ولكنه لا يهتم بدراسته ولا بصحته؛ أصدقائي جميعهم لطفاء ولكنهم لا يأخذون المدرسة بجدية

  • sharing feelings about weekend activities, using different modes of communication such as text messages, email or social media, and giving reasons for choices made, for example,

    يوم السبت ألعب التنس مع أبي؛ في العطلة الأسبوعية أذهب مع عائلتي إلى المطعم؛ أحضر حصة للموسيقى يوم الجمعة؛ أشعر بالسعادة في حصة الموسيقى؛ أحب العزف على البيانو كثيرا؛ أتعلم اللغة العربية يوم السبت صباحاً؛ إخترت الرياضة لأنها مفيدة للجسم؛ ألموسيقى تساعدني على التفكير

  • recounting experiences with family and friends in a variety of ways, for example, in conversations, diaries or digital presentation

    ذهبت البارحة مع عائلتي إلى المتحف؛ شاهدت مع أخي فيلماً جديداً في السينما؛ كانت لعبة الركبي ممتعة؛ كانت رحلة المدرسة إلى حديقة الحيوان مملّة

  VCARC137 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFC039

  Contribute to discussions and shared learning activities by asking and responding to questions to clarify or indicate comprehension, managing interactions and monitoring and evaluating their learning

  Elaborations

  • helping to manage discussion, for example by asking specific questions to check meaning, making constructive comments to keep conversation moving, reviewing ideas expressed and conveying tentative conclusions
  • using strategies that support effective participation in shared learning activities, including signing clearly, pausing for others to respond, asking pertinent questions, rephrasing, repeating and linking their own contributions to those of others
  • exploring and clarifying others’ ideas and summarising their own, and reporting back to a larger group
  • engaging in conversations and discussions with guest speakers, using active watching behaviours and contributing their own ideas, questions and opinions
  • reflecting on their learning experiences, checking on their own and each other’s progress and providing each other with feedback, advice or reminders
  • sharing information and providing context for a new participant joining a conversation
  • contributing to discussions by clarifying and critiquing ideas and developing and supporting arguments, using statements such as:
    I FEEL YOU RIGHT TALK OVER …. BECAUSE…
    I think it’s good you are talking about …., because…
    
  • making connections between ideas, actions and effects, using reflective language such as:
    FAIL WHY? BECAUSE THAT DS:length WRONG, FAIL
    Because this happened … then …
    IF LIE++, HAPPEN TRUE, PEOPLE STILL DOUBT.
    If you always lie, when you tell the truth, people will still doubt you.
    

  VCASFC039 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCASFU052

  Explore variation in terms of the impact of other languages on Auslan across contexts and over time

  Elaborations

  • noticing different ways that English words are borrowed into Auslan, for example, the use of fully fingerspelled words, such as D-U-E, N-O-U-N, the fingerspelling of the first letter of corresponding English words, for example TOILET, FATHER, or abbreviations of English words, for example, state names: S-A, N-S-W, V-I-C, T-A-S, and organisation names: N-A-B-S, W-A-A-D, N-S-W-A-D, D-C-S-S-A
  • creating lists of fingerspelled words which have become lexicalised, for example, HOW, BUT, ABOUT, FOR, and looking at how this process has changed the form of words over time
  • recognising that Auslan includes loan signs from Signed English, some of which were invented for Signed English (for example, TOY or DAD) and some that were from the southern dialect and incorporated into Signed English, for example, YELLOW
  • looking at style shifts in domains where English is in closer contact with Auslan, such as the use of more English-like structures in formal and educational settings
  • explaining the influence of other signed languages such as BSL, ISL and ASL on Auslan over different periods of time and discussing reasons for such influence

  VCASFU052 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCASFU178

  Explore variation in terms of the impact of other languages on Auslan across contexts and over time

  Elaborations

  • noticing different ways that English words are borrowed into Auslan, for example, the use of fully fingerspelled words, such as D-U-E, N-O-U-N, the fingerspelling of the first letter of corresponding English words, for example TOILET, FATHER, or abbreviations of English words, for example, state names: S-A, N-S-W, V-I-C, T-A-S, and organisation names: N-A-B-S, W-A-A-D, N-S-W-A-D, D-C-S-S-A
  • creating lists of fingerspelled words which have become lexicalised, for example, #HOW, #BUT, #ABOUT or #FOR and looking at how this process has changed the form of words over time
  • recognising that Auslan includes loan signs from Signed English, some of which were invented for Signed English (for example, TOY or DAD) and some that were from the southern dialect and incorporated into Signed English, for example, YELLOW
  • looking at style shifts in domains where English is in closer contact with Auslan, such as the use of more English-like structures in formal and educational settings
  • explaining the influence of other signed languages such as BSL, ISL and ASL on Auslan over different periods of time and discussing reasons for such influence

  VCASFU178 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCDEU148

  Explain and apply basic rules for German pronunciation, intonation, spelling and punctuation

  Elaborations

  • applying basic pronunciation rules, such as the two different pronunciations of ch
  • applying different intonation for statements, questions, exclamations and instructions
  • understanding that β can only be used in lower case, otherwise SS, and that ä, ö and ü can be written as ae, oe and ue respectively, for example, in upper case signs or word puzzles such as crosswords
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to spell and write unfamiliar words containing, for example, ch, j, w and z, and diphthongs such as au, ei, eu and ie
  • noticing distinctive punctuation features of personal correspondence in German, such as Hallo Annette!/Lieber Klaus, followed respectively by upper or lower case for the beginning of the first sentence
  • understanding and applying punctuation rules (full stops, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, quotation marks) in German, including the meaning and use of full stops and commas in ordinal and decimal numbers (die 3. Klasse and 9,50 Euro), and capitalisation rules

  VCDEU148 | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCHIC037

  Interact using descriptive and expressive language to give opinions, talk about themselves and their feelings and show interest in and respect for others

  Elaborations

  • comparing personal experiences and opinions and expressing agreement or disagreement in a respectful manner, for example, रमा मुझे माफ़ करना लेकिन मुझे लगता है कि ...; सच पूछो तो मेरे विचार से; मैं इस बात से सहमत हूँ कि ...;
  • using strategies such as active listening skills, turn-taking cues or requests for more detail to show interest in each other’s opinions and to support continued interaction, for example, क्या यह सच है?; दिलचस्प है ....; मुझे बताओ; अच्छा!; आप इस विषय में क्या सोचते हैं?
  • using descriptive and expressive language, including colloquial expressions and idioms, to describe people, places or experiences and to express feelings, for example, अँगुली पर नचाना; नाक में दम करना; मेरी चाची मुझसे बहुत प्यार करती हैं; मैं उनकी आँखों का तारा हूँ; अपने घर में कुत्ता भी शेर होता है।
  • identifying and using words, phrases or interjections that are used as ‘hooks’ or fillers in conversation to show interest and maintain the flow of conversation, for example, आह: यह अच्छी बात है; तो ठीक है ...; अच्छा; ओहो!; अरे वाह!
  • engaging in conversations and discussions with guest speakers, using active listening behaviours and contributing ideas, questions and opinions
  • participating in online exchanges, such as video blogs with sister-schools in India or other Hindi- language contexts to describe and compare routines, interests and activities

  VCHIC037 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCKOU166

  Identify and use appropriate terms and expressions, such as honorific and qualifying words and counters for specific purposes and contexts

  Elaborations

  • using vocabulary to describe basic activities in school and home environments including leisure activities using common verbs such as 공부해요,쇼핑해요, 운동해요, 먹어요, 살아요, …, and nouns such as names of basic facilities (방, 교실, 화장실, ...) and of the days of the week (월요일,화요일, …)
  • describing emotions, feelings or viewpoints using basic descriptive verbs, for example, 재미있어요, 무서워요, 행복해요, 이상해요, 용감해요, 예뻐요, 슬퍼요, 맞아요, 틀려요, 싫어요, 아파요, 멋있어요
  • describing the weather using 날씨가 좋아요/나빠요 or 비가 와요 as set phrases
  • using basic words specifically related to everyday life of Koreans, for example, 밥, 김치
  • using basic adverbs to describe ways in which a certain action takes place, for example, 빨리, 천천히, 조용히 (빨리 하세요, 천천히 가세요, 조용히 하세요) and to indicate time using 어제, 오늘 and 내일
  • using basic honorific/humble words appropriately for peers or adults, for example, 생신, 계세요, 저
  • using counters with numbers in two systems (장, 잔, 권, 그루, 송이, 원, 시, 분, 번째, …) and Arabic numerals with appropriate pronunciations, for example, 책 세 권, 10살,6학년, 7시

  VCKOU166 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRU046

  Understand the relationships between intonation and stress in Turkish, and apply this understanding to their own written and spoken language and meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • recognising differences in the pronunciation of long and short vowels with and without accent, and understanding that the length of a vowel and accent can change meaning, as in hala-hâlâ, and palatalise the previous consonant, as in kar-kâr
  • understanding sound assimilation, for example, how in words ending in k, the k softens to become yumuşak g (soft g), ğ before suffixes starting with a vowel, for example, kulak – kulağıma, küçük-küçüğüm
  • understanding how to use emphasis to enhance meaning, for example, using high-pitch tone and primary stress at the end of words, as in gel′dim ya!
  • understanding how stress is usually placed on the last syllable in Turkish, except in the case of some question words, compounds and place names, such as ′Ankara, ′Türkiye but Bulgaris′tan, Gürcis′tan, ′hangi, ′niçin
  • applying the principles of vowel harmony and sound assimilation of consonants and grammatical knowledge to the spelling and writing of unfamiliar words, for example, suffixes such as -cı, kapkaççı, bankacı, yolcu, oduncu, examples of sound assimilation, sokak+-da = sokakta, süt+-de = sütte, kebap+-cı = kebapçı, simit+-ci = simitçi
  • noticing the pronunciation of loan words, including vowels and consonant clusters, for example, plaj, spor, tren
  • recognising the effect of non-verbal language and tone in reinforcing meaning in spoken Turkish, for example, Buyrun! Vay be! Mahvoldum ya!, İnanmıyorum! Git yaa! Eeee, başka? Hadi be! Öf ya!

  VCTRU046 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCZHC041

  Describe aspects of own identity and reflect on differences between Chinese and English language and culture, identifying how this knowledge can help their intercultural exchanges

  Elaborations

  • using appropriate forms of address in interactions, including nicknames for friends, greetings such as 嘿、哈罗、吃了吗、校长好, and courtesy phrases when agreeing, thanking, apologising, refusing, declining and leave-taking, for example, 谢谢, 不客气, 对不起，没关系
  • presenting short spoken texts to peers and to Chinese-speaking people in other contexts via digital media, sharing culture-specific aspects of own identity (for example, 我是希腊人，我周末学希腊语 or football club membership) and discussing their significance
  • defining own identity by describing relationships with others, for example, friendship groups (我的朋友是 Lisa 和 George，我们都很聪明), ethnic group (我是德裔澳大利亚人)
  • engaging with Chinese speakers through organised school activities (such as through a video-conference with students at a Chinese school, or welcoming visitors to own school), observing moments when difficulties are experienced in communication and reflecting on the cause of the difficulty
  • sharing with peers personal experiences of interacting with Chinese speakers, for example, ‘I was really nervous and forgot how to say…’
  • observing interactions between Chinese speakers, and discussing the context and language use (for example, a family eating out in a restaurant, noticing the environment, seating arrangements, and how dishes are ordered and presented) and comparing to their own experience

  VCZHC041 | Languages | Chinese | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Communicating | Reflecting