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• VCASFU122

  Understand and control additional elements of Auslan grammar, such as the use of non-manual features for topicalisation, negation or question forms, and develop awareness of how signers use constructed action and depicting signs

  Elaborations

  • noticing that sometimes Auslan signers have information about how a verb happens through NMFs not separate signs (for example WRITE-_carelessly)
  • distinguishing between the citation form of a sign and the adverbial NMF overlaid and what meaning each part carries, for example: MAN-SPRINT (base form), MAN SPRINT_-fast (manner added)
  • understanding that, in terms of meaning, a basic clause represents: a happening or a state (verb), who or what is involved (noun or nouns) and the surrounding circumstances (adverb or adverbs)
  • noticing that clauses can be made more vivid by integrating CA or DSs to show with body or hands or by showing adverbial or adjectival meanings
  • recognising how conjunctions such as PLUS, IF or BUT are used to join clauses and create cohesion
  • recognising that the element of a clause that a signer wants to focus on most in Auslan is sometimes moved to be signed first and that this process of topicalisation involves particular NMFs
  • recognising that signers may include both linguistic and gestural elements in a clause, that is, signers can tell, show or do both in a composite utterance
  • realising that in many clauses signers ‘tell’ with lexical signs at the same time as ‘show’ with DS, CA and other gestural elements

  VCASFU122 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU121

  Understand that signs can include different information, including a gestural overlay, and identify how signers establish spatial locations, types of depicting signs and ways of showing constructed action

  Elaborations

  • noticing that meaning is created in Auslan from fully-lexical signs, partly-lexical signs and non-lexical signing and gesture
  • understanding that fully-lexical signs are in the dictionary and have a standard handshape, movement and location, and partly-lexical signs can be changed to show information such as location or who is involved in indicating verbs
  • noticing that single-digit numbers can be separate lexical items or merged into other signs (numeral incorporation) such as those for ages, for example, 5-YEARS-OLD or adverbs of time, for example, 3-WEEKS-AGO or pronouns, for example, WE3, WE4
  • identifying where and how a signer has established a location in space (through pointing, modifying the movement of a verb, or locating a non-body-anchored noun sign)
  • recognising that signers must make explicit which referent is associated with a location
  • recognising that signers can set up referents in the signing space close to them (viewer space), for example, using a bC handshape (use of non-dominant hand) to indicate putting a glass on a table or distant (diagrammatic) for example, using 5claw in two locations to represent two houses
  • identifying independently instances of DSs and their type
  • learning that the function of CA is to represent the words, thoughts or actions of a protagonist in a text, either themselves or another
  • knowing that in CA a signer can shift into the role of another, or themselves at a different time, through eye gaze change, body shift, head orientation change, and matching facial expressions

  VCASFU121 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU132

  Recognise and use elements of Greek grammar, such as word order, gender and singular/plural forms, to describe people, objects or events

  Elaborations

  • beginning to describe and explain features of Modern Greek using metalanguage, for example, using the terms masculine, feminine, neuter nouns, verbs, tenses, adjectives, conjunctions, in English or Greek
  • noticing the use of gender in Greek names, singular/plural, and articles, for example, Η Άννα, η γάτα, οι γάτες, α ψάρια, ο μπαμπάς
  • using adjectives to describe characteristics or qualities (such as number, shape and colour) of a person or object (noun), for example, τρία μικρά γουρουνάκια, and understanding that adjectives have gender, for example, καλός, καλή, καλό, ψηλός, ψηλή, ψηλό, κόκκινος, κόκκινη, κόκκινο
  • creating simple sentences in the subject–verb–object order, for example, Το βάζο έχει λουλούδια
  • experimenting with compound sentences using conjunctions such as και and αλλά
  • using adverbs of place, for example, έξω, μέσα, πάνω, κάτω, μπροστά, πίσω, δίπλα
  • observing singular noun and plural noun endings, for example, γάτα, γάτες, σπίτι, σπίτια
  • understanding that some words can mean different things in different contexts, for example, μπάνιο can mean ‘bathroom’, ‘bathtub’ or ‘swimming at the beach’
  • recognising the differences or similarities in word order in simple sentences, for example, μου αρέσει, δε μου αρέσει
  • expressing negation in simple sentences, for example, Όχι, δεν το θέλω, δε μ’ αρέσει
  • expanding number knowledge up to 100

  VCELU132 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 3 and 4 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU148

  Identify and reproduce letter clusters, the digraphs/diphthongs, reproduce key features of intonation and pronunciation, experiment with the spelling of common words and apply basic punctuation rules

  Elaborations

  • applying different intonation for statements, questions, interjections, exclamations and commands, for example, Είναι εδώ, Τι κάνεις; Ποπό! Σταμάτα! Άντε! Κρίμα!
  • reading simple texts and highlighting digraphs/diphthongs, including ου, μπ, ντ, αι, ει, οι
  • applying and using accent marks on all words which have more than one syllable and on a few monosyllable words, for example, πού; πώς; ή, and recognising that the position of the accent mark can change the meaning, for example, μάτια, ματιά, γέρος, γερός
  • experimenting with spelling simple words, for example, the spelling of verbs in the first person ending in ω, verbs in the third person ending in ει, the most common noun and adjective endings including ος, ας, ης, οι, η, α, ες, ι, ο, α, plural articles οι, τα, for example, θέλω, θέλει, ο άντρας, οι άντρες, η ντομάτα, οι ντομάτες, το παιδί, τα παιδιά, καλός, καλή, καλό
  • applying phonic and grammatical knowledge to spell and write unfamiliar words
  • understanding and applying punctuation marks in writing, for example, full stop, comma, exclamation mark, apostrophe, speech marks and question mark

  VCELU148 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU183

  Understand and apply grammatical structures, such as passive and active voice, negation, word order and time clauses, recognising that they serve particular functions and that grammatical choices shape meaning

  Elaborations

  • choosing appropriate terms to describe events across time (present, past and future) and choosing appropriate tense, for example, Φέτος θα πάω διακοπές στην Κύπρο, Πέρσι γύρισα όλη την Έλλαδα
  • recognising the order of pronouns to emphasise who is carrying out an action or to refer to a person or thing, and applying agreement in gender and number to identify subject and object, for example, Κανείς δεν είναι τέλειος, Μου αρέσουν αυτοί που λένε την αλήθεια
  • using a range of adverbs and adjectives to modify and intensify meaning of verbs and adjectives, for example, ακριβώς, αρκετά, πολύ, λίγο, πολλή
  • using cohesive devices such as conjunctions to link, clarify and sequence ideas and modify meaning in written and spoken texts, for example, Αφού δεν είχα αρκετά λεφτά, γύρισα σπίτι μου, γιατί, επειδή, αλλά, και, τότε
  • responding to and using imperative mood, for example, ελάτε, γράψε
  • using a range of nouns and adjectives and possessive forms, for example, μου/μας/σου/του/της/τους, δικό τους, δικά μας
  • seeking information using a range of questions, for example, Tι; Mήπως ξέρεις; Πώς; Πού; Γιατί; Πότε;
  • continuing to build a metalanguage to describe grammatical concepts and develop learning resources, for example, verb charts, vocabulary lists, groups of pronouns, adverbs or adjectives

  VCELU183 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCITU014

  Notice and use some aspects of the Italian language system, including gender forms, simple sentence structures and the placement of adjectives

  Elaborations

  • noticing definite and indefinite articles with nouns, for example, la casa, una casa; il giardino, un giardino
  • noticing that Italian words end mostly with vowels to mark gender and number; observing that some words which do not end with a vowel are the same in English, for example, computer, robot, yogurt, sport
  • noticing that adjectives are used to describe people, objects or places and are usually placed after the noun, for example, la penna rossa
  • observing gender in patterns of naming, for example, Paolo/Paola, Alessandro/Alessandra
  • exploring how to use singular and plural forms
  • understanding different words for asking questions, for example, Chi? Quando? Quanti?
  • identifying people using pronouns, for example, io, tu, lui, lei
  • noticing that the verbs essere and avere are used when giving personal information about state or identity, for example, Ho due fratelli, sono basso, Ho 6 anni, Ho gli occhi verdi, sono alto
  • learning simple verbs to describe actions and using them in formulaic expressions, for example, Mi piace cantare/giocare; Ti piace questo giocattolo?
  • understanding and responding to imperatives, for example, Vieni qui!
  • learning the structure of simple statements and questions based on models, for example, lo sono Anna. Non sto bene. È un gatto? Sìcomptue è un gatto
  • expressing negation, for example, Non mi piace, Non ho un cane.

  VCITU014 | Languages | Italian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU166

  Identify and use appropriate terms and expressions, such as honorific and qualifying words and counters for specific purposes and contexts

  Elaborations

  • using vocabulary to describe basic activities in school and home environments including leisure activities using common verbs such as 공부해요,쇼핑해요, 운동해요, 먹어요, 살아요, …, and nouns such as names of basic facilities (방, 교실, 화장실, ...) and of the days of the week (월요일,화요일, …)
  • describing emotions, feelings or viewpoints using basic descriptive verbs, for example, 재미있어요, 무서워요, 행복해요, 이상해요, 용감해요, 예뻐요, 슬퍼요, 맞아요, 틀려요, 싫어요, 아파요, 멋있어요
  • describing the weather using 날씨가 좋아요/나빠요 or 비가 와요 as set phrases
  • using basic words specifically related to everyday life of Koreans, for example, 밥, 김치
  • using basic adverbs to describe ways in which a certain action takes place, for example, 빨리, 천천히, 조용히 (빨리 하세요, 천천히 가세요, 조용히 하세요) and to indicate time using 어제, 오늘 and 내일
  • using basic honorific/humble words appropriately for peers or adults, for example, 생신, 계세요, 저
  • using counters with numbers in two systems (장, 잔, 권, 그루, 송이, 원, 시, 분, 번째, …) and Arabic numerals with appropriate pronunciations, for example, 책 세 권, 10살,6학년, 7시

  VCKOU166 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCLAU011

  Understand that Latin spread with the expansion of the Roman empire, developed over time into the Romance languages, and influenced English vocabulary

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Latin is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, related to other ancient languages, such as Classical Greek, Sanskrit and Old Persian
  • recognising that Latin was influenced by languages of other ancient peoples, such as Greek
  • locating on a map the places where Latin was spoken across the area of Roman influence, from Britain to West Asia
  • researching how Latin evolved into its modern descendants, the Romance languages, and comparing words, such as numbers, duo (Latin) – deux (French) – due (Italian) – dos (Spanish) – doi (Romanian) – dois (Portuguese), or words such as ‘hand’ or ‘friend’ across languages
  • applying knowledge of Latin to understand words and expressions in Romance languages, for example, tempo; liberté, égalité, fraternité; amigo; la dolce vita
  • identifying and using Latin derivatives to expand own English vocabulary, for example, maternal/paternal, nominate, puerile
  • recognising connections between spelling of Latin and English words and applying understanding to improve own spelling in English, for example, first conjugation verb such as portat – English ‘portable’, compared with fourth conjugation verb audit – audible
  • identifying expressions and abbreviations in Latin that are commonly used in English, for example, post mortem, in loco parentis; e.g., i.e., am, pm, etc.
  • identifying words of Latin origin that are used in subjects across the school curriculum, for example, data, agriculture, commerce, equilateral, formula, mesa, tablet
  • identifying and collecting word families in which the same Latin root is used with different prefixes or suffixes, for example, reduce, introduce, deduce, conduct, produce
  • exploring and discussing the meaning of simple Latin mottoes used by modern institutions, such as the Olympic motto citius, altius, fortius

  VCLAU011 | Languages | Latin | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | The powerful influence of language and culture

• VCTRU013

  Recognise parts of speech and frequently used words in familiar contexts and understand the basic rules of word order in simple sentences

  Elaborations

  • recognising the basic word order, subject–object–verb, and applying it in simple statements, imperatives and questions, for example, Ali gel. Ali okula gel. Ali okula geldi. Ali okula geldi mi?
  • describing colour (mavi), size (büyük/küçük) and shape (üçgen), and recognising that adjectives come before nouns
  • describing quantity, using cardinal numbers such as bir-yüz and ordinal numbers such as birinci, ikinci
  • using the ending -ler/-lar to express plurality, mainly with countable nouns, such as çocuklar, ördekler
  • recognising question words and anticipating likely answers, for example, Kim? Ne? Nerede? Nereye? Kimle? Ne kadar? Ne zaman? Nasıl? Hangisi?
  • expressing affirmative and negative responses, such as evet, hayır, değil, doğru, yanlış
  • learning how to use simple suffixes and subject and possessive pronouns, for example, ben/benim, sen/senin, o/onun and evim/evimiz, evin/eviniz, evi/evleri
  • building vocabulary related to familiar environments, such as anne, kitap, kedi, and using cognates, such as ev, okul, aile, hayvanlar
  • using prepositions to specify locations, for example, üstünde, altında, yanında, arkasında, önünde, arasında, sağında, solunda
  • describing actions using imperatives and simple verbs, such as otur, kalk, elini kaldır, koş, yürü, gel, git, oku, yaz
  • linking ideas using simple conjunctions, for example, ve, ile, ama

  VCTRU013 | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCGRCU023

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in complex sentences in Classical Greek, including subordinate clauses, pronoun forms, mood, voice, and conventions of complex sentence structure

  Elaborations

  • using the indefinite adjective τις with nouns to supply the meaning of the indefinite article in English, for example, κακόν τι πάσχει, νῆσόν τινα
  • conjugating -ω verbs in perfect and pluperfect tenses, active and middle, indicative, imperative and infinitive forms, for example, εἴρηκα/εἴρημαι, ἑόρακα/ἑώραμαι
  • conjugating -ω verbs in the passive voice in all applicable tenses including first and second aorist and future, for example, ἐλύθην/λυθήσομαι, ἐφάνην/φανήσομαι
  • conjugating contract verbs in all tenses and voices, including verbs in –οω, for example, δηλῶ, ἐλευθερῶ
  • conjugating -μι verbs, including δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, ἵημι, δείκνυμι, φημί
  • conjugating common irregular verbs, for example, oἶδα, ἒοικα
  • forming the comparative and superlative degrees of common irregular adjectives, for example:
    • ἀγαθός/ἀμείνων/ἄριστος, ἀγαθός/βελτίων/βέλτιστος, ἀγαθός/κρείττων/κράτιστος
    • κακός/κακίων/κάκιστος, κακός/χείρων/χείριστος
    • καλός/καλλίων/κάλλιστος
    • μέγας/μείζων/μέγιστος
    • πολύς/πλείων/πλεῖστος
  • identifying the use of participles with the genitive absolute and the accusative absolute, for example, ἡμέρας γενομένης, ἔδοξεν ταῖς κόραις πρὸς τὸν κρήνην βαίνειν and δέον τὴν πόλιν ἀμύνεσθαι, οἱ ἄνδρες τὰ ὅπλα ἔφερον
  • recognising the forms and uses of the subjunctive mood, for example, ταχέως ἵωμεν (exhortation), τί ποιῶμεν; (deliberation), μὴ δέξησθε τὰ δῶρα (prohibition), οἱ στρατιῶται φεύγουσιν ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ληφθῶσιν (purpose clause), φοβοῦμαι μὴ ὁ δεσπότης οὐκ ἐθέλῃ παῦσαι τὸν πόνον (clause of fearing)
  • recognising the forms and uses of the optative mood, for example, εἴθε τὴν πατρίδα σῴζοιμεν (wish), βουλοίμεθα ἄν τοῦ ἀοιδοῦ ἀκούειν (potential optative)
  • understanding the structure and use of indirect statements with ὅτι, the infinitive or the participle, for example, ὁ ἄγγελος εἶπεν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι ἤδη προσχωροῦσιν/ὁ πάτηρ ἔφη ἀνάγκην εἶναι οἴκαδε ἐπανιέναι/οἱ παῖδες εἶδον λύκον μέγαν πρὸς τὴν οἰκίαν προσιόντα
  • understanding the structure and use of conditional clauses, for example, ἐὰν τῷ δημαγωγῷ πιστεύῃς, μῶρος εἶ/ἐὰν τὸν δοῦλον καλέσῃς, βραδέως ἀφίξεται/εἰ ὁ παῖς τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, ἐδέξατο ἄν τον ἔπαινον
  • understanding the structure and use of indefinite clauses, for example, ὅστις ἄν ἔξω τῶν τῆς πόλεως ὁρῶν εὑρεθῇ, ἐν κινδύνῳ μεγάλῳ ἔσται/ἐπειδὰν γένηται ἡ πανήγυρις, πάντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν σπεύδουσιν
  • identifying the articular infinitive, for example, ἀγαθὸς εἰς τὸ λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν
  • identifying the verbal adjective in –τέος, for example, οὐ λεκτέοι εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι
  • identifying verbs that take supplementary participles, for example, ἔτυχον παροῦσαι αἱ γυναῖκες/οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐφαίνοντο οὐ βουλόμενοι ἀγορεύειν
  • understanding the sequence of tenses and moods in complex sentences (primary and secondary sequences), for example, λέγει ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἶπεν, ἐψεύδετο/εἶπεν ὅτι εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ τοῦτο εἴποι, ψεύδοιτο ἄν
  • recognising creative variations in Classical Greek word order to focus on action, or to create suspense by delaying a key word, phrase or clause
  • elaborating strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCGRCU023 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU176

  Develop understanding of the important role of non-manual features in adverbs and joining clauses, and know that spatial relationships in Auslan are typically expressed with depicting signs

  Elaborations

  • recognising that quantifiers such as FEW or THREE are also types of adjective signs
  • noticing that sometimes Auslan signers have information about how a verb happens through NMFs not separate signs (for example, WRITE-_carelessly)
  • recognising that some adverbs modify adjectives, not verbs, for example VERY, and that these modifications to adjectives can also be expressed with NMFs, for example changes in mouth patterns and movement of signs can intensify adjectives, for example, RED-_really, PLEASE-_really, TALL-_really
  • distinguishing between the citation form of a sign and the adverbial NMF overlaid and what meaning each part carries, for example: MAN SPRINT (base form), MAN SPRINT_-fast (manner added)
  • recognising how conjunctions such as plus, if or but are used to join clauses and create cohesion
  • recognising that signers can give information about how a verb happens over time by changing the movement, for example, signing WATCH versus WATCH-_{for-a-long-time}, or with lexical signs such as WATCH AGAIN++
  • recognising that typically signers use DSs to show spatial relationships, not separate signs such as ON or UNDER
  • recognising that some nouns are not signed overtly in a clause, for example in the clauses below, the noun (the swimmer) is given in the first clause but not repeated in the second
    PRO2 SWIM DETERMINED SWIM, NOT WIN
    You swam really hard but you didn’t win.
    
  • noticing that clauses are elaborated and made more vivid by adding adjectives and adverbs and by enacting or using DSs, and that they can be joined by conjunctions to make longer sentences
  • noticing that parts of a sentence can be signed simultaneously in Auslan, making it hard to establish word order
  • recognising that the element of a sentence that a signer wants most focus on is sometimes signed first and that this process of topicalisation involves particular NMFs

  VCASFU176 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCIDU013

  Recognise questions, commands and simple subject-focus sentences, and develop vocabulary for people, places and things in their personal world

  Elaborations

  • identifying people using pronouns (ibu, ayah, bapak, adik, kakak), referring to pets (anjing, kucing), and using concrete nouns for objects (buku, tas, pintu)
  • describing possession using word order in familiar phrases, for example, nama saya…, ibu saya…
  • greetings and farewelling others, for example, Selamat pagi/siang/sore/ malam, sampai jumpa
  • specifying location using prepositions, for example, di atas, di bawah, di dalam, di belakang
  • describing actions using simple verbs, for example, makan, duduk, minum, suka, tidur
  • interacting using auxiliary verbs, for example, ada, mau, tahu, boleh, bisa
  • understanding different question words and the anticipated answer, for example, siapa? (people), apa? (objects, actions), di mana? (location), berapa? (quantity)
  • using imperatives to tell others to do something, for example, Duduklah, Lipat tangan, Tepuk tangan
  • referring to numbers of things using cardinal numbers (nol-sepuluh puluh, belas)
  • describing the colour, size, shape and character of a person, place or thing using noun–adjective phrases, for example, buku merah, anjing besar, kucing kecil, bapak tinggi, saya pendek, adik lucu
  • joining words or phrases using conjunctions, for example, dan, tetapi
  • referring to things using demonstratives ini and itu, for example, Ini buku merah
  • negating verbs and adjectives using tidak
  • expressing modality, for example, mau, ingin, boleh, bisa

  VCIDU013 | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCKOU204

  Understand and use vocabulary that conveys abstract ideas and establishes register and style for specific audiences

  Elaborations

  • using a range of common nouns and verbs to describe activities and phenomena taking place in home, school and the wider context, such as transport, networking, festivals, weather, seasons, nature, transactions, for example, 여행, 기차, 비행기, …, 축제, 숙제, 음악, 산, 강, 호수, …, 여름, 겨울, …, 영화, 입장권, 표, …, 차례, 소리, 바쁘다, 아끼다, 춥다, 덥다, …, 많다, 적다, …,연락하다, 편리하다, 친절하다, 다치다, 시작하다, 출발하다, 도착하다, 참가하다, 기다리다
  • using abstract nouns and verbs associated with abstract or complex concepts, processes, attitudes, for example, 방법,문제, 계획(하다), 신선하다, 생각하다, 심각하다, 생기다, 되다, 그렇다, 믿다, 확신하다
  • using a range of descriptive verbs to express qualities of people, animals or nature, such as character, appearance or scenery, including some complex personal attributes, for example, 착하다, 부지런하다, 게으르다, 참을성이 있다, 정직하다, 깨끗하다
  • using specialised vocabulary drawn from other learning areas or broader topics of interest such as social or environmental issues, including some highly abstract words, special terminology, some loan words from English and some figurative use of common words (for example, ‘지구가 죽는다’): 지구, 북극, 남극,빙하, 환경, 자연, 태풍, 사이클론, 캠페인, 에너지, 청소년, 실업, 녹다, 보호(하다), 절약(하다), 낭비(하다), 파괴되다, ‘쓰레기 분리수거’, ‘환경보호’, ‘지구 온난화’, ‘다문화 사회’
  • using/recognising some well-known Korean geographical names (for example, 부산, 제주도)
  • identifying Korean names of some folk genres such as 민요, 설화 or 탈춤, and some titles of Korean folk songs or folk tales such as 아리랑, 강강술래, 심청전 or 흥부전
  • using/recognising some procedural vocabulary relating to some aspects of everyday life such as operating appliances or cooking instant food, for example, 국수, 국물, 정도 (for example, 4분 정도) 냄비, 끓이다, 넣다, 붓다, 젓다
  • using reflective/sympathetic words or phrases to signal empathy, down-toning or indirect disagreement, or just as a pause filler, for example, 그렇지요?; 좋았겠어요;아마; 글쎄요; 그런가요?; 아닌 것 같은데요
  • expanding and using honorific or humble vocabulary, for example, 주무시다, 여쭤 보다
  • expanding the range and use of adverbs, for example,훨씬, 함께, 겨우, 아마, 한번, 모두, 분명히, 하마터면
  • expanding the use of temporal vocabulary, including 작년, 올해, 내년, …전/후
  • using elements of metalanguage appropriately, for example, 단어, 명사, 동사, 줄임말, 높임말/존대말, 문장
  • inferring meanings of unknown words or expressions from information available from the text or context

  VCKOU204 | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCTRU098

  Recognise and use key elements of Turkish grammar, such as word order, positions of adjectives, adverbs and postpositions and sentence structures, recognising how grammatical forms and functions are represented through agglutination

  Elaborations

  • understanding and responding to instructions by learning the subject–object–verb word order in simple and complex statements, imperatives and questions, such as Ali topu attı, Ali topu al ve at! and Ali topu Tarkan dan sonra bana atar mısın?
  • learning the conditions that apply to the use of familiar and formal second person singular forms -n and -n(ı)z, for example, yemeğin hazır, yemeğiniz hazır and second person pronouns, sen and siz as well as different honorifics, such as Teyze/Amca, Hanım/Bey, as in Serren Teyze and Doktor Hanım
  • using a range of common interrogative word endings and pronouns, for example, Haftada kaç kez … yapıyorsun? … hakkında ne düşünüyorsun? Lütfen kendinizi bize tanıtır mısınız? Bu sayfayı mı okuyacaktık? Bunu nasıl yapacağız? Tekrar eder misiniz?
  • recognising and using a range of common compounds such as çevre kirliliği, geri dönüşüm, Türk halıları in different sentences
  • recognising common idiomatic expressions and proverbs, for example, samanlıkta iğne aramak, kulak misafiri olmak, Bir lisan, bir insan, Bir elin nesi var, iki elin sesi var
  • recognising passive voice endings in simple instructions, for example, mektuba hitap ile başlanır, elektronik mesajda kısaltmalar kullanılır
  • applying the rule of great vowel harmony when adding nominal case endings -(e), -(i), -d(e), -d(e)n to different nouns, such as ev-e, ev-i, ev-de, ev-den
  • understanding and recognising simple verb tenses, using negation and affirmation and suffixes to form simple and compound sentences, for example, biliyorum/bilmiyorum, okur/okumaz, uyudu/uyumadı, geleceğim/gelmeyeceğim, gitmiş/gitmemiş
  • recognising and using appropriate endings and sentence structures for subject–verb agreement in simple and compound sentences, for example, Taylan yemeğini yedi, Defne yemekten sonra ödevini yaptı ve uyudu
  • recognising and using verbal conjugations and nominal declensions through common noun- and adjective-forming suffixes, such as -(a)l as in san-al, -(a)y as in dene-y, -(a)k as in sol-ak and kur-ak, -(c)a as in çocuk-ça, binler-ce, İngiliz-ce, güzel-ce, -(d)aş / (d)eş as in kar-deş, -(h)ane as in hasta-hane -(ç)ı as in kebapçı, simitçi, eskici
  • using a range of adjectives, adverbs and postpositions to describe actions, places and people, for example, mavi köşkte, Kısa saçlı biriydi, Çok dikkatli yürü, Dün sabah geldi, learning the correct written form of suffixes, for example, using the written form geleceğim and alacaksın instead of the spoken and colloquial use of predicates gelcem, alcan; using the correct spelling geliyorum instead of geliyom
  • building metalanguage to talk about grammar, using terms such as bağlaçlar, özne ve yüklem uyumu, -de/-da ekler, ilgi zamiri -ki, edatlar
  • understanding and using the conditional marker -s(e) and/or the word eğer in compound sentences, for example, Eğer kitap okursan hayal gücün gelişir

  VCTRU098 | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU182

  Understand how rules of Arabic pronunciation, including patterns of stress and rules of pause, and writing conventions enhance meaning and aesthetic effect

  Elaborations

  • understanding that certain sounds in Arabic words can be dropped from pronunciation, such as the t sound in السماء صافية and tashkeel in البنت مريضة؛ الشمس مشرقة
  • understanding that sentences can contain one or more verbs and can be joined with و or other cohesive devices
  • recognising the need for a pause or change of tone in complex sentences with embedded clauses, for example, كنت مع صديقي عماد؛ صديقي من المدرسة؛ عندما شاهدنا الحادث الأليم
  • applying understanding of how tone can convey emotions and shade meaning, such as distinguishing between colloquial or formal language, for example, حقًا؟ يا إلهي! معقولة؟ تعال إلى هنا حالًا
  • reflecting on the role of pronunciation, rhythm, word stress and intonation in effective communication, and applying this knowledge to own interactions
  • using knowledge of Arabic pronunciation and spelling rules when engaging with authentic spoken and written texts
  • evaluating own spelling and pronunciation in relation to their understanding and expression

  VCARU182 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCARU150

  Explore the structure and language features of spoken and written Arabic texts, such as news reports and conversations, recognising that language choices and the form of Arabic used depend on purpose, context and audience

  Elaborations

  • identifying the purpose, context and audience of a range of familiar texts, for example, fairy tales, songs, poems, short plays and video clips
  • listening to, reading and viewing different types of texts with a common topic and comparing features, for example, examining a print report, a television report and an internet announcement about an accident and discussing how the different features of each text combine to make similar meaning
  • discussing key features, audience and purpose of different types of texts, for example, a shopping list serves as a reminder to self of items to be purchased, whereas a permission note seeks permission from another person to do or have something
  • making connections between the degree of formality of a situation and the form of Arabic used, such as the use of colloquial Arabic in informal spoken texts and of Modern Standard Arabic in formal spoken situations and in written texts
  • analysing how different types of texts create specific effects by using particular aspects of language, for example, superlative adjectives and imperative verb forms in advertisements designed to persuade customers

  VCARU150 | Languages | Arabic | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU194

  Understand and control additional elements of Auslan grammar, such as the use of non-manual features for negation or conditional forms, and understand how signers use constructed action and depicting signs in composite utterances

  Elaborations

  • recognising the nature and function of word classes and understanding that the context of the sign is important and Auslan signs will not always have the same word class as an English word, for example, adjectives can act like verbs in Auslan
  • recognising that signers may include linguistic and gestural elements in a clause, that is, signers can tell, show or do both simultaneously
  • noticing, with support, when signers are using composite utterances, that is, those that have elements of CA, DSs, points and fully-lexical signs in the same utterance
  • understanding the different functions of a range of NMFs, such as those used for questions, topicalisation, negation or conditional forms
  • distinguishing between yes/no questions and wh- questions and statements and their corresponding NMFs
  • recognising that clauses can be joined by conjunctions to make longer sentences and these conjunctions can be shown with separate signs, such as PLUS, or THEN or NMFs, for example by pausing between clauses
  • recognising that clauses can be linked equally or unequally where one clause depends on another

  VCASFU194 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU231

  Recognise similarities and differences in language features of different types of texts and in Auslan and English texts of a similar type, and notice how texts build cohesion

  Elaborations

  • recognising that texts are made up of one or more clauses, which have one or more signs in them, which together make meaning
  • comparing a short text in Auslan with an equivalent type of English text (for example, a recount in both languages) and noticing similarities and differences in structure and language features
  • examining different examples of an Auslan text on the same topic, or telling the same story, and identifying different choices signers made in the production of the text, for example the amount of fingerspelling or CA they used
  • analysing linguistic structures and features associated with more dynamic texts, such as back-channels and hesitations used in casual conversations
  • identifying examples of signers pointing to an established location to refer to a non-present referent
  • identifying how signers use space to make clear the actor or undergoer of a verb through a text, for example by pointing back to an established location to refer to a noun referent
  • identifying the many ways signers can refer to the same referent in a text, for example by using DSs, points or list buoys, and how such strategies help maintain interest and support understanding

  VCASFU231 | Languages | Auslan | Second Language Learner | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU084

  Understand the perceptual and articulatory reasons for the structure of signs, and analyse how iconicity can be used to create metaphors in Auslan and critically evaluate video annotation software as a means of transcribing and analysing Auslan

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the elements of a sign can be arbitrary (for example, the handshape or movement of the sign WHY), or meaningful, such as the movement and the handshape in the sign GIVE
  • exploring perceptual and articulatory reasons why some handshapes are more common than others
  • beginning to identify and describe metaphorical iconicity, for example, LOVE, AVOID/RESIST, and discussing how it relates to metaphors in English, for example the ‘time as space’ metaphor in both languages
  • applying knowledge of iconicity in signed languages, for example how the path movement of a verb can be a metaphor for the timing of an action, for example, PRO1 WAIT-_{for-a-long-time} PRO2, observing that English can do the same with changes to the length of phonemes, for example, I screeeeeeaaaaaamed!
  • using annotation software such as ELAN as a tool to transcribe and analyse signed languages

  VCASFU084 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCASFU085

  Analyse signed texts in terms of spatial frames of reference used, and explain how signers show periods of constructed action

  Elaborations

  • analysing a signed text for examples of character and observer space and describing why the signer has chosen that viewpoint
  • appreciating the production of reciprocal forms of some indicating signs, such as LOOK, GIVE, INVITE
  • identifying some of the aspectual modifications to verbs in an Auslan text, such as WORK-_{for-a-long-time} or GO-TO-_repeatedly
  • analysing a video of a signed narrative and identifying the moments in which a signer shifts into a different role in CA, and how they show that, for example, eye gaze change

  VCASFU085 | Languages | Auslan | First Language Learner | F–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language