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• VCESU031

  Extend knowledge of and use more complex features and patterns of the Spanish grammatical system, including possessive, demonstrative, object and relative pronouns; comparative and superlative adjectives; irregular verbs in the present tense, compound and simple past tenses, future and conditional...

  Elaborations

  • understanding and using definite and indefinite articles, including omission and gender-change cases, for example, me gusta mucho el cuadro del salón, me gusta mucho un cuadro del salón, ¿tienen cuadros de paisajes?, el agua está fría
  • understanding and using indefinite adjectives and pronouns such as alguno/a/os/as, ninguno/a/os/as, otros/as, todos/as, alguien, nadie, nada, algo, todo, noticing the constructions with a double negative, for example, No hay nadie en clase, no tenemos nada
  • using collective nouns such as gente and familia, and noticing the use of singular verbs, for example, la gente en Australia pasa mucho tiempo al aire libre, mi familia tiene una casa en la playa
  • noticing the differences in meaning when the adjective precedes the noun, for example, un pobre hombre/un hombre pobre
  • expressing comparisons using comparatives and superlatives, including some irregular forms, for example, mejor que ..., peor que ..., el mayor, el menor, más ... que, menos ... que, el más ..., ...ísimo/a, tan ... como
  • understanding and using possessive and demonstrative pronouns (aquel es el tuyo, este es el mío) and the use of neutral demonstratives (¿qué es esto?, me gustó aquello que dijo)
  • understanding the form and function of personal object pronouns, and differentiating between direct and indirect objects in the third person, for example, me, te, lo, la/le, nos, os, los, las/les
  • understanding the function and use of relative pronouns, for example, que, el/la/los/las que, quien/es, el/la cual, los/las cuales, donde
  • understanding and using the different past tense forms for regular and irregular verbs (pretérito perfecto, pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto), and comparing the uses with English past tense forms, for example, hemos estudiado los tiempos pasados, Marcos nació en Filipinas, ayer mi amigo estaba contento
  • using appropriate temporal markers, for example, hace ..., desde hace ..., durante ..., en 2011 ..., esta mañana ..., cuando era pequeño ..., desde ... hasta..., ayer ...
  • understanding and using the future and conditional tenses of regular and irregular verbs, for example, mañana iremos de excursión al zoo, me gustaría visitar México, saldría con vosotros pero tengo tarea
  • using some set expressions that require the use of the present subjunctive, for example, ¡que aproveche! ¡que te mejores! espero que estés bien
  • expressing agreement, disagreement and opinions using adverbs and expressions such as Yo también ...., yo tampoco ..., a mí sí ..., a mí no ...
  • indicating rules and giving instructions using expressions such as hay que ..., se puede/no se puede ..., and tener que + infinitive, and regular imperative affirmative forms, for example, cantad conmigo, pase el dado, toma mi bolígrafo, abran las ventanas, repita más despacio
  • understanding the function of impersonal expressions such as se necesita ..., se habla ..., se dice ..., se puede ...
  • using cohesive devices to link elements of complex sentences, for example, por lo tanto, además, sin embargo, al contrario de, de la misma manera
  • expanding the use of prepositions such as por, para, con, sin, contra, hacia to provide more detail or information
  • understanding how to form adverbs from adjectives, for example, normalmente, seguramente, probablemente
  • understanding and using an increasing range of prefixes and suffixes (anónimo, antibiótico, despeinado, supermercado, claustrofobia, lavadora, navideño, hermanito) and building lexical families (árbol, arbolito, arboleda, arbusto, arborícola, arbóreo, arboricultura, enarbolar)
  • developing awareness of the presence of ‘false friends’ in Spanish and English, for example, actualmente / currently, realizar / carry out, embarazada / pregnant, constipado / a cold
  • developing metalanguage to talk in Spanish about elements such as sentence structure (sujeto, verbo, objeto), verb tenses (pretérito, futuro, tiempo compuesto, participio pasado) and other linguistic features (sinónimo, concordancia, párrafo)

  VCESU031 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU157

  Understand and use grammatical elements such as tenses, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs and noun-adjective agreements to construct simple texts for different purposes

  Elaborations

  • noticing that there are two verbs in Spanish for ‘to be’, ser (José es mi hermano) and estar (Estoy cansada)
  • using simple forms of present and past tenses in context (Ayer fue martes y hoy es miércoles), and describing intended actions using the near future tense ir + a + infinitive, for example, Manuel va a mirar su celular/móvil
  • using the conditional mode as a formulaic expression, for example, Me gustaría ser pintor, No me gustaría vivir en una isla pequeña
  • identifying the use and omission of subject pronouns in familiar structures, for example, Vivo en Australia, Ella es Lourdes
  • using interrogative pronouns and correct word order to ask questions and make requests, for example, ¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono?¿Quieres jugar en el patio?
  • building compound sentences to express opinions, preferences or reasons using words such as porque, también and pero, for example, Me gusta cantar, pero prefiero bailar porque es divertido. No me gusta ver la televisión porque es aburrido. Mi comida favorita es el pescado, pero también como carne
  • indicating frequency using adverbs, for example, siempre, a veces, nunca
  • noticing the flexibility of word order in relation to verbs and adverbs, for example, En verano, voy siempre a la playa/En verano, voy a la playa siempre/ En verano, siempre voy a la playa
  • using ordinal numbers, for example, Rosario Arjona es la primera de la lista, Luis vive en la quinta planta
  • understanding gender and number agreement between articles, nouns and adjectives, for example, Tengo un libro nuevo, Las montañas rocosas son muy bonitas
  • comparing the use of diminutives to express affection in Spanish (hermanita, periquita, gatico/gatito) to some equivalents in English, for example, ‘dear little sister’, ‘lovely little cat’
  • using comparatives based on models, for example, tan grande como …, más caro que …, menos frío que…Australia es más grande que Europa
  • recognising that some nouns do not follow the regular masculine/feminine ending pattern, for example, el mapa, el problema, la mano
  • expressing reactions as exclamations, for example, ¡qué susto!; ¡qué hermoso!; ¡qué rico!;¡qué chulo!

  VCESU157 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU139

  Notice and apply elements of Spanish grammar such as gender, singular/plural forms, adjectives, adverbs, verb forms, pronouns and prepositions in simple spoken, written and digital texts

  Elaborations

  • specifying location or direction using prepositions such as en, encima, debajo, a la izquierda and a la derecha, for example, La regla está en el estuche
  • using imperatives to tell others to do something, for example, date prisa, colorea el dibujo
  • using question words to seek information, for example, ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Dónde está tu casa? ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes? ¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?
  • using a range of adjectives to describe appearance and to express feelings or personality, for example, extraño, fantástico, estupendo, serio, responsable, inteligente
  • linking ideas using conjunctions such as y, o and pero
  • noticing the use of personal pronouns, for example, yo, tú, él, ella, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/as
  • using possessive adjectives in singular and plural forms, for example, nuestra clase, vuestra escuela, tu abuela, mis amigos, tus compañeros
  • using cardinal numbers to describe quantity, to tell the time and for dates and ages, for example, tengo cinco amigas, Son las tres en punto, Hoy es veintiuno de agosto, Tengo nueve años
  • using common verbs in familiar contexts, for example, ser and estar, dormir, estudiar and cantar
  • identifying and applying the use of singular, plural and gender forms in simple sentences, for example, la motocicleta es negra, los bolsos son verdes
  • using words and expressions to locate events in time (hoy, ayer, mañana), to describe weather (Hoy hace calor) and to name days of the week (Mañana es lunes)
  • using suffixes such as –ísimo/a- and –ito/a to modify the meaning of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, for example, lentísimo; graciosísimos; casita; gatito
  • building metalanguage to talk about grammar and vocabulary (singular, plural, masculino, femenino, artículo, adjetivo, sinónimo…) and comparing with equivalent terms in English

  VCESU139 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• Spanish - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students recognise and approximate the pronunciation, rhythms and intonation patterns of more extended phrases and compound sentences. They become more fluent and accurate in both spoken and written language production. They gain more control of grammatical and textual elements. They use simple...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students use more complex language in spoken and written forms. They adjust tone, expression and intonation to shade meaning and to convey emotions. They expand their knowledge and control of grammatical elements such as verb tenses (imperfecto, futuro simple, condicional) and direct and indirect...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 3 and 4 description

  Students recognise and use intonation patterns to express different meanings. They apply their knowledge of sound–letter associations to spell new words. They recognise and use elements of grammar such as gender and singular/plural forms, simple verb forms, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence

• Spanish - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students become familiar with the sounds of Spanish, including pronunciation, rhythm, pitch and stress. They recognise similarities with many English words, noting differences in pronunciation and spelling. They understand and apply elements of Spanish grammar such as word order; simple verb forms...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence

• VCESU193

  Apply complex grammatical rules such as those relating to reflexive verbs and subjunctive and conditional moods, and use cohesive devices to link and extend ideas in own spoken and written texts

  Elaborations

  • extending the use of negative forms (no voy nunca, en ningún momento, no tengo nada, tú tampoco, no hay nadie) and understanding the difference between a reflexive verb and its corresponding non –reflexive verb, for example, Gerardo se lava la cara (reflexive) and Gerardo lava su carro (non-reflexive)
  • using subjunctive mood to express doubt, uncertainty or emotion, for example, dudo que vengas, siento que estés enferma, me alegra que hayas terminado tus estudios
  • expressing hypothetical events using conditional voice, for example, Sería interesante estudiar chino or Yo viajaría, pero no tengo dinero
  • using cohesive devices to sequence ideas, for example, aunque, a pesar de, sin embargo
  • describing events across time (past, present and future), choosing appropriate tenses
  • developing metalanguage to extend discussion of grammatical features such as word order, tenses and subjunctive mood, and using terms such as ‘verbs’, ‘nouns’, ‘conditional’, ‘subjunctive’ and ‘simple past’
  • describing people and things using:
    • comparatives and superlatives, for example, Ella es la más inteligente de la clase, Este jardín es lindísimo, Este jugo es el peor de todos
    • acronyms, for example, MERCOSUR, EEUU, UE, ONU
    • diminutives, for example, gatito, mesita, negrito
  • persuading, encouraging and advising others by using imperative verb forms, for example, vaya a la cancha, vamos al descanso, piénsalo bien, piénselo bien
  • exploring how word choices (such as selection of particular nouns and adjectives) can indicate values and attitudes, for example, Ese joven no sirve para nada/Es un joven valiente. Ellos son ilegales/Ellos son los refugiados
  • using the pasiva refleja or impersonal form with se for example, Se venden casas, ¿Cómo se dice...?
  • using idiomatic language such as proverbs (Lo cortés no quita lo valiente, El hábito no hace al monje) and idioms (me puse las botas, no pedir peras al olmo)

  VCESU193 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU015

  Understand that Spanish, like all languages, is used in different ways according to roles, relationships and social and cultural contexts

  Elaborations

  • noticing variations in language use based on the age, gender and social relationships of speakers and the context and purpose of interactions, for example, by selecting appropriate greetings and terms of address for people of different ages or status (Hola, ¿qué tal Diana? Buenas tardes, Señor Méndez, Diga, ¿quién llama?)
  • recognising that register shifts according to familiarity and social position, for example, using different pronouns and the corresponding verb endings in formal or informal interactions (¿Cómo se llama usted? ¿Cómo te llamas?)
  • observing that many Spanish speakers are multilingual and regularly shift between languages to achieve different purposes and to draw on additional communicative resources

  VCESU015 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• Languages | Spanish: Learning in Spanish

  Spanish language learning

  Spanish is a language spoken by approximately 500 million people across the world. Spanish evolved from Latin on the Iberian Peninsula in around the ninth century, and spread from Spain to the Caribbean and to North, Central and South America as a result of the expeditions...

  Overview material | Spanish

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students use written and spoken Spanish to initiate and sustain interactions with teachers, peers and others in a range of settings and for a range of purposes. They use language spontaneously to offer opinions on social issues and to discuss young people’s interests...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Spanish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken Spanish for classroom interactions, to carry out transactions and to exchange views and experiences with peers and others in a range of contexts. They use rehearsed and spontaneous language to give and follow instructions and engage in discussions...

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Spanish - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students interact in written and spoken Spanish to communicate about personal experiences, relationships and aspirations, and broader local and global issues such as the environment, social media and tourism, including issues that pertain to Spanish-speaking countries....

  Level description | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• VCESU123

  Recognise that in Spanish different words and language forms are used to address and greet people according to relationship, context and time of day

  Elaborations

  • understanding that different forms of language are used with different people, for example, appropriate pronouns and forms of address such as tú, vos, doctor García, Doña Aura
  • understanding that language use varies according to context and situation, for example, language used when interacting with peers during playground games is different to that used with teachers in class (Hola, ¿qué tal?; Buenos días señora García, ¿cómo está?)
  • understanding that language exchanges in Spanish such as greetings vary according to the time of day or the occasion, for example, Buenas tardes, Buenas noches, Felicidades. Feliz Año Nuevo
  • identifying social relationships between people observed interacting in Spanish-language materials such as video clips or cartoons

  VCESU123 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU017

  Recognise that Spanish is a global language that is spoken in a variety of forms in different communities around the world, including Australia

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Spanish is an important world language spoken in a range of varieties dialects, and variable accents across the Spanish-speaking world, for example, by identifying Spanish-speaking countries or regions on a map of the world
  • understanding the nature of the distribution of Spanish speakers across the world, not only in countries where Spanish is an official language but also in other countries such as the United States or the Philippines where the Spanish language and cultures have an important presence
  • recognising language variation across the Spanish-speaking world in terms of pronunciation, for example, the different pronunciation of the syllables ce and ci (gracias Cecilia)
  • exploring language variation in relation to vocabulary, for example, ‘a computer’ is un ordenador in Spain and una computadora in Latin America; ‘strawberries’ are fresas in Spain and frutillas in Argentina; ‘bus’ is colectivo in Venezuela, omnibus in Peru, camión in Mexico and guagua in Cuba
  • recognising that there is also variation in some grammatical forms, for example, the use of the pronoun vos in several countries in Latin America compared to tú in Spain; the masculine direct object pronoun le/lo in Spain and lo in Latin America
  • recognising differences between standard varieties of Spanish and varying degrees of language blending and influence, for example, Spanglish
  • recognising that many Spanish speakers also speak one or more regional and/or local languages, for example, Catalan or Basque

  VCESU017 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU179

  Investigate the nature and extent of Spanish language use in both Australian and global contexts

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Spanish is an important world language spoken in a range of varieties, accents and grammatical variations across the Spanish-speaking world, for example, by identifying Spanish-speaking countries or regions on a world map
  • understanding the nature of the distribution of Spanish speakers across the world, not only in countries where Spanish is an official language but also in other countries such as the United States and the Philippines where the Spanish language and cultures have an important presence
  • exploring language variation in relation to vocabulary, for example, ‘strawberries’ are fresas in Spain and frutillas in Argentina; ‘bus’ is colectivo in Venezuela, ómnibus in Peru, camión in Mexico and guagua in Cuba
  • recognising that there is also variation in some grammatical forms, for example, the use of the pronoun vos in several Latin American countries compared to tú in Spain; the masculine direct object pronoun le/lo in Spain and lo in Latin America
  • recognising differences between standard varieties of Spanish and varying degrees of language blending and influence, for example, Spanglish
  • recognising that many speakers of Spanish also speak one or more regional and/or local languages, such as Catalan or Basque; and researching the extent and impact of Spanish-language networks, associations and activities in different Australian communities, for example, creating a database classifying activities, events, exchange and media organisations, Spanish-speaking films on SBS, advertisements for travel to Spanish-speaking countries, and Spanish language classes

  VCESU179 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU033

  Recognise that Spanish is used in a variety of ways to achieve different purposes in different contexts

  Elaborations

  • identifying levels of formality in spoken and written texts, and considering what these convey about social relationships and processes, for example, reflections of status, authority, respect or intimacy (Disculpe, ¿podría decirme ..., Perdone que le interrumpa, ... Me gustaría invitarte a mi boda, ¡oye tío, he conocido a una tía guay!, eres el amor de mi vida)
  • comparing spoken and written forms of familiar types of texts and language functions, for example, verbal and written apologies or oral storytelling and written reports, noticing differences in grammatical, expressive and textual features
  • recognising that language is used differently to achieve different purposes, for example, the use of contractions, emoticons and acronyms in text messages for the purposes of speed and economy; and the use of slang, specialised or inclusive language to establish shared interest or identity
  • recognising how grammatical and vocabulary choices shade meaning and establish register, for example, the use of formal or informal pronouns (usted, ustedes/ tú, vosotros/as), the use of forms of address (don Juan, doña Pepa, señor Martínez, señoras y señores, damas y caballeros, Pedro y Sonia) and the use of abbreviations and slang (mi cole es guay)

  VCESU033 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCESU121

  Notice and apply grammatical rules such as those relating to gender, simple verb forms and definite articles when describing people, places, things and relationships

  Elaborations

  • learning the structure of simple affirmative/negative statements and questions based on models, for example, No tengo perro. Gloria come verduras. ¿María tiene cinco años?
  • recognising definite and indefinite articles with nouns, for example, la mesa, una mesa; el niño, un niño
  • noticing that adjectives usually follow nouns and are used to describe the colour, size, shape or characteristics of a person, place or object, for example, la casa grande, el balón gris, la silla amarilla, un auto azul, una mesa cuadrada, una niña alta
  • noticing and using singular masculine or feminine forms of nouns and adjectives, for example, el plátano delicioso, la canción chilena
  • understanding and responding to basic familiar instructions and imperatives, for example, siéntate, escucha, cierra la puerta, silencio
  • observing gender in patterns of naming, for example, Julio/Julia, Patricio/Patricia
  • using subject pronouns to identify people, objects or animals, for example, Yo, tú, él, ella
  • building vocabulary related to familiar environments (lápiz, casa, mamá, papá), and using cognates such as animal, color, triángulo, familia…
  • learning simple verbs to express likes and dislikes, for example, comer, bailar, hablar, correr, jugar and caminar, and using them in modelled and formulaic expressions such as No me gusta correr/caminar; ¿Te gusta este juguete?
  • using singular possessive adjectives, for example, mi casa, mi hermano, tu amiga

  VCESU121 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU175

  Understand and control grammatical structures such as different forms of the past tense, regular and irregular verbs, interrogative and imperative moods, and conjunctions in a range of familiar types of texts

  Elaborations

  • conjugating common regular verbs and high-frequency irregular verbs (ir, tener, ser, haber) in the present (hablo inglés) past (nadasteis en el río) and present perfect (¿han llegado ya?) tenses
  • using present, past and future tenses of modal verbs, for example, no pudo comer, debemos dormir bien
  • using adjectives to describe and compare people and some aspects of the environment, for example, mi tía es generosa, los Andes son inmensos
  • using adverbs to modify the meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, casi nunca, demasiado
  • using subject-verb-object word order and comparing it to English structures, for example, Simón busca la información para la tarea en la red
  • expressing quantity, for example, miles de personas, mucha gente, varios libros, tanto dinero, pocas ideas, bastante calor, algunos amigos
  • joining elements of more complex sentences using conjunctions, for example, y, pero, porque, además
  • using interrogative and imperative moods, for example, ¿Has comido? ¡Abre la puerta!
  • indicating possession by using de followed by a pronoun (de él) or noun, for example, El carro de mi mamá, Las camisas de mi hermano

  VCESU175 | Languages | Spanish | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCESU013

  Understand and use the main elements of the Spanish grammatical system, including definite and indefinite articles, gender and number agreement, present tense of regular and common irregular verbs, and simple sentence construction, paying attention to word order

  Elaborations

  • using appropriate definite and indefinite articles that match the noun in gender and number (el, la, los, las, un, una, unos, unas) and noticing some special cases (el día, el idioma, la mano, la foto)
  • identifying people and things using concrete nouns and applying rules for gender and number agreement, for example, niño/s, niña/s; profesor/es, profesora/s
  • observing gender in patterns of naming, for example, Julio/Julia, Ramón/Ramona, José María/María José
  • developing awareness of word endings and gender patterns, for example, el/la ...ista, el/la ...ante, la ...ción, la ...dad, el ...or, el ...aje, el ...ero/la ...era
  • describing the qualities of people and things using adjectives and matching them in gender and number with the nouns, paying attention to word order and to the different types of gender variation, for example, los pantalones largos/ las faldas largas, el estudiante trabajador/la estudiante trabajadora, el libro interesante/la película interesante, el sombrero azul/la casa azul
  • expressing ownership using singular and plural possessive adjectives, following the agreement rules for gender and number with the noun, for example, mis padres, nuestras amigas, sus libros, mi clase, vuestro profesor, tu madre
  • using determiners such as demonstratives (este, ese, aquel/esta, esa, aquella), cardinal and ordinal numbers (uno, dos, tres,.../ primero/a, segundo/a, tercero/a,...) and basic quantifiers (mucho/a/os/as, bastante/s, poco/a/os/as), attending to gender and number agreement when necessary
  • understanding the form and function of subject pronouns (yo, tú, vos, él, ella, usted, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos/as, ustedes), how they substitute for noun subjects and determine verb endings in conjugations, for example, Esta es María, la hermana de Juan. Ella está en la escuela primaria y él está en el año 8
  • understanding and using the three conjugations for the present tense of regular verbs (...ar, ...er, ...ir), and the present tense of commonly used irregular verbs, for example, ser, estar, tener, ir, hacer, querer, jugar
  • recognising that there are two versions of the verb ‘to be’ in Spanish and identifying the main uses of ser and estar, for example, soy Alicia, estoy bien, somos australianos, estamos en clase de español
  • developing awareness that different verbs are used in English and Spanish for for certan phrases such as, Tengo 12 años (lit. I have 12 years) = I am 12 years old, ¿tienes hambre?(lit. Do you have hunger?=Are you hungry?, hace frío (lit. it does cold)=It is cold
  • increasing vocabulary by observing patterns and using cognates, for example, animal, normal, actor
  • understanding and using reflexive verbs, for example, me llamo Luis, ¿a qué hora te levantas?, los sábados nos acostamos tarde
  • using verb conjugations in affirmative, negative and interrogative forms, for example, ¿Eres australiana? No, no soy australiana, soy china ¿Y tú, qué idiomas hablas? Hablo chino, inglés y español
  • understanding the use of verbs such as gustar, encantar, doler and interesar, for example, ¿qué deportes te gustan?, me encanta correr, me duele la cabeza, nos interesan las películas de acción
  • identifying the gerund and infinitive non-personal forms of verbs and using them to express the development of action in the present with the verb estar (está hablando, estoy escribiendo) and the idea of future with the verb ir, for example, Esta tarde voy a hacer los deberes, mañana vamos a jugar al tenis
  • seeking information using interrogatives, for example, ¿qué ...?, ¿cómo ...?, ¿cuándo ...?, ¿quién ...?, ¿dónde ...? ¿cuántos/as ...?, ¿por qué ...?
  • describing when and where an action occurs using prepositions and adverbs of time and place (a, de, desde, en, entre, hasta, antes, después, ahora, hoy, mañana, debajo, encima) and the contractions al (a+el) and del (de+el)
  • expressing modality using adverbs such as bien, mal, regular, despacio, rápidamente
  • following basic formulaic instructions expressed in the imperative for example, abran el libro, lee la página 20, escuchad, salgan de clase, escribid en los cuadernos ....
  • linking ideas using cohesive devices such as conjunctions, for example, y (e), o(u), pero, porque
  • recognising the functions of elements such as prefixes and suffixes and their importance in word building and changing meaning, for example, repasar, repaso, casa, casita, caserón, casero, jugar, un juego, jugador
  • building metalanguage to talk in Spanish about grammar and vocabulary, for example, infinitivo, presente, género, masculino, femenino, número, singular, plural, adjetivo, sustantivo, forma negativa e interrogativa, and comparing with equivalent terms in English

  VCESU013 | Languages | Spanish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language