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• VC2M7P01

  identify the sample space for single-stage experiments; assign probabilities to the possible outcomes and predict relative frequencies for related experiments.

  Elaborations

  • discussing the meaning of probability terminology, for example, ‘probability’, ‘sample space’, ‘favourable outcome’, ‘trial’, ‘experiment’ and ‘event’
  • listing sample spaces for games involving throwing a coin or a dice, spinners, or lucky dip
  • assigning the probability for throwing a 6 on a dice and using this to predict the number of times a 6 will occur when a dice is thrown multiple times

  VC2M7P01 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Probability

• VCFRC097

  Reinterpret or create own shared texts, experimenting with expressive and performance genres, and creating moods and effects suitable for different audiences

  Elaborations

  • creating short performances for younger learners, incorporating vocal and expressive elements of language in ways that will engage young children, for example, animal sounds (ouah ouah, cocorico, meuh, cui-cui, coin, coin)
  • creating and performing interactions between characters in scaffolded scenarios that allow for some unscripted language production and expression of emotion
  • using digital resources such as Sock Puppets or Cartoon Story Maker to create imaginary characters and situations associated with home or school contexts
  • composing and performing modified or simplified versions of familiar texts that feature repetitive and evocative language, for example, Page d’écriture, Prévert
  • inventing a new character, story twist or event in a familiar text such as Astérix or Tintin

  VCFRC097 | Languages | French | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Creating

• VCHHK120

  One significant challenge and one development faced by the society that caused progress or decline

  Elaborations

  • Vikings
    • using a cause effect wheel, explain the decline of Viking power such as defeats in battle, the Battle of Stanford Bridge, treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte ending Viking raids in France, new colonies, changing climate and the spread of Christianity
  • Medieval Europe
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia
    • investigating living conditions in London in the fourteenth century, for example, the lack of sanitation, crowded housing; the extent of medical knowledge, for example, based on Hippocrates’ theory; and beliefs about the power of God, for example, that diseases were a punishment of God
    • mapping the origin spread of the Black Death (Asia, Africa, Europe) in the fourteenth century CE and The role of expanding trade between Europe and Asia in the Black Death
    • evaluating the long and short term effects of the Black Death on Asian, European and African populations, and conflicting theories about the impact of the plague. Other immediate and long-term effects of the Black Death, including labour shortages, peasant uprisings, the weakening of feudal structures, and increased social mobility
    • using studies of church records from the period to identify the effect of the Black Death on human populations and to consider the reliability of these statistics
    • using a graphic organiser to identify and describe short-term and long-term effects of the Black Death in Europe and draw conclusions about the severity over time
  • Ottoman Empire
    • examining the significance of the Crusades in challenging Ottoman Empire and their responses to the challenge
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia.
    • mapping the origin spread of the Black Death (Asia, Africa, Europe) in the fourteenth century CE and The role of expanding trade between Europe and Asia in the Black Death
    • evaluating the long and short term effects of the Black Death on Asian, European and African populations, and conflicting theories about the impact of the plague. Other immediate and long-term effects of the Black Death, including expansion of the Ottoman Empire, labour shortages, peasant uprisings, the weakening of feudal structures, and increased social mobility
    • categorising the effects of the Black Death on the Ottoman Empire using a graphic organiser to identify and describe the effects as either short-term or long-term and drawing conclusions about the severity of the Black Death
  • Angkor/Khmer Empire
    • analysing reasons for the decline of the Khmer Empire
    • discussing theories about the causes and/or contributing factors to the decline the Khmer Empire for example, Tai invasions,  economic decline as a result of Jayavarman VII’s building program, population growth and attempts to control trade routes, religious revolution through the rise of Theravada Buddhism, internal political tension, environmental challenges such as soil sterilisation, over-intensified land use, the development of an unstable climate such as drought and monsoons and the breakdown of Angkor’s water management system
  • Mongol Expansion
    • analysing reasons for the decline of the Mongol Empire
    • analysing the causes and effects of the Black Death in Europe and Asia. The Black Death began in the densely inhabited Mongol dominions from 1313 to 1331. This disastrous plague devastated all khanates, cutting off commercial ties and resulting in the death of millions
  • Japan under the Shoguns
    • examining the theories about the decline of the Shogunate, including modernisation and westernisation, through the adoption of Western arms and technology
    • describing internal pressures in Shogunate Japan, for example, the rise of a commercial class at the expense of the samurai, peasant uprisings such as Osaka 1837, and famine
    • describing the increasing exposure to Western technology and ideas, for example, the establishment of a naval school with Dutch instructors, the translation of Western books
    • evaluating the significance of the Meiji Restoration of 1868 CE that restored imperial rule to Japan
  • Polynesian Expansion
    • investigating the way Polynesian societies used environmental resources (sustainably and unsustainably), including the extinction of the moa in New Zealand, the use of religious/supernatural threats to conserve resources, and the exploitation of Easter Island’s palm trees
    • researching the extinction of the moa in New Zealand as a result of hunting and habitat decline
    • explaining the significance of Rahui as a way of prohibiting the collection of resources, to ensure their sustainability
    • evaluating the evidence for theories about the deforestation of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
  • Renaissance Italy
    • explaining the causes and effects of the spread of Renaissance culture to the rest of Europe, and its legacy
    • outlining the spread of Renaissance culture to England, for example, the rise of literature through Shakespeare
  • Spanish Conquest
    • using a fishbone to explain the conquest on the Aztecs or Incas as well as on the wider world, such as the introduction of new diseases, horses and gunpowder in the Americas, and new foods and increased wealth in Europe
    • outlining the effects of Spanish conquest on the Americas, for example, the spread of disease due to the lack of immunity; the introduction of crops such as maize, beans, potatoes, tobacco and chocolate from the Americas to Europe, the Encomieda system, mining
    • explaining the longer-term effects of conquest and colonisation on the indigenous populations of the Americas, for example, the unequal distribution of land and wealth, and political inequality, rise of the Spanish language

  VCHHK120 | The Humanities | History | Levels 7 and 8 | Historical Knowledge | Middle Ages and early exploration

• VCLVC174

  Engage with peers, the teaching team and visiting respected community members to exchange information about interests, experiences, plans and aspirations

  Elaborations

  • expressing personal experiences, plans, goals and aspirations
  • asking and responding to open-ended questions, for example, why, how, when, using modelled sentence patterns
  • engaging in face-to-face or online discussions with peers about shared interests and experiences, such as sport, food, study, music or fashion
  • recounting experiences, such as holidays, special events, milestones, sports events or celebrations
  • sharing and comparing information about daily routines and responsibilities
  • sustaining and extending conversations by seeking additional information
  • exchanging information about family, friends, teachers, school subjects, entertainment and leisure activities

  VCLVC174 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VCELU169

  Recognise that Modern Greek has evolved from Ancient Greek and that changes to the Greek alphabet, number system and style of writing have occurred through the ages; considering factors that have influenced this change

  Elaborations

  • finding examples of Greek script throughout history, such as on pots and stone slabs, for example, the Rosetta Stone, the entrance to Delphi, tombstones in Vergina, Byzantine artefacts, coins and old books, observing how different styles of writing have developed
  • understanding that there are different forms of written Greek used in different contexts dating from the ancient world to today
  • recognising that meanings of particular words and expressions can originate from earlier times, for example, εντάξει

  VCELU169 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCGGK117

  Geomorphic processes that produce landforms, including a case study of at least one landform

  Elaborations

  • describing the influence of folding, faulting or volcanism on a chosen landform
  • contrasting the effects of geomorphic processes that lower the land surface (weathering and erosion) and those that raise the land surface (transportation and deposition)

  VCGGK117 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Landforms and landscapes

• VCLVU190

  Describe and reflect on how languages change over time and influence one another

  Elaborations

  • exploring form, usage, history and impact of contact languages, including creoles, pidgins and Aboriginal Englishes
  • investigating and describing how the language has changed over time
  • observing changes to language that reflect changing lifestyles, cultural trends and emerging needs, for example, youth language, the language of new technologies, the impact of music, media and technology on communication
  • reflecting on changes in their own use of their first language(s) over time, noticing how and when new ways are adopted or existing ways adapted
  • exploring changes in language over time, for example, by reviewing old films from state archives or early television shows that include Aboriginal actors

  VCLVU190 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCMNA245

  Express one quantity as a fraction of another, with and without the use of digital technologies

  Elaborations

  • using examples for the quantities to be expressed and understanding the reasons for the calculations

  VCMNA245 | Mathematics | Level 7 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCARU017

  Explore how language use reflects one’s thoughts, perceptions and culture, recognising that language and culture are interrelated systems for meaning-making

  Elaborations

  • exploring the meaning of ‘culture’, and understanding that it involves visible elements, such as ways of eating and behaving, and invisible aspects, such as how people live, what they value and how they think of themselves and others
  • noticing similarities and differences between naming systems across languages represented in the classroom, and noticing that Arabic-speaking students may have names from other cultures and languages
  • understanding that particular Australian-English terms and expressions have no equivalent in Arabic, for example, ‘billabong’ and ‘the bush’, and that terms such as ‘the movies’, ‘footy’ and ‘backyard’ reflect aspects of Australian lifestyles
  • recognising and explaining to others the significance of some common Arabic cultural practices and events, such as offering visitors food and drink, for example,

    تفضل صحة وهنا؛ بالهناء والشفاء

  • exploring the importance of music and traditional dance in some Arabic cultures as an expression of identity and emotions, for example,

    الدبكة الفلسطنية والعراقية؛ والرقص الفلكلوري

  • exploring words or expressions commonly used in informal Australian interactions, and deciding how to interpret or explain them to young Arabic speakers, for example, ‘mate’, ‘fair dinkum’

  VCARU017 | Languages | Arabic | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Role of language and culture

• VCGGK118

  The differences in at least one landform in Australia compared to other places and the geomorphic processes involved

  Elaborations

  • undertaking fieldwork at a site such as the 12 Apostles and using secondary sources to compare wave action and weathering with a similar landform, such as Raukar - Limestone Sea Stacks of Gotland in Sweden
  • comparing weathering processes acting on rock masses in one location with another in Australia or elsewhere, considering differences in climate, rock type, rock structure and erosion

  VCGGK118 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 7 and 8 | Geographical Knowledge | Landforms and landscapes

• VCLVC176

  Interact in class activities that involve making suggestions, seeking clarification, praising or complimenting one another

  Elaborations

  • making suggestions or providing clarification
  • using respectful language for agreeing or disagreeing
  • asking for clarification, for example, asking how to spell a word, say or write something, or asking for the meaning of a word or expression
  • giving help, responding to instructions, offering suggestions
  • asking and responding to closed and open-ended questions, for example, in relation to class assignments or due dates
  • apologising, praising, complimenting and encouraging one another

  VCLVC176 | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10 | Communicating | Socialising

• VC2M7A03

  solve one-variable linear equations of increasing complexity with natural number solutions; verify equation solutions by substitution

  Elaborations

  • recognising that solving an equation is a process of determining a value that makes the equation true; and using substitution to determine whether a given number is a solution to an equation or not
  • solving equations using concrete materials, the balance model and backtracking, explaining the process
  • solving linear equations such as 3x+7=19 algebraically, and verifying the solution by substitution

  VC2M7A03 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Algebra

• VC2M7N07

  find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage of another, with and without digital tools

  Elaborations

  • using authentic problems to express quantities as percentages of other amounts

  VC2M7N07 | Mathematics | Mathematics Version 2.0 | Level 7 | Number

• VCMNA248

  Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage of another, with and without digital technologies.

  Elaborations

  • using authentic problems to express quantities as percentages of other amounts

  VCMNA248 | Mathematics | Level 7 | Number and Algebra | Real numbers

• VCJAC011

  Collate and present information in print, digital or online formats about self and peers to share with others, and notice own and one another’s ways of expressing identity

  Elaborations

  • identifying elements of identity that may be important across all cultures, for example, family, community, location, language, religion, age, gender
  • sharing reactions to intercultural experiences, and considering whether their individual background, age and interests contribute to attitudes and/or beliefs that impact on the experience
  • preparing a digital class profile to exchange with Japanese-speaking students, showing the cultural backgrounds, interests and personalities of each class member using images, captions and symbols
  • creating a print or digital personal ‘cultural ID profile’ to exchange with Japanese-speaking peers, making decisions about what points of information will be of most interest, for example, by creating a family tree with associated links to cultural connections, languages spoken, interests and activities
  • comparing and reflecting on how identity is expressed across cultures and languages, considering the idea of ‘belonging’ and the relative importance of group or family membership as expressed in different languages

  VCJAC011 | Languages | Japanese | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Reflecting

• Victorian Aboriginal Languages: Levels 7 to 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use the language to initiate, sustain and extend interactions, and to exchange information about interests, experiences and aspirations. They use spontaneous language wherever possible to participate in activities that involve taking action, collaborating, planning...

  Level description | Languages | Victorian Aboriginal Languages | Levels 7 to 10

• VCHIU067

  Apply grammatical and lexical knowledge to work out the meaning of unfamiliar words, to form and spell new ones, to create compound sentences, to recognise and use prefixes and suffixes and to develop metalanguage

  Elaborations

  • strengthening vocabulary resources related to personal, social and educational worlds
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to the spelling and writing of unfamiliar words such as वाक्यविन्यास
  • creating compound and complex sentences by using conjunctions such as मैं अभी लिखूँगा ताकि समय पूरा होने से पहले लेख खत्म कर लूँ।
  • recognising the function and form of commonly used suffixes and prefixes, for example, by collecting groups of words that share a base word, such as बुद्धि, सुबुद्धि, बुद्धिमान, बुद्धिमती
  • recognising and using idiomatic expressions such as आँख का तारा
  • using numbers in fraction, multiple and collective forms, such as आधा, चौथाई, एक तिहाई, सैंकड़ों, हज़ारों, तीन गुणा
  • continuing to build metalanguage to describe grammatical concepts and to organise learning resources such as verb charts, vocabulary lists, groups of pronouns, adverbs and adjectives
  • understanding and using basic joining (सन्धि) rules such as इ+आ = ए to achieve text cohesion
  • understanding the use of the active and passive voice according to context, for example, मैंने आपको बुलाया है। आपको बुलाया गया है।
  • using a range of tenses to describe routines and actions, for example, मैं दिल्ली जा रहा हूँ। मैं दिल्ली गया था। मैं दिल्ली जाऊँगा।
  • using adjectives in comparative structures such as राम थोड़ा लम्बा है। राधा हेमा से अधिक चतुर है।

  VCHIU067 | Languages | Hindi | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCJAC170

  Translate short texts such as signs, simple dialogues or phone conversations from Japanese into English and vice versa, noticing when it is difficult to transfer meaning from one language to the other

  Elaborations

  • creating captions to translate short segments of a video clip or アニメ, noticing when direct translation is not possible
  • identifying Japanese words and expressions that involve cultural meanings which are difficult to translate into English, such as もしもし、よろしくおねがいします
  • comparing translations of short Japanese texts such as signs, conversations, audio messages or digital texts, identifying differences and similarities between their tone and style and that of equivalent texts in English
  • reflecting on challenges associated with transferring meaning from one language to another
  • translating short conversational exchanges between Australian or Japanese speakers, comparing content and style of communication and discussing how to translate culturally embedded terms

  VCJAC170 | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Communicating | Translating

• VCSSU104

  Energy appears in different forms including movement (kinetic energy), heat, light, chemical energy and potential energy; devices can change energy from one form to another

  Elaborations

  • recognising that kinetic energy is the energy possessed by moving bodies
  • recognising that potential energy is stored energy, for example, gravitational, chemical and elastic energy
  • using flow diagrams to illustrate changes between different forms of energy
  • investigating the energy transformations in devices, for example, a catapult or a water wheel

  VCSSU104 | Science | Levels 7 and 8 | Science Understanding | Physical sciences

• VCASFU071

  Understand historical and contemporary factors that impact on awareness, support and use of Auslan and its vitality in contemporary Australia, comparing it with that of other signed languages around the world

  Elaborations

  • considering the impact of international historical events such as the Milan Congress (1880) and the linguistic recognition and documentation of signed languages (1960s and 1970s) on the use of signed languages in education and deaf people’s feelings of ownership and pride in their languages
  • analysing the impact of migration and settlement of deaf people from the UK and other countries in Australia on the development of Auslan
  • investigating the geographical location, origins and history of deaf schools in Australia and the impact of these institutions on the transmission, use and status of Auslan
  • considering the contemporary influences and pressures on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander signed languages and how these may affect their vitality
  • describing the role religion has played in influencing Auslan in terms of usage and spread, for example, by religious orders, early Deaf Societies and Bible translation projects
  • exploring multilingualism in the Deaf community, including the use of Auslan, English and other signed and spoken languages such as Irish-Australian sign language, and how and when users typically switch between languages and dialects
  • investigating the use and impact of generic digital technology and specific forms of communication by Auslan users, for example, video chat, social media, SMS/texting, and NRS and VRS
  • reflecting on the role of Auslan interpreters in raising awareness and understanding of Auslan in the wider community and in influencing the function and nature of Auslan, for example by the introduction of new signs for temporary use in certain contexts
  • investigating historical patterns of employment of deaf people in certain trades and fields of work, and the impact of these traditional employment domains on Auslan development
  • considering ways that Auslan is evolving due to influences such as globalisation and the capacity for new technology to store, record and share sign languages internationally
  • comparing levels of endangerment of different sign languages, such as NZSL, village sign languages, ASL, Scandinavian, South American sign languages and Auslan, for example by using UNESCO data by reviewing the iSLanDS survey findings
  • understanding the challenges faced by Auslan and other signed languages due to intergenerational disjunction in language transmission
  • investigating how new or specialised language associated with domains such as technology, engineering, cooking or fashion are used but not documented in the Deaf community, and how such language impacts on language vitality
  • identifying contexts and circumstances that support increased usage and acceptance of newly coined Auslan terms, for example, a workplace with several deaf employees
  • researching the role of the World Federation of the Deaf in mapping and monitoring the vitality of sign languages around the world and in protecting sign language diversity

  VCASFU071 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language awareness